Blood Pressure

Last Updated: July 19, 2023

Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on blood vessels as it circulates. High blood pressure (hypertension) and low blood pressure (hypotension) can each lead to a variety of health issues.

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Overview

Blood pressure (BP) refers to the force that blood exerts on the blood vessels as it circulates through your body. It plays a central role in heart health: cardiovascular disease risk is strongly associated with an increase in blood pressure, even when BP is within normal range.[1][2]

As your blood pressure increases, it strains your blood vessels and heart. If it remains too high (hypertension), this can increase your risk for heart attacks, strokes, vascular diseases, eye damage, kidney disease, and more.

As your BP drops, the pressure on the blood vessel walls decreases. If it remains too low (hypotension), you may not get enough oxygen to critical parts of your body, such as the brain and heart.

There are multiple risk factors that can contribute to the development of high blood pressure.

  • Age: As you age, blood pressure tends to go up.
  • Family history: Nearly 100 genetic variations have been associated with high blood pressure. While a family history of high BP raises your risk, the exact pattern of genetic inheritance is not known.
  • Lifestyle: Too much sodium (salt), insufficient potassium, not enough exercise, excessive alcohol intake, and smoking can all contribute to high blood pressure.
  • Race/ethnicity: Black adults experience high blood pressure more frequently.
  • Sex: Prior to age 55, males are more likely to develop high blood pressure. After 55, females are more likely to develop it.
  • Weight: People who carry too much fat have an increased risk of high blood pressure.

How are blood pressure levels assessed?

Blood pressure is most commonly measured using a blood pressure monitor or gauge (where a cuff is placed around your upper arm). It can be measured either in a single sitting or via ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) over 24 hours with a leave-on cuff. The latter is likely to be more accurate and result in fewer anomalous measurements since blood pressure can naturally fluctuate throughout the day.

Blood pressure is reported in two numbers; e.g., 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury — a unit of pressure).

  • The first number, systolic blood pressure, tells us how much pressure your blood is exerting against the arterial walls when your heart contracts.
  • The second number, diastolic blood pressure, signifies how much pressure your blood is exerting when the heart is relaxed and refilling with blood.

Blood pressure measurements are generally divided into the five categories below.

Blood pressure category cutoffs (mmHg)

CATEGORYSYSTOLICDIASTOLIC
Low blood pressure
≤90
≤65
Normal blood pressure
<120
<80
Elevated blood pressure
120–129
<80
Stage 1 hypertension
130–139
80–89
Stage 2 hypertension
≥140
≥90

Adapted from Whelton et al. Hypertension. 2018.[3]

In adults 65 or older, a blood pressure goal of 125–130 systolic and <80 diastolic is recommended.

