Bitter orange
•Last Updated: September 28 2022
Bitter orange is most often used for
Last Updated: September 28 2022
Note that Bitter orange is also known as:
- Bitter Orange
- P-synephrine
- Citrus Aurantium
- Synephrine
Bitter orange should not be confused with:
A recommended dosage is 10-20mg, taken thrice a day.
Acute dosages of 50mg are also frequently used, although not thrice a day.
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2.^Determination of adrenergic agonists from extracts and herbal products of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara by LC.()
3.^Marchei E, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Pellegrini M, Zuccaro PA rapid and simple procedure for the determination of synephrine in dietary supplements by gas chromatography-mass spectrometryJ Pharm Biomed Anal.(2006 Jun 16)
4.^Nelson BC, Putzbach K, Sharpless KE, Sander LCMass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium)J Agric Food Chem.(2007 Nov 28)
5.^Shawky EDetermination of Synephrine and Octopamine in Bitter Orange Peel by HPTLC with DensitometryJ Chromatogr Sci.(2013 Aug 2)
6.^National Toxicology ProgramNTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (CAS No. 61-76-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies)Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser.(1987 Jan)
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8.^Boulton AA, Wu PHBiosynthesis of cerebral phenolic amines. I. In vivo formation of p-tyramine, octopamine, and synephrineCan J Biochem.(1972 Mar)
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11.^Suzuki O, Matsumoto T, Oya M, Katsumata YOxidation of synephrine by type A and type B monoamine oxidaseExperientia.(1979 Oct 15)
12.^Suzuki O, Katsumata Y, Oya M, Matsumoto TOxidation of phenylethanolamine and octopamine by type A and type B monoamine oxidase. Effect of substrate concentrationBiochem Pharmacol.(1979 Aug 1)
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15.^Bartley GE, Breksa AP 3rd, Ishida BKPCR amplification and cloning of tyrosine decarboxylase involved in synephrine biosynthesis in CitrusN Biotechnol.(2010 Sep 30)
16.^D'Andrea G, Terrazzino S, Fortin D, Farruggio A, Rinaldi L, Leon AHPLC electrochemical detection of trace amines in human plasma and platelets and expression of mRNA transcripts of trace amine receptors in circulating leukocytesNeurosci Lett.(2003 Jul 31)
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20.^Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJBlood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orangeAnn Pharmacother.(2006 Jan)
21.^Min B, Cios D, Kluger J, White CMAbsence of QTc-interval-prolonging or hemodynamic effects of a single dose of bitter-orange extract in healthy subjectsPharmacotherapy.(2005 Dec)
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24.^Arch JRbeta(3)-Adrenoceptor agonists: potential, pitfalls and progressEur J Pharmacol.(2002 Apr 12)
25.^Brown CM, McGrath JC, Midgley JM, Muir AG, O'Brien JW, Thonoor CM, Williams CM, Wilson VGActivities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on alpha-adrenoceptorsBr J Pharmacol.(1988 Feb)
26.^Increase in the Thermic Effect of Food in Women by Adrenergic Amines Extracted from Citrus Aurantium.()
27.^Seifert JG, Nelson A, Devonish J, Burke ER, Stohs SJEffect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humansInt J Med Sci.(2011 Mar 2)
28.^Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rdHemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humansAm J Med.(2005 Sep)
29.^Sale C, Harris RC, Delves S, Corbett JMetabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight malesInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 May)
30.^Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJBlood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orangeAnn Pharmacother.(2006 Jan)
31.^Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara MThe safety of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrinePhytother Res.(2011 Oct)
32.^Nguyen DT, Bui LT, Ambrose PJResponse of CEDIA amphetamines assay after a single dose of bitter orangeTher Drug Monit.(2006 Apr)
33.^Bloomer RJ, Canale RE, Blankenship MM, Hammond KG, Fisher-Wellman KH, Schilling BKEffect of the dietary supplement Meltdown on catecholamine secretion, markers of lipolysis, and metabolic rate in men and women: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over studyLipids Health Dis.(2009 Aug 5)
34.^Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH, Hammond KG, Schilling BK, Weber AA, Cole BJDietary supplement increases plasma norepinephrine, lipolysis, and metabolic rate in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Jan 28)
35.^McCarthy CG, Farney TM, Canale RE, Alleman RJ Jr, Bloomer RJA finished dietary supplement stimulates lipolysis and metabolic rate in young men and womenNutr Metab Insights.(2011 Dec 6)
36.^Haller CA, Duan M, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NHuman pharmacology of a performance-enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditionsBr J Clin Pharmacol.(2008 Jun)
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