Lactobacillus Reuteri
•Last Updated: September 28 2022
Lactobacillus reuteri is a species of probiotic bacteria. It may provide some benefits for cholesterol levels, reducing H. pylori levels (the pathogenic bacterium which contributes to ulcers), female urinary tract and vaginal health, and infant gastrointestinal health.
Lactobacillus Reuteri is most often used for
Last Updated: September 28 2022
Lactobacillus reuteri (now renamed to Limosilactobacillus reuteri) is a species of bacteria that belongs to one of the major lactic-acid producing genera of bacteria. It can be found in the human intestinal tract, though not always and often in relatively low numbers. Lactobacillus reuteri is also found in the gut of other mammals and birds.
Initially, Lactobacillus reuteri was used to treat necrotizing colitis, a gastrointestinal disease characterized by infection and inflammation that is particularly dangerous for infants, particularly those born prematurely. Lactobacillus reuteri was used due to its anti-inflammatory effects. The research on Lactobacillus reuteri and necrotizing colitis used the Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC 55730 and its daughter strain DSM 17938, both of which can survive oral supplementation.
Interest in Lactobacillus reuteri grew after research confirmed that changing aspects of the digestive system can influence the immune system. A strain of Lactobacillus reuteri called ATCC PTA 6475 has been found to improve levels of testosterone and oxytocin, as well as skin quality in animal studies. Research on animals has also found potential benefits for hair quality, bone mass and preventing weight gain from obesity-causing diets.
One of the ways Lactobacillus reuteri may work involves a kind of T cell called a Treg cell (a T cell that down-REGulates the immune system in part by producing a cytokine called IL-10). Lactobacillus reuteri increases the amount of Treg cells in the body, which suppresses the actions of another kind of T cell called a Th17 cell (which secretes IL-17). Preserving or reversing this process (either by increasing IL-10 or by blocking IL-17) appears to provide therapeutic benefits.
Lactobacillus reuteri increases the number of Treg cells in the intestines, which can then be absorbed back into the blood to benefit the rest of the body.
Note that Lactobacillus Reuteri is also known as:
- ATCC PTA 6475
- ATCC 55730
- DSM 17938
- NCIMB 30242
- Limosilactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus Reuteri should not be confused with:
- Lactobacillus casei (Yakult)
Certain strains of Lactobacillus reuteri are more appropriate for supplementation than others. Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730, DSM 17938, and ATCC 6475 are all known to survive oral supplementation, even without an enteric capsule.
Research doses of Lactobacillus reuteri are in the range of 1x10^9 to 1x10^11 (one billion to one hundred billion) colony-forming units (CFU) taken over the course of a day. Both single doses and multiple split doses per day have been found to be effective, though further research is needed to determine whether one is more effective than the other.
At least one study suggests that supplementing Lactobacillus reuteri every other day is just as effective as daily dosing.
Lactobacillus reuteri can be taken with food. Don’t take Lactobacillus reuteri with a hot beverage to allow for the survival of the bacteria.
Once supplementation is stopped, intestinal colonization will start to revert to normal. Further research is needed to establish the exact time frame, but it has been observed to occur between half a week to one month after supplementation is stopped. The actual time may depend on whether supplementation took place over the long term or the short term.
What works and what doesn't?
Unlock the full potential of Examine
1.^Walter J1, Britton RA, Roos SHost-microbial symbiosis in the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract and the Lactobacillus reuteri paradigmProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2011 Mar 15)
2.^Shahani KM, Ayebo ADRole of dietary lactobacilli in gastrointestinal microecologyAm J Clin Nutr.(1980 Nov)
3.^Singh VP1, Sharma J, Babu S, Rizwanulla, Singla ARole of probiotics in health and disease: a reviewJ Pak Med Assoc.(2013 Feb)
4.^Candela M1, Perna F, Carnevali P, Vitali B, Ciati R, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Campieri M, Brigidi PInteraction of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains with human intestinal epithelial cells: adhesion properties, competition against enteropathogens and modulation of IL-8 productionInt J Food Microbiol.(2008 Jul 31)