Examine Database: Blood Pressure
Cocoa Extract
Magnesium
Citrulline
Tart Cherry Juice
Bitter orange
Vegan Diet
Curcumin
Garlic
L-Tyrosine
Ketogenic Diet
Chromium
Coenzyme Q10
Saffron
Cannabis
Fish Oil
Spirulina
L-Carnitine
Grape Juice
Ginkgo Biloba
Red Clover Extract
Nitrate
Caffeine
Roselle
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Sauna
Paleolithic Diet
Panax Ginseng
Ephedrine
Arginine
Taurine
Vitamin C
Astaxanthin
Inositol
Black seed
Olive Leaf Extract
Ashwagandha
Theanine
Vitamin D
Pycnogenol
Nicotine
Melatonin
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Stevia
Creatine
Vitamin B2
Psyllium
Hesperidin
Chlorella
Maca
Blueberry
16:8 Intermittent Fasting
OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting
Potatoes
Coleus Forskohlii
Yohimbine
Bacopa Monnieri
Rose Hip
Kefir
Lactobacillus Reuteri
Whey Protein
Vitamin E
Grape Seed Extract
Quercetin
Berberine
Zinc
Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid
Licorice
Chia seeds
Apple Cider Vinegar
Tribulus Terrestris
Ecklonia Cava
Clary sage
Rhodiola Rosea
Black Cohosh
Kava
Cissus Quadrangularis
Gotu Kola
Eucommia Bark
Bushman's hat
Bhringaraj
Echinacea
Rose Essential Oil
Kanna
Dill
Lactobacillus Casei
Alanylglutamine
Soy Protein
Phosphatidylserine
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B1
Benfotiamine
Chlorogenic Acid
Sesamin
Green Tea Extract
Policosanol
Capsaicin
Resveratrol
Pterostilbene
Anatabine
Brown Seaweed Extract
Sodium Bicarbonate
Vanadium
Calcium
Shilajit
ECA
1,3-Dimethylamylamine
7-Keto DHEA
CDP-Choline
Lavender
Green Coffee Extract
Bitter Cucumber
Rooibos
Mango
Royal Jelly
African Mango
Yerba Mate
Reishi
Microlactin
Nattokinase
Ornithine
Pyruvate
Betaine
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
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References
  1. ^The content of this page was partially adapted from MedlinePlus of the National Library of Medicine
  2. ^Pei D, Chen YL, Tang SH, Wu CZ, Lin JD, Chang YL, Hsu CH, Wang CY, Wang K, Wang JYRelationship of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk factors in normotensive middle-aged menMedicine (Baltimore).(2011 Sep)
  3. ^Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice GuidelinesHypertension.(2018 Jun)
  4. ^Peti-Peterdi J, Harris RCMacula densa sensing and signaling mechanisms of renin releaseJ Am Soc Nephrol.(2010 Jul)
  5. ^Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM, American Heart AssociationDietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart AssociationHypertension.(2006 Feb)
  6. ^National High Blood Pressure Education ProgramThe Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
  7. ^Tielemans SM, Altorf-van der Kuil W, Engberink MF, Brink EJ, van Baak MA, Bakker SJ, Geleijnse JMIntake of total protein, plant protein and animal protein in relation to blood pressure: a meta-analysis of observational and intervention studiesJ Hum Hypertens.(2013 Sep)
  8. ^Rebholz CM, Friedman EE, Powers LJ, Arroyave WD, He J, Kelly TNDietary protein intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAm J Epidemiol.(2012 Oct 1)
  9. ^Fekete ÁA, Giromini C, Chatzidiakou Y, Givens DI, Lovegrove JAWhey protein lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function and lipid biomarkers in adults with prehypertension and mild hypertension: results from the chronic Whey2Go randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2016 Dec)
  10. ^Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice GuidelinesHypertension.(2018 Jun)
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  13. Citrulline - Karla Balderas-Munoz, Lilia Castillo-Martínez, Arturo Orea-Tejeda, Oscar Infante-Vázquez, Marcelo Utrera-Lagunas, Raúl Martínez-Memije, Candace Keirns-Davis, Bryan Becerra-Luna, Gabriela Sánchez-VidalImprovement of ventricular function in systolic heart failure patients with oral L-citrulline supplementationCardiol J.(2012)
  14. 7-Keto DHEA - Douglas S. Kaiman, Carlon M. Colker, Melissa A. Swain, Georgeann C. Torina, Qiuhu ShiA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adultsCurrent Therapeutic Research.()
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  16. Vitamin C - Mason SA, Rasmussen B, van Loon LJC, Salmon J, Wadley GDAscorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2019 Mar)
  17. Chromium - Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, Verhoeven S, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2007 May)
  18. Chlorella - Shimada M, Hasegawa T, Nishimura C, Kan H, Kanno T, Nakamura T, Matsubayashi TAnti-hypertensive effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich Chlorella on high-normal blood pressure and borderline hypertension in placebo-controlled double blind studyClin Exp Hypertens.(2009 Jun)
  19. Coenzyme Q10 - Shah SA, Sander S, Cios D, Lipeika J, Kluger J, White CMElectrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in healthy individuals: a double-blind, randomized controlled trialAnn Pharmacother.(2007 Mar)
  20. Nicotine - Newhouse P, Kellar K, Aisen P, White H, Wesnes K, Coderre E, Pfaff A, Wilkins H, Howard D, Levin EDNicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trialNeurology.(2012 Jan 10)
  21. Curcumin - Sugawara J, Akazawa N, Miyaki A, Choi Y, Tanabe Y, Imai T, Maeda SEffect of endurance exercise training and curcumin intake on central arterial hemodynamics in postmenopausal women: pilot studyAm J Hypertens.(2012 Jun)
  22. Blueberry - Arpita Basu, Mei Du, Misti J Leyva, Karah Sanchez, Nancy M Betts, Mingyuan Wu, Christopher E Aston, Timothy J LyonsBlueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndromeJ Nutr.(2010 Sep)
  23. Cocoa Extract - Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, Lippi C, Casale R, Properzi G, Blumberg JB, Ferri CBlood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolateJ Nutr.(2008 Sep)
  24. Black Cohosh - Ahmed Nasr, Hanan NafehInfluence of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) use by postmenopausal women on total hepatic perfusion and liver functionsFertil Steril.(2009 Nov)
  25. Brown Seaweed Extract - Abidov M, Ramazanov Z, Seifulla R, Grachev SThe effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fatDiabetes Obes Metab.(2010 Jan)
  26. Cocoa Extract - Crews WD Jr, Harrison DW, Wright JWA double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adultsAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Apr)
  27. Grape Seed Extract - Feringa HH, Laskey DA, Dickson JE, Coleman CIThe effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Aug)
  28. Red Clover Extract - Atkinson C, Oosthuizen W, Scollen S, Loktionov A, Day NE, Bingham SAModest protective effects of isoflavones from a red clover-derived dietary supplement on cardiovascular disease risk factors in perimenopausal women, and evidence of an interaction with ApoE genotype in 49-65 year-old womenJ Nutr.(2004 Jul)