5.^Gopal PK1, Prasad J, Smart J, Gill HSIn vitro adherence properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20 and Bifidobacterium lactis DR10 strains and their antagonistic activity against an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coliInt J Food Microbiol.(2001 Aug 5)
6.^Abrahamsson TR1, Sinkiewicz G, Jakobsson T, Fredrikson M, Björkstén BProbiotic lactobacilli in breast milk and infant stool in relation to oral intake during the first year of lifeJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.(2009 Sep)
7.^Reuter GThe Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium microflora of the human intestine: composition and successionCurr Issues Intest Microbiol.(2001 Sep)
8.^Ericson D1, Hamberg K, Bratthall G, Sinkiewicz-Enggren G, Ljunggren LSalivary IgA response to probiotic bacteria and mutans streptococci after the use of chewing gum containing Lactobacillus reuteriPathog Dis.(2013 Aug)
9.^Sinkiewicz G1, Cronholm S, Ljunggren L, Dahlén G, Bratthall GInfluence of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri on the oral flora of healthy subjectsSwed Dent J.(2010)
10.^Levkovich T1, Poutahidis T, Smillie C, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Lakritz JR, Alm EJ, Erdman SEProbiotic bacteria induce a 'glow of health'PLoS One.(2013)
11.^Saulnier DM1, Santos F, Roos S, Mistretta TA, Spinler JK, Molenaar D, Teusink B, Versalovic JExploring metabolic pathway reconstruction and genome-wide expression profiling in Lactobacillus reuteri to define functional probiotic featuresPLoS One.(2011 Apr 29)
12.^Human Microbiome Jumpstart Reference Strains Consortium, Nelson KE, Weinstock GM, Highlander SK, Worley KC, Creasy HH, Wortman JR, Rusch DB, Mitreva M, Sodergren E, Chinwalla AT, Feldgarden M, Gevers D, Haas BJ, Madupu R, Ward DV, Birren BW, Gibbs RA, Methe B, Petrosino JF, Strausberg RL, Sutton GG, White OR, Wilson RK, Durkin S, Giglio MG, Gujja S, Howarth C, Kodira CD, Kyrpides N, Mehta T, Muzny DM, Pearson M, Pepin K, Pati A, Qin X, Yandava C, Zeng Q, Zhang L, Berlin AM, Chen L, Hepburn TA, Johnson J, McCorrison J, Miller J, Minx P, Nusbaum C, Russ C, Sykes SM, Tomlinson CM, Young S, Warren WC, Badger J, Crabtree J, Markowitz VM, Orvis J, Cree A, Ferriera S, Fulton LL, Fulton RS, Gillis M, Hemphill LD, Joshi V, Kovar C, Torralba M, Wetterstrand KA, Abouellleil A, Wollam AM, Buhay CJ, Ding Y, Dugan S, FitzGerald MG, Holder M, Hostetler J, Clifton SW, Allen-Vercoe E, Earl AM, Farmer CN, Liolios K, Surette MG, Xu Q, Pohl C, Wilczek-Boney K, Zhu DA catalog of reference genomes from the human microbiomeScience.(2010 May 21)
13.^Karimi K1, Inman MD, Bienenstock J, Forsythe PLactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in miceAm J Respir Crit Care Med.(2009 Feb 1)
14.^Kamiya T1, Wang L, Forsythe P, Goettsche G, Mao Y, Wang Y, Tougas G, Bienenstock JInhibitory effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in Sprague-Dawley ratsGut.(2006 Feb)
15.^Valeur N1, Engel P, Carbajal N, Connolly E, Ladefoged KColonization and immunomodulation by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the human gastrointestinal tractAppl Environ Microbiol.(2004 Feb)
16.^Francavilla R1, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, Magistà AM, Maurogiovanni G, Bucci N, De Canio A, Indrio F, Cavallo L, Ierardi E, Miniello VLInhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection in humans by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and effect on eradication therapy: a pilot studyHelicobacter.(2008 Apr)
17.^Dommels YE1, Kemperman RA, Zebregs YE, Draaisma RB, Jol A, Wolvers DA, Vaughan EE, Albers RSurvival of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the human gastrointestinal tract with daily consumption of a low-fat probiotic spreadAppl Environ Microbiol.(2009 Oct)
18.^Rosander A1, Connolly E, Roos SRemoval of antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmids from Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and characterization of the resulting daughter strain, L. reuteri DSM 17938Appl Environ Microbiol.(2008 Oct)
19.^Smith TJ1, Anderson D, Margolis LM, Sikes A, Young AJPersistence of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 in the human intestinal tract: response to consecutive and alternate-day supplementationJ Am Coll Nutr.(2011 Aug)
20.^Jones ML1, Martoni CJ, Parent M, Prakash SCholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adultsBr J Nutr.(2012 May)
21.^Jones ML1, Martoni CJ, Prakash SOral supplementation with probiotic L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 increases mean circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2013 Jul)
22.^Vujic G1, Jajac Knez A, Despot Stefanovic V, Kuzmic Vrbanovic VEfficacy of orally applied probiotic capsules for bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studyEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.(2013 May)
23.^Beerepoot MA1, ter Riet G, Nys S, van der Wal WM, de Borgie CA, de Reijke TM, Prins JM, Koeijers J, Verbon A, Stobberingh E, Geerlings SELactobacilli vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial in postmenopausal womenArch Intern Med.(2012 May 14)
24.^Reid G1, Charbonneau D, Erb J, Kochanowski B, Beuerman D, Poehner R, Bruce AWOral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy womenFEMS Immunol Med Microbiol.(2003 Mar 20)
25.^Mehling H1, Busjahn ANon-viable Lactobacillus reuteri DSMZ 17648 (Pylopass™) as a new approach to Helicobacter pylori control in humansNutrients.(2013 Aug 2)
26.^Hsieh FC1, Lee CL, Chai CY, Chen WT, Lu YC, Wu CSOral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high fructose-fed ratsNutr Metab (Lond).(2013 Apr 17)
27.^Gänzle MG1, Höltzel A, Walter J, Jung G, Hammes WPCharacterization of reutericyclin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584Appl Environ Microbiol.(2000 Oct)
28.^Dal Bello F1, Walter J, Roos S, Jonsson H, Hertel CInducible gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri LTH5531 during type II sourdough fermentationAppl Environ Microbiol.(2005 Oct)
29.^Hou C1, Wang Q1, Zeng X1, Yang F1, Zhang J1, Liu H1, Ma X1, Qiao S2Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus reuteri I5007, a probiotic strain isolated from healthy pigletJ Biotechnol.(2014 Mar 28)
30.^Walter J1, Heng NC, Hammes WP, Loach DM, Tannock GW, Hertel CIdentification of Lactobacillus reuteri genes specifically induced in the mouse gastrointestinal tractAppl Environ Microbiol.(2003 Apr)
31.^Hüfner E1, Britton RA, Roos S, Jonsson H, Hertel CGlobal transcriptional response of Lactobacillus reuteri to the sourdough environmentSyst Appl Microbiol.(2008 Oct)
32.^Adams CAThe probiotic paradox: live and dead cells are biological response modifiersNutr Res Rev.(2010 Jun)
33.^Laudanno O1, Vasconcelos L, Catalana J, Cesolari JAnti-inflammatory effect of bioflora probiotic administered orally or subcutaneously with live or dead bacteriaDig Dis Sci.(2006 Dec)
34.^Cleusix V1, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Duboux M, Le Blay GInhibitory activity spectrum of reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri against intestinal bacteriaBMC Microbiol.(2007 Nov 12)
35.^Schaefer L1, Auchtung TA, Hermans KE, Whitehead D, Borhan B, Britton RAThe antimicrobial compound reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) induces oxidative stress via interaction with thiol groupsMicrobiology.(2010 Jun)
36.^Talarico TL1, Casas IA, Chung TC, Dobrogosz WJProduction and isolation of reuterin, a growth inhibitor produced by Lactobacillus reuteriAntimicrob Agents Chemother.(1988 Dec)
37.^Sriramulu DD1, Liang M, Hernandez-Romero D, Raux-Deery E, Lünsdorf H, Parsons JB, Warren MJ, Prentice MBLactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 produces cobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase in metabolosomes and metabolizes 1,2-propanediol by disproportionationJ Bacteriol.(2008 Jul)
38.^Höltzel A1, Gänzle MG, Nicholson GJ, Hammes WP, Jung GThe First Low Molecular Weight Antibiotic from Lactic Acid Bacteria: Reutericyclin, a New Tetramic AcidAngew Chem Int Ed Engl.(2000 Aug 4)
39.^Cherian PT1, Wu X2, Maddox MM1, Singh AP3, Lee RE1, Hurdle JG2Chemical Modulation of the Biological Activity of Reutericyclin: a Membrane-Active Antibiotic from Lactobacillus reuteriSci Rep.(2014 Apr 17)
40.^Hurdle JG1, Yendapally R, Sun D, Lee REEvaluation of analogs of reutericyclin as prospective candidates for treatment of staphylococcal skin infectionsAntimicrob Agents Chemother.(2009 Sep)
41.^Hurdle JG1, Heathcott AE, Yang L, Yan B, Lee REReutericyclin and related analogues kill stationary phase Clostridium difficile at achievable colonic concentrationsJ Antimicrob Chemother.(2011 Aug)
42.^Thomas CM1, Hong T, van Pijkeren JP, Hemarajata P, Trinh DV, Hu W, Britton RA, Kalkum M, Versalovic JHistamine derived from probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppresses TNF via modulation of PKA and ERK signalingPLoS One.(2012)