  29. Taurine - Moloney MA, Casey RG, O'Donnell DH, Fitzgerald P, Thompson C, Bouchier-Hayes DJTwo weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabeticsDiab Vasc Dis Res.(2010 Oct)
  30. Cocoa Extract - Lívia de Paula Nogueira, Marcela Paranhos Knibel, Márcia Regina Simas Gonçalves Torres, José Firmino Nogueira Neto, Antonio Felipe SanjulianiConsumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weightInt J Hypertens.(2012)
  31. Rhodiola Rosea - Wing SL, Askew EW, Luetkemeier MJ, Ryujin DT, Kamimori GH, Grissom CKLack of effect of Rhodiola or oxygenated water supplementation on hypoxemia and oxidative stressWilderness Environ Med.(2003 Spring)
  32. Calcium - Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Pridmore B, Bryce R, Duggan P, Hague WM, Robinson JSCalcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: an Australian randomized trial. FRACOG and the ACT Study GroupAust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol.(1999 Feb)
  33. Coenzyme Q10 - Abdollahzad H, et alCoenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Are there any effects on cardiovascular risk factors?Eur J Integr Med..()
  34. Capsaicin - Yoshioka M, Imanaga M, Ueyama H, Yamane M, Kubo Y, Boivin A, St-Amand J, Tanaka H, Kiyonaga AMaximum tolerable dose of red pepper decreases fat intake independently of spicy sensation in the mouthBr J Nutr.(2004 Jun)
  35. Caffeine - Childs E, de Wit HSubjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, nondependent caffeine usersPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2006 May)
  36. Chromium - Kim CW, Kim BT, Park KH, Kim KM, Lee DJ, Yang SW, Joo NSEffects of short-term chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and body composition in overweight children: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Nutr Biochem.(2011 Nov)
  37. Lavender - Sayorwan W, Siripornpanich V, Piriyapunyaporn T, Hongratanaworakit T, Kotchabhakdi N, Ruangrungsi NThe effects of lavender oil inhalation on emotional states, autonomic nervous system, and brain electrical activityJ Med Assoc Thai.(2012 Apr)
  38. Quercetin - Randi L. Edwards, Tiffany Lyon, Sheldon E. Litwin, Alexander Rabovsky, J. David Symons, and Thunder JaliliQuercetin Reduces Blood Pressure in Hypertensive SubjectsAmerican Society for Nutrition.()
  39. Coenzyme Q10 - Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RDRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertensionSouth Med J.(2001 Nov)
  40. Saffron - Modaghegh MH, Shahabian M, Esmaeili HA, Rajbai O, Hosseinzadeh HSafety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteersPhytomedicine.(2008 Dec)
  41. Panax Ginseng - Derek Ong Lai Teik, Xiao Shiang Lee, Chu Jian Lim, Chia Mei Low, Mariyam Muslima, Luca AquiliGinseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised TrialPLoS One.(2016 Mar 3)
  42. Ketogenic Diet - Yancy WS Jr, Westman EC, McDuffie JR, Grambow SC, Jeffreys AS, Bolton J, Chalecki A, Oddone EZA randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight lossArch Intern Med.(2010 Jan 25)
  43. Garlic - Adler AJ, Holub BJEffect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic menAm J Clin Nutr.(1997 Feb)
  44. Citrulline - Huan-Huan Yang, Xin-Li Li, Wei-Guo Zhang, Arturo Figueroa, Li-Hua Chen, Li-Qiang QinEffect of oral L-citrulline on brachial and aortic blood pressure defined by resting status: evidence from randomized controlled trialsNutr Metab (Lond).(2019 Dec 26)
  45. Curcumin - Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A, Fogacci F, Bove M, Giovannini M, Borghi CEffects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialEur J Nutr.(2019 Feb 22)
  46. Kanna - Nell H, Siebert M, Chellan P, Gericke NA randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial of Extract Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin) in healthy adultsJ Altern Complement Med.(2013 Nov)
  47. Garlic - Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RIA double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipidsAm J Clin Nutr.(1996 Dec)
  48. Cocoa Extract - Karin Ried, Oliver R Frank, Nigel P StocksDark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trialBMC Complement Altern Med.(2009 Jul 8)
  49. Magnesium - Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán MMagnesium improves the beta-cell function to compensate variation of insulin sensitivity: double-blind, randomized clinical trialEur J Clin Invest.(2011 Apr)
  50. Melatonin - Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Angiolucci M, Maschio E, Melis GBInfluences of melatonin administration on the circulation of womenAm J Physiol.(1998 Feb)
  51. Citrulline - Juan José Orozco-Gutiérrez, Lilia Castillo-Martínez, Arturo Orea-Tejeda, Oscar Vázquez-Díaz, Adrián Valdespino-Trejo, René Narváez-David, Candace Keirns-Davis, Olín Carrasco-Ortiz, Adolfo Navarro-Navarro, Rocío Sánchez-SantillánEffect of L-arginine or L-citrulline oral supplementation on blood pressure and right ventricular function in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fractionCardiol J.(2010)
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  65. Panax Ginseng - Kim JY, Park JY, Kang HJ, Kim OY, Lee JHBeneficial effects of Korean red ginseng on lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and LDL oxidation in healthy participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialNutr J.(2012 Jul 17)
  66. Ephedrine - Hackman RM, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Watnik MR, Noceti EM, Stohs SJ, Stern JS, Keen CLMultinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trialInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
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  80. Green Tea Extract - Brown AL, Lane J, Coverly J, Stocks J, Jackson S, Stephen A, Bluck L, Coward A, Hendrickx HEffects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: randomized controlled trialBr J Nutr.(2009 Mar)
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  82. Citrulline - Arturo Figueroa, Stacey Alvarez-Alvarado, Salvador J Jaime, Roy Kalfonl-Citrulline supplementation attenuates blood pressure, wave reflection and arterial stiffness responses to metaboreflex and cold stress in overweight menBr J Nutr.(2016 Jul)
  83. Coenzyme Q10 - Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, Croft KDCoenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetesEur J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
  84. Spirulina - Gitte S Jensen, Cassandra Drapeau, Miki Lenninger, Kathleen F BensonClinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin-Enriched Aqueous Extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study with a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet ActivationJ Med Food.(2016 Jul)
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  86. Magnesium - Mooren FC, Krüger K, Völker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus AOral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2011 Mar)
  87. Olive Leaf Extract - Fitó M, Cladellas M, de la Torre R, Martí J, Alcántara M, Pujadas-Bastardes M, Marrugat J, Bruguera J, López-Sabater MC, Vila J, Covas MI; members of the SOLOS InvestigatorsAntioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trialAtherosclerosis.(2005 Jul)
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  89. Saffron - Marzie Zilaee, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Sima Jafarirad, Farhad Abolnezhadian, Bahman Cheraghian, Foroogh Namjoyan, Ataollah GhadiriAn evaluation of the effects of saffron supplementation on the asthma clinical symptoms and asthma severity in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trialRespir Res.(2019 Feb 22)
  90. Curcumin - Funamoto M, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Imaizumi A, Kakeya H, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Komiyama M, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto THighly absorptive curcumin reduces serum atherosclerotic low-density lipoprotein levels in patients with mild COPDInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis.(2016 Aug 26)
  91. Garlic - Gómez-Arbeláez D, Lahera V, Oubiña P, Valero-Muñoz M, de Las Heras N, Rodríguez Y, García RG, Camacho PA, López-Jaramillo PAged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover studyMediators Inflamm.(2013)
  92. Licorice - Sigurjonsdottir HA, Manhem K, Axelson M, Wallerstedt SSubjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquoriceJ Hum Hypertens.(2003 Feb)
  93. Clary sage - Seol GH, Lee YH, Kang P, You JH, Park M, Min SSRandomized Controlled Trial for Salvia sclarea or Lavandula angustifolia: Differential Effects on Blood Pressure in Female Patients with Urinary Incontinence Undergoing Urodynamic ExaminationJ Altern Complement Med.(2013 Jan 29)
  94. Astaxanthin - Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, Tada NAdministration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemiaAtherosclerosis.(2010 Apr)
  95. Quercetin - Egert S, Rimbach G, Müller MJNo evidence for a thermic effect of the dietary flavonol quercetin: a pilot study in healthy normal-weight womenEur J Appl Physiol.(2011 May)
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  97. Ephedrine - Coffey CS, Steiner D, Baker BA, Allison DBA randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatmentInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2004 Nov)
  98. Red Clover Extract - Teede HJ, McGrath BP, DeSilva L, Cehun M, Fassoulakis A, Nestel PJIsoflavones reduce arterial stiffness: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal womenArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.(2003 Jun 1)
  99. Kefir - Ghizi ACdS et alKefir improves blood parameters and reduces cardiovascular risks in patients with metabolic syndromePharmaNutrition.()
  100. Vegan Diet - Yu-Mi Lee, Se-A Kim, In-Kyu Lee, Jung-Guk Kim, Keun-Gyu Park, Ji-Yun Jeong, Jae-Han Jeon, Ji-Yeon Shin, Duk-Hee LeeEffect of a Brown Rice Based Vegan Diet and Conventional Diabetic Diet on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical TrialPLoS One.(2016 Jun 2)
  101. Citrulline - Benjamin Wax, Andreas N Kavazis, William LuckettEffects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained MalesJ Diet Suppl.(2016)
  102. Rose Essential Oil - Hongratanaworakit TRelaxing effect of rose oil on humansNat Prod Commun.(2009 Feb)
  103. Grape Juice - Krikorian R, Boespflug EL, Fleck DE, Stein AL, Wightman JD, Shidler MD, Sadat-Hossieny SConcord grape juice supplementation and neurocognitive function in human agingJ Agric Food Chem.(2012 Jun 13)
  104. Saffron - Tayebe Kermani, Maedeh Zebarjadi, Hassan Mehrad-Majd, Seyed-Reza Mirhafez, Maryam Shemshian, Faezeh Ghasemi, Elham Mohammadzadeh, Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Abdolreza Norouzy, Toktam Moghiman, Akram Sadeghi, Gordon Ferns, Amir Avan, Elaheh Mahdipour, Majid Ghayour-MobarhanAnti-Inflammatory Effect of Crocus sativus on Serum Cytokine Levels in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled TrialCurr Clin Pharmacol.(2017)
  105. Vitamin B3 - Kelly JJ, Lawson JA, Campbell LV, Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Whitworth JA, O'Sullivan AJEffects of nicotinic acid on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in healthy subjectsJ Hum Hypertens.(2000 Sep)
  106. Cannabis - R J Mathew, W H Wilson, D F Humphreys, J V Lowe, K E WietheRegional cerebral blood flow after marijuana smokingJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab.(1992 Sep)
  107. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - M F Engberink, J M Geleijnse, A J Wanders, I A BrouwerThe effect of conjugated linoleic acid, a natural trans fat from milk and meat, on human blood pressure: results from a randomized crossover feeding studyJ Hum Hypertens.(2012 Feb)
  108. Ephedrine - Astrup A, Lundsgaard C, Madsen J, Christensen NJEnhanced thermogenic responsiveness during chronic ephedrine treatment in manAm J Clin Nutr.(1985 Jul)
  109. Pycnogenol - Enseleit F, Sudano I, Périat D, Winnik S, Wolfrum M, Flammer AJ, Fröhlich GM, Kaiser P, Hirt A, Haile SR, Krasniqi N, Matter CM, Uhlenhut K, Högger P, Neidhart M, Lüscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Noll GEffects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over studyEur Heart J.(2012 Jul)
  110. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Raff M, Tholstrup T, Sejrsen K, Straarup EM, Wiinberg NDiets rich in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid have no effect on blood pressure and isobaric arterial elasticity in healthy young menJ Nutr.(2006 Apr)
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  114. Creatine - Weiss BA, Powers MECreatine supplementation does not impair the thermoregulatory response during a bout of exercise in the heatJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2006 Dec)
  115. Ketogenic Diet - Parker N Hyde, Teryn N Sapper, Christopher D Crabtree, Richard A LaFountain, Madison L Bowling, Alex Buga, Brandon Fell, Fionn T McSwiney, Ryan M Dickerson, Vincent J Miller, Debbie Scandling, Orlando P Simonetti, Stephen D Phinney, William J Kraemer, Sarah A King, Ronald M Krauss, Jeff S VolekDietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight lossJCI Insight.(2019 Jun 20)
  116. Whey Protein - Pal S, Ellis VAcute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal womenBr J Nutr.(2011 May)
  117. Citrulline - Ochiai M, Hayashi T, Morita M, Ina K, Maeda M, Watanabe F, Morishita KShort-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged menInt J Cardiol.(2012 Mar 8)
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  119. Roselle - Herrera-Arellano A, Miranda-Sánchez J, Avila-Castro P, Herrera-Alvarez S, Jiménez-Ferrer JE, Zamilpa A, Román-Ramos R, Ponce-Monter H, Tortoriello JClinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril-controlled clinical trialPlanta Med.(2007 Jan)
  120. Fish Oil - Morgan WA, Raskin P, Rosenstock JA comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDMDiabetes Care.(1995 Jan)