43.^Lucas PM1, Wolken WA, Claisse O, Lolkema JS, Lonvaud-Funel AHistamine-producing pathway encoded on an unstable plasmid in Lactobacillus hilgardii 0006Appl Environ Microbiol.(2005 Mar)
44.^Martín MC1, Fernández M, Linares DM, Alvarez MASequencing, characterization and transcriptional analysis of the histidine decarboxylase operon of Lactobacillus buchneriMicrobiology.(2005 Apr)
45.^Vannier E1, Miller LC, Dinarello CAHistamine suppresses gene expression and synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha via histamine H2 receptorsJ Exp Med.(1991 Jul 1)
46.^Poutahidis T1, Springer A2, Levkovich T3, Qi P3, Varian BJ3, Lakritz JR3, Ibrahim YM3, Chatzigiagkos A4, Alm EJ5, Erdman SE3Probiotic microbes sustain youthful serum testosterone levels and testicular size in aging micePLoS One.(2014 Jan 2)
47.^Elenkov IJ1, Webster E, Papanicolaou DA, Fleisher TA, Chrousos GP, Wilder RLHistamine potently suppresses human IL-12 and stimulates IL-10 production via H2 receptorsJ Immunol.(1998 Sep 1)
48.^Heo YJ1, Joo YB, Oh HJ, Park MK, Heo YM, Cho ML, Kwok SK, Ju JH, Park KS, Cho SG, Park SH, Kim HY, Min JKIL-10 suppresses Th17 cells and promotes regulatory T cells in the CD4+ T cell population of rheumatoid arthritis patientsImmunol Lett.(2010 Jan 4)
49.^Huber S1, Gagliani N, Esplugues E, O'Connor W Jr, Huber FJ, Chaudhry A, Kamanaka M, Kobayashi Y, Booth CJ, Rudensky AY, Roncarolo MG, Battaglia M, Flavell RATh17 cells express interleukin-10 receptor and are controlled by Foxp3⁻ and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells in an interleukin-10-dependent mannerImmunity.(2011 Apr 22)
50.^Shih VF1, Tsui R, Caldwell A, Hoffmann AA single NFκB system for both canonical and non-canonical signalingCell Res.(2011 Jan)
51.^Ghosh S1, May MJ, Kopp EBNF-kappa B and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responsesAnnu Rev Immunol.(1998)
52.^Oeckinghaus A1, Ghosh SThe NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulationCold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.(2009 Oct)
53.^Israël AThe IKK complex, a central regulator of NF-kappaB activationCold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.(2010 Mar)
54.^Ma D1, Forsythe P, Bienenstock JLive Lactobacillus rhamnosus is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin-8 expressionInfect Immun.(2004 Sep)
55.^Iyer C1, Kosters A, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB, Versalovic JProbiotic Lactobacillus reuteri promotes TNF-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia-derived cells by modulation of NF-kappaB and MAPK signallingCell Microbiol.(2008 Jul)
56.^Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IASafety and Tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in Healthy Adult Male SubjectsMicrob Ecol Health D.(1995)
57.^Wolf BW1, Wheeler KB, Ataya DG, Garleb KASafety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to a population infected with the human immunodeficiency virusFood Chem Toxicol.(1998 Dec)
58.^Sghir A1, Gramet G, Suau A, Rochet V, Pochart P, Dore JQuantification of bacterial groups within human fecal flora by oligonucleotide probe hybridizationAppl Environ Microbiol.(2000 May)
59.^Holdeman LV, Good IJ, Moore WEHuman fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stressAppl Environ Microbiol.(1976 Mar)
60.^McCartney AL1, Wenzhi W, Tannock GWMolecular analysis of the composition of the bifidobacterial and lactobacillus microflora of humansAppl Environ Microbiol.(1996 Dec)
61.^Kimura K1, McCartney AL, McConnell MA, Tannock GWAnalysis of fecal populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and investigation of the immunological responses of their human hosts to the predominant strainsAppl Environ Microbiol.(1997 Sep)
62.^Montesi A1, García-Albiach R, Pozuelo MJ, Pintado C, Goñi I, Rotger RMolecular and microbiological analysis of caecal microbiota in rats fed with diets supplemented either with prebiotics or probioticsInt J Food Microbiol.(2005 Feb 15)
63.^Taranto MP, Sesma F, Pesce de Ruiz Holgado A, de Valdez GFBile salts hydrolase plays a key role on cholesterol removal by Lactobacillus reuteriBiotechnol Lett.(1997)
64.^Jones ML1, Martoni CJ, Prakash SCholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 Nov)
65.^Matsuzaki T1, Nagata Y, Kado S, Uchida K, Kato I, Hashimoto S, Yokokura TPrevention of onset in an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, NOD mice, by oral feeding of Lactobacillus caseiAPMIS.(1997 Aug)