  121. Theanine - Peter J Rogers, Jessica E Smith, Susan V Heatherley, C W Pleydell-PearceTime for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and togetherPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2008 Jan)
  122. Garlic - Veena Dhawan, Sanjay JainGarlic supplementation prevents oxidative DNA damage in essential hypertensionMol Cell Biochem.(2005 Jul)
  123. Nitrate - Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Aizawa K, Anning C, Shore A, Benjamin NEffect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetesFree Radic Biol Med.(2013 Feb 7)
  124. Cissus Quadrangularis - Richard J Bloomer, Tyler M Farney, Cameron G McCarthy, Sang-Rok LeeCissus quadrangularis reduces joint pain in exercise-trained men: a pilot studyPhys Sportsmed.(2013 Sep)
  125. Vegan Diet - Persio D Lopez, Eder H Cativo, Steven A Atlas, Clive RosendorffThe Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAm J Med.(2019 Jul)
  126. Vitamin B2 - Wilson CP, Ward M, McNulty H, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Horigan G, Purvis J, Scott JMRiboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-upAm J Clin Nutr.(2012 Mar)
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  129. Cocoa Extract - Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Murayama T, Nakamura K, Wakatsuki Y, Daimon M, Komuro IAcute effect of oral flavonoid-rich dark chocolate intake on coronary circulation, as compared with non-flavonoid white chocolate, by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in healthy adultsInt J Cardiol.(2009 Jan 24)
  130. Maca - Tsuyoshi Takewaka, Kiyoshi HaraClinical Effect of Oral Administration of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) Extract on Japanese Peri-Menopausal Women Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyInt J Biomed Sci.()
  131. Fish Oil - Simão AN, Lozovoy MA, Bahls LD, Morimoto HK, Simão TN, Matsuo T, Dichi IBlood pressure decrease with ingestion of a soya product (kinako) or fish oil in women with the metabolic syndrome: role of adiponectin and nitric oxideBr J Nutr.(2012 Feb 8)
  132. Inositol - Maeba R, Hara H, Ishikawa H, Hayashi S, Yoshimura N, Kusano J, Takeoka Y, Yasuda D, Okazaki T, Kinoshita M, Teramoto TMyo-inositol treatment increases serum plasmalogens and decreases small dense LDL, particularly in hyperlipidemic subjects with metabolic syndromeJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2008 Jun)
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  135. Arginine - Monti LD, Setola E, Lucotti PC, Marrocco-Trischitta MM, Comola M, Galluccio E, Poggi A, Mammì S, Catapano AL, Comi G, Chiesa R, Bosi E, Piatti PMEffect of a long-term oral l-arginine supplementation on glucose metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2012 Oct)
  136. Citrulline - Casonatto J, et alCitrulline malate supplementation might potentiate post-exercise hypotension in hypertensives: A 24-hour analysisSci Sport.()
  137. Ginkgo Biloba - Wimpissinger B, Berisha F, Garhoefer G, Polak K, Schmetterer LInfluence of Ginkgo biloba on ocular blood flowActa Ophthalmol Scand.(2007 Jun)
  138. Melatonin - Nishiyama K, Yasue H, Moriyama Y, Tsunoda R, Ogawa H, Yoshimura M, Kugiyama KAcute effects of melatonin administration on cardiovascular autonomic regulation in healthy menAm Heart J.(2001 May)
  139. Nattokinase - Kim JY, Gum SN, Paik JK, Lim HH, Kim KC, Ogasawara K, Inoue K, Park S, Jang Y, Lee JHEffects of nattokinase on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trialHypertens Res.(2008 Aug)
  140. Pycnogenol - Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Würthwein G, Rohdewald PPycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patientsLife Sci.(2004 Jan 2)
  141. Cocoa Extract - Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Browne A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milbury P, Paul SM, Blumberg J, Mietus-Snyder MLFlavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adultsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Jun)
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  145. Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid - Reidar J Pettersen, Mohamed Salem, Jon Skorve, Rune J Ulvik, Rolf K Berge, Jan Erik NordrehaugPharmacology and safety of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA): phase-1 studyJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol.(2008 Apr)
  146. Hesperidin - Rizza S, Muniyappa R, Iantorno M, Kim JA, Chen H, Pullikotil P, Senese N, Tesauro M, Lauro D, Cardillo C, Quon MJCitrus polyphenol hesperidin stimulates production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells while improving endothelial function and reducing inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2011 May)
  147. African Mango - Ngondi JL, Oben JE, Minka SRThe effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in CameroonLipids Health Dis.(2005 May 25)
  148. Kava - Cropley M, Cave Z, Ellis J, Middleton RWEffect of kava and valerian on human physiological and psychological responses to mental stress assessed under laboratory conditionsPhytother Res.(2002 Feb)
  149. L-Carnitine - Munji Choi, Seongmin Park, Myoungsook LeeL-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Sep 12)
  150. OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting - Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CMEarly Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with PrediabetesCell Metab.(2018 Jun 5)
  151. Fish Oil - Rizza S, Tesauro M, Cardillo C, Galli A, Iantorno M, Gigli F, Sbraccia P, Federici M, Quon MJ, Lauro DFish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetesAtherosclerosis.(2009 Oct)
  152. Spirulina - Jesús Martínez-Sámano, Adriana Torres-Montes de Oca, Oscar Ivan Luqueño-Bocardo, Patricia V Torres-Durán, Marco A Juárez-OropezaSpirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical TrialMar Drugs.(2018 Dec 8)
  153. Fish Oil - Krebs JD, Browning LM, McLean NK, Rothwell JL, Mishra GD, Moore CS, Jebb SAAdditive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic womenInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
  154. Citrulline - Alexei Wong, Oksana Chernykh, Arturo FigueroaChronic l-citrulline supplementation improves cardiac sympathovagal balance in obese postmenopausal women: A preliminary reportAuton Neurosci.(2016 Jul)
  155. Spirulina - Sajjad Moradi, Mehdi Zobeiri, Awat Feizi, Cain C T Clark, Mohammad Hassan EntezariThe effects of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on anthropometric indices, blood pressure, sleep quality, mental health, fatigue status and quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trialInt J Clin Pract.(2021 Jun 9)
  156. Cocoa Extract - Mogollon JA, Bujold E, Lemieux S, Bourdages M, Blanchet C, Bazinet L, Couillard C, Noël M, Dodin SBlood pressure and endothelial function in healthy, pregnant women after acute and daily consumption of flavanol-rich chocolate: a pilot, randomized controlled trialNutr J.(2013 Apr 8)
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  158. Red Clover Extract - Howes JB, Sullivan D, Lai N, Nestel P, Pomeroy S, West L, Eden JA, Howes LGThe effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on the lipoprotein profiles of post menopausal women with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemiaAtherosclerosis.(2000 Sep)
  159. Cocoa Extract - Ottaviani JI, Balz M, Kimball J, Ensunsa JL, Fong R, Momma TY, Kwik-Uribe C, Schroeter H, Keen CLSafety and efficacy of cocoa flavanol intake in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2015 Dec)
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  161. Cannabis - R D Steadward, M SinghThe effects of smoking marihuana on physical performanceMed Sci Sports.(Winter 1975)
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  163. Whey Protein - Vatani DS, Golzar FAChanges in antioxidant status and cardiovascular risk factors of overweight young men after six weeks supplementation of whey protein isolate and resistance trainingAppetite.(2012 Aug 10)
  164. Apple Cider Vinegar - Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Ugajin S, Kaga TVinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjectsBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2009 Aug)
  165. Curcumin - Khajehdehi P, Zanjaninejad B, Aflaki E, Nazarinia M, Azad F, Malekmakan L, Dehghanzadeh GROral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled studyJ Ren Nutr.(2012 Jan)
  166. Garlic - Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NPAged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2013 Jan)
  167. Paleolithic Diet - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli, Somaye Fatahi, Abolfazl Lari, Mojtaba Lotfi, Maryam Seifishahpar, Mihnea-Alexandru Găman, Seyedeh Tayebeh Rahideh, Saud K AlBatati, Abdullah M AlHossan, Sara A Alkhalifa, Sara A Alomar, Ahmed Abu-ZaidThe effect of paleolithic diet on glucose metabolism and lipid profile among patients with metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 25)
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  169. L-Tyrosine - Thomas J, Lockwood P, Singh, A, Patricia, DTyrosine Improves Working Memory in a Multitasking EnvironmentPharmacol Biochem.()
  170. Fish Oil - Campbell F, Dickinson HO, Critchley JA, Ford GA, Bradburn MA systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertensionEur J Prev Cardiolog.(2012 Jan 30)
  171. 1,3-Dimethylamylamine - Bloomer RJ, Harvey IC, Farney TM, Bell ZW, Canale REEffects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone or in combination on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy men and womenPhys Sportsmed.(2011 Sep)
  172. Saffron - Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Hashemzadeh N, Shirzadi E, Derakhshan Z, Djazayeri A, Akhondzadeh SThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trialJ Res Med Sci.(2018 Feb 20)
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  175. Alpha-Lipoic Acid - Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA, Khan-Merchant N, Menon RG, Parthasarathy S, Khan BVIrbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) studyCirculation.(2005 Jan 25)
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  179. Astaxanthin - Nakagawa K, Kiko T, Miyazawa T, Carpentero Burdeos G, Kimura F, Satoh A, Miyazawa TAntioxidant effect of astaxanthin on phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytesBr J Nutr.(2011 Jun)
  180. Mango - Shirley F Evans, Maureen Meister, Maryam Mahmood, Heba Eldoumi, Sandra Peterson, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Stephen L Clarke, Mark Payton, Brenda J Smith, Edralin A LucasMango supplementation improves blood glucose in obese individualsNutr Metab Insights.(2014 Aug 28)
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  182. Kefir - Ezgi Bellikci-Koyu, Banu Pınar Sarer-Yurekli, Yakut Akyon, Fadime Aydin-Kose, Cem Karagozlu, Ahmet Gokhan Ozgen, Annika Brinkmann, Andreas Nitsche, Koray Ergunay, Engin Yilmaz, Zehra BuyuktuncerEffects of Regular Kefir Consumption on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Parallel-Group, Randomized, Controlled StudyNutrients.(2019 Sep 4)
  183. Ashwagandha - Choudhary D, Bhattacharyya S, Joshi KBody Weight Management in Adults Under Chronic Stress Through Treatment With Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med.(2017 Jan)
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  185. Psyllium - Pal S, Khossousi A, Binns C, Dhaliwal S, Radavelli-Bagatini SThe effects of 12-week psyllium fibre supplementation or healthy diet on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese individualsBr J Nutr.(2012 Mar)
  186. OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting - B D Horne, J B Muhlestein, D L Lappé, H T May, J F Carlquist, O Galenko, K D Brunisholz, J L AndersonRandomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequencesNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2013 Nov)
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  188. Vitamin B2 - Wilson CP, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Hoeft BA, Weber P, Roos FF, Horigan G, McAnena L, Scott JMBlood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype is responsive to intervention with riboflavin: findings of a targeted randomized trialHypertension.(2013 Jun)
  189. Vegan Diet - Amir Abbasnezhad, Ebrahim Falahi, Michael J Gonzalez, Parivash Kavehi, Faezeh Fouladvand, Razieh ChoghakhoriEffect of Different Dietary Approaches Compared With a Regular Diet on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDiabetes Res Clin Pract.(2020 May)
  190. Bacopa Monnieri - Luke A Downey, James Kean, Fiona Nemeh, Angela Lau, Alex Poll, Rebecca Gregory, Margaret Murray, Johanna Rourke, Brigit Patak, Matthew P Pase, Andrea Zangara, Justine Lomas, Andrew Scholey, Con StoughAn acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of a special extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on sustained cognitive performancePhytother Res.(2013 Sep)
  191. Curcumin - Santos-Parker JR, Strahler TR, Bassett CJ, Bispham NZ, Chonchol MB, Seals DRCurcumin supplementation improves vascular endothelial function in healthy middle-aged and older adults by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing oxidative stressAging (Albany NY).(2017 Jan 3)
  192. Licorice - Decio Armanini, Mee Jung Mattarello, Cristina Fiore, Guglielmo Bonanni, Carla Scaroni, Paola Sartorato, Mario PalermoLicorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy womenSteroids.(Oct-Nov 2004)
  193. Astaxanthin - Mashhadi NS, Zakerkish M, Mohammadiasl J, Zarei M, Mohammadshahi M, Haghighizadeh MHAstaxanthin improves glucose metabolism and reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(2018)
  194. Panax Ginseng - Rhee MY, Kim YS, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Kim HYEffect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertensionJ Altern Complement Med.(2011 Jan)
  195. Taurine - Beyranvand MR, Khalafi MK, Roshan VD, Choobineh S, Parsa SA, Piranfar MAEffect of taurine supplementation on exercise capacity of patients with heart failureJ Cardiol.(2011 May)
  196. Vitamin E - Economides PA, Khaodhiar L, Caselli A, Caballero AE, Keenan H, Bursell SE, King GL, Johnstone MT, Horton ES, Veves AThe effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes.(2005 Jan)
  197. Cocoa Extract - Verawati Sudarma, Sri Sukmaniah, Parlindungan SiregarEffect of dark chocolate on nitric oxide serum levels and blood pressure in prehypertension subjectsActa Med Indones.(2011 Oct)
  198. Paleolithic Diet - Ehsan Ghaedi, Mohammad Mohammadi, Hamed Mohammadi, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Janmohamad Malekzadeh, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAdv Nutr.(2019 Jul 1)
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  200. Tribulus Terrestris - Kamenov Z, Fileva S, Kalinov K, Jannini EAEvaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialMaturitas.(2017 May)
  201. ECA - Daly PA, Krieger DR, Dulloo AG, Young JB, Landsberg LEphedrine, caffeine and aspirin: safety and efficacy for treatment of human obesityInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1993 Feb)
  202. Ketogenic Diet - Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, James AP, Mamo JC, Clifton PMComparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular riskNutr Metab (Lond).(2006 Jan 11)
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  204. Ashwagandha - Chengappa KNR, Brar JS, Gannon JM, Schlicht PJAdjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyJ Clin Psychiatry.(2018 Jul 10)
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  206. Coleus Forskohlii - Madhavi Jagtap, H M Chandola, B RavishankarClinical efficacy of Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. (Makandi) in hypertension of geriatric populationAyu.(2011 Jan)
  207. Phosphatidylserine - Kato-Kataoka A, Sakai M, Ebina R, Nonaka C, Asano T, Miyamori TSoybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaintsJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2010 Nov)
  208. Creatine - Branch JD, Schwarz WD, Van Lunen BEffect of creatine supplementation on cycle ergometer exercise in a hyperthermic environmentJ Strength Cond Res.(2007 Feb)
  209. Vitamin C - JAYESH K BHATT, SABIN THOMAS, NANJAN MJEFFECT OF ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN C ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUSInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.()
  210. Melatonin - Koziróg M, Poliwczak AR, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Sikora J, Broncel MMelatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndromeJ Pineal Res.(2011 Apr)
  211. Hesperidin - Mohammadi M, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Lorzadeh E, Khoshbakht Y, Salehi-Abargouei AHesperidin, a major flavonoid in orange juice, might not affect lipid profile and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2019 Mar)
  212. Red Clover Extract - Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, San Miguel GThe effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyGynecol Endocrinol.(2005 Nov)
  213. Sesamin - Miyawaki T, Aono H, Toyoda-Ono Y, Maeda H, Kiso Y, Moriyama KAntihypertensive effects of sesamin in humansJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2009 Feb)
  214. Saffron - Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad SA prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermiaPhytother Res.(2011 Apr)
  215. Zinc - Seet RC, Lee CY, Lim EC, Quek AM, Huang H, Huang SH, Looi WF, Long LH, Halliwell BOral zinc supplementation does not improve oxidative stress or vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes with normal zinc levelsAtherosclerosis.(2011 Nov)
  216. Nitrate - Murphy M, Eliot K, Heuertz RM, Weiss EWhole beetroot consumption acutely improves running performanceJ Acad Nutr Diet.(2012 Apr)
  217. Ashwagandha - Auddy, B, et alA Standardized Withania Somnifera Extract Significantly Reduces Stress-Related Parameters in Chronically Stressed Humans: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled StudyJ Am Nut Assn.()
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  219. Stevia - Hsieh MH, Chan P, Sue YM, Liu JC, Liang TH, Huang TY, Tomlinson B, Chow MS, Kao PF, Chen YJEfficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther.(2003 Nov)
  220. Cocoa Extract - Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB, Ferri CCocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensivesHypertension.(2005 Aug)
  221. Garlic - Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, Parfitt A, Simons J, Peters WOn the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemiaAtherosclerosis.(1995 Mar)
  222. Cannabis - Aronow W, Cassidy JEffect of smoking marihuana and of a high-nicotine cigarette on angina pectoris Clin Pharm.()
  223. Chlorella - Lee SH, Kang HJ, Lee HJ, Kang MH, Park YKSix-week supplementation with Chlorella has favorable impact on antioxidant status in Korean male smokersNutrition.(2010 Feb)
  224. Ecklonia Cava - Shin HC, Kim SH, Park Y, Lee BH, Hwang HJEffects of 12-week oral supplementation of Ecklonia cava polyphenols on anthropometric and blood lipid parameters in overweight Korean individuals: a double-blind randomized clinical trialPhytother Res.(2012 Mar)
  225. Curcumin - Panahi Y, Hosseini MS, Khalili N, Naimi E, Majeed M, Sahebkar AAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcuminoid-piperine combination in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial and an updated meta-analysisClin Nutr.(2015 Dec)
  226. Magnesium - Hatzistavri LS, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, Tziolas IM, Aroditis CP, Zebekakis PE, Pikilidou MI, Lasaridis ANOral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertensionAm J Hypertens.(2009 Oct)
  227. L-Carnitine - V Wyss, G P Ganzit, A RienziEffects of L-carnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxiaEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
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  229. 16:8 Intermittent Fasting - Grant M Tinsley, M Lane Moore, Austin J Graybeal, Antonio Paoli, Youngdeok Kim, Joaquin U Gonzales, John R Harry, Trisha A VanDusseldorp, Devin N Kennedy, Megan R CruzTime-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2019 Sep 1)
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  231. Gotu Kola - Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, Shlik JA double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjectsJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2000 Dec)
  232. Alanylglutamine - Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Kelly N, Gonzalez AM, Stec M, Anderson S, Bailey BL, Yamamoto LM, Hom LL, Kupchak BR, Faigenbaum AD, Maresh CMExamination of the efficacy of acute L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion during hydration stress in endurance exerciseJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 Feb 3)
  233. 16:8 Intermittent Fasting - Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K Hoddy, Nicole Haggerty, Jeehee Song, Cynthia M Kroeger, John F Trepanowski, Satchidananda Panda, Krista A VaradyEffects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot studyNutr Healthy Aging.(2018 Jun 15)
  234. Benfotiamine - Alkhalaf A, Klooster A, van Oeveren W, Achenbach U, Kleefstra N, Slingerland RJ, Mijnhout GS, Bilo HJ, Gans RO, Navis GJ, Bakker SJA double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on benfotiamine treatment in patients with diabetic nephropathyDiabetes Care.(2010 Jul)
  235. Bitter Cucumber - Huseini HF, Darvishzadeh F, Heshmat R, Jafariazar Z, Raza M, Larijani BThe clinical investigation of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad fruit in treatment of Type II diabetic patients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialPhytother Res.(2009 Aug)
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  237. L-Carnitine - Hadier M El-Sheikh, Sahar M El-Haggar, Tamer A ElbedewyComparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Metab Syndr.(Jan-Feb 2019)
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  240. Roselle - Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi BA, Afkhami-Ardekani M, Fatehi F, Noori-Shadkam MThe effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetesJ Hum Hypertens.(2009 Jan)
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  242. Fish Oil - Cazzola R, Russo-Volpe S, Miles EA, Rees D, Banerjee T, Roynette CE, Wells SJ, Goua M, Wahle KW, Calder PC, Cestaro BAge- and dose-dependent effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjectsAtherosclerosis.(2007 Jul)
  243. L-Tyrosine - Banderet LE, Lieberman HRTreatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humansBrain Res Bull.(1989 Apr)
  244. Spirulina - Patricia V Torres-Duran, Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo, Marco A Juarez-OropezaAntihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary reportLipids Health Dis.(2007 Nov 26)
  245. Chromium - Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury SRole of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Nutr Biochem.(2002 Nov)
  246. Citrulline - Sean T Stanelle, Kelsey L McLaughlin, Stephen F CrouseOne Week of L-Citrulline Supplementation Improves Performance in Trained CyclistsJ Strength Cond Res.(2020 Mar)
  247. Blueberry - Stull AJ, Cash KC, Johnson WD, Champagne CM, Cefalu WTBioactives in blueberries improve insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and womenJ Nutr.(2010 Oct)
  248. Ginkgo Biloba - Chung HS, Harris A, Kristinsson JK, Ciulla TA, Kagemann C, Ritch RGinkgo biloba extract increases ocular blood flow velocityJ Ocul Pharmacol Ther.(1999 Jun)
  249. Black seed - Qidwai W, Hamza HB, Qureshi R, Gilani AEffectiveness, safety, and tolerability of powdered Nigella sativa (kalonji) seed in capsules on serum lipid levels, blood sugar, blood pressure, and body weight in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind controlled trialJ Altern Complement Med.(2009 Jun)
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  251. Potatoes - E A Johnston, K S Petersen, P M Kris-EthertonDaily intake of non-fried potato does not affect markers of glycaemia and is associated with better diet quality compared with refined grains: a randomised, crossover study in healthy adultsBr J Nutr.(2020 May 14)
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  253. Curcumin - Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Phonrat B, Tungtrongchitr R, Jirawatnotai SReduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: a randomized controlled trialJ Nutr Biochem.(2014 Feb)
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  255. Citrulline - Qiu J, et all-citrulline supplementation reduced peripheral blood pressure in Chinese adults with prehypertensionJ Hypertens.()
  256. Microlactin - Sharpe SJ, Gamble GD, Sharpe DNCholesterol-lowering and blood pressure effects of immune milkAm J Clin Nutr.(1994 Apr)
  257. Nicotine - Harte CB, Meston CMThe inhibitory effects of nicotine on physiological sexual arousal in nonsmoking women: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trialJ Sex Med.(2008 May)
  258. Alpha-Lipoic Acid - Wray DW, Uberoi A, Lawrenson L, Bailey DM, Richardson RSOral antioxidants and cardiovascular health in the exercise-trained and untrained elderly: a radically different outcomeClin Sci (Lond).(2009 Mar)
  259. Ginkgo Biloba - Brinkley TE, Lovato JF, Arnold AM, Furberg CD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Nahin RL, Lopez OL, Yasar S, Williamson JD; Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study InvestigatorsEffect of Ginkgo biloba on blood pressure and incidence of hypertension in elderly men and womenAm J Hypertens.(2010 May)
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  261. Grape Juice - Park YK, Lee SH, Park E, Kim JS, Kang MHChanges in antioxidant status, blood pressure, and lymphocyte DNA damage from grape juice supplementationAnn N Y Acad Sci.(2009 Aug)
  262. Garlic - Verma SK, Rajeevan V, Jain P, Bordia AEffect of garlic (Allium sativum) oil on exercise tolerance in patients with coronary artery diseaseIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(2005 Jan)
  263. Pyruvate - Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Lonchar KD, Arch JEPlasma lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic patients consuming a high-fat diet supplemented with pyruvate for 6 wkAm J Clin Nutr.(1992 Nov)
  264. Ecklonia Cava - Lee DH, Park MY, Shim BJ, Youn HJ, Hwang HJ, Shin HC, Jeon HKEffects of Ecklonia cava Polyphenol in Individuals with Hypercholesterolemia: A Pilot StudyJ Med Food.(2012 Nov)
  265. Black seed - Dehkordi FR, Kamkhah AFAntihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertensionFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2008 Aug)
  266. Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid - Løvås K, Røst TH, Skorve J, Ulvik RJ, Gudbrandsen OA, Bohov P, Wensaas AJ, Rustan AC, Berge RK, Husebye ESTetradecylthioacetic acid attenuates dyslipidaemia in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, possibly by dual PPAR-alpha/delta activation and increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidationDiabetes Obes Metab.(2009 Apr)
  267. Panax Ginseng - Park BJ, Lee YJ, Lee HR, Jung DH, Na HY, Kim HB, Shim JYEffects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cardiovascular Risks in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled StudyKorean J Fam Med.(2012 Jul)
  268. Coenzyme Q10 - Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Burke VCoenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitusDiabetologia.(2002 Mar)
  269. Cannabis - Merritt JC, Crawford WJ, Alexander PC, Anduze AL, Gelbart SS