66.^Matsuzaki T1, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S, Yokokura TAntidiabetic effects of an oral administration of Lactobacillus casei in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model using KK-Ay miceEndocr J.(1997 Jun)
67.^Tabuchi M1, Ozaki M, Tamura A, Yamada N, Ishida T, Hosoda M, Hosono AAntidiabetic effect of Lactobacillus GG in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2003 Jun)
68.^Cani PD1, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Delzenne NMSelective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemiaDiabetologia.(2007 Nov)
69.^Yadav H1, Jain S, Sinha PRAntidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed ratsNutrition.(2007 Jan)
70.^Singh VP, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi ASAdvanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic ComplicationsKorean J Physiol Pharmacol.(2014 Feb)
71.^Liu Y1, Fatheree NY, Mangalat N, Rhoads JMLactobacillus reuteri strains reduce incidence and severity of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis via modulation of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling in the intestineAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2012 Mar 15)
72.^Poutahidis T1, Kleinewietfeld M, Smillie C, Levkovich T, Perrotta A, Bhela S, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Lakritz JR, Kearney SM, Chatzigiagkos A, Hafler DA, Alm EJ, Erdman SEMicrobial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesityPLoS One.(2013 Jul 10)
73.^Million M1, Angelakis E, Paul M, Armougom F, Leibovici L, Raoult DComparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animalsMicrob Pathog.(2012 Aug)
74.^Morelli LMillion et al "Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals." Letter to editorsMicrob Pathog.(2013 Feb)
75.^Armougom F1, Henry M, Vialettes B, Raccah D, Raoult DMonitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patientsPLoS One.(2009 Sep 23)
76.^Mozaffarian D1, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FBChanges in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and menN Engl J Med.(2011 Jun 23)
77.^McCabe LR1, Irwin R, Schaefer L, Britton RAProbiotic use decreases intestinal inflammation and increases bone density in healthy male but not female miceJ Cell Physiol.(2013 Aug)
78.^Fåk F1, Bäckhed FLactobacillus reuteri prevents diet-induced obesity, but not atherosclerosis, in a strain dependent fashion in Apoe-/- micePLoS One.(2012)
79.^Britton RA1, Irwin R, Quach D, Schaefer L, Zhang J, Lee T, Parameswaran N, McCabe LRProbiotic L. reuteri Treatment Prevents Bone Loss in a Menopausal Ovariectomized Mouse ModelJ Cell Physiol.(2014 Mar 27)
80.^Ohlsson C1, Engdahl C2, Fåk F3, Andersson A2, Windahl SH1, Farman HH1, Movérare-Skrtic S1, Islander U2, Sjögren K1Probiotics protect mice from ovariectomy-induced cortical bone lossPLoS One.(2014 Mar 17)
81.^Li JY1, Tawfeek H, Bedi B, Yang X, Adams J, Gao KY, Zayzafoon M, Weitzmann MN, Pacifici ROvariectomy disregulates osteoblast and osteoclast formation through the T-cell receptor CD40 ligandProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2011 Jan 11)
82.^Maynard CL1, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Weaver CTReciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune systemNature.(2012 Sep 13)
83.^Del Campo R1, Garriga M2, Pérez-Aragón A3, Guallarte P4, Lamas A5, Máiz L2, Bayón C6, Roy G7, Cantón R8, Zamora J9, Baquero F10, Suárez L2Improvement of digestive health and reduction in proteobacterial populations in the gut microbiota of cystic fibrosis patients using a Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic preparation: A double blind prospective studyJ Cyst Fibros.(2014 Mar 10)
84.^Broere F, Apasov SG, Sitkovsky MV, van Eden WT cell subsets and T cell-mediated immunityPrinciples of Immunopharmacology.(2011)
85.^Josefowicz SZ1, Lu LF, Rudensky AYRegulatory T cells: mechanisms of differentiation and functionAnnu Rev Immunol.(2012)
86.^Liu Y1, Fatheree NY, Dingle BM, Tran DQ, Rhoads JMLactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 changes the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the intestine and mesenteric lymph node in experimental necrotizing enterocolitisPLoS One.(2013)
87.^Abrahamsson TR1, Jakobsson T, Björkstén B, Oldaeus G, Jenmalm MCNo effect of probiotics on respiratory allergies: a seven-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial in infancyPediatr Allergy Immunol.(2013 Sep)
88.^West CE1, Hammarström ML, Hernell OProbiotics in primary prevention of allergic disease--follow-up at 8-9 years of ageAllergy.(2013 Aug)
89.^Lim MM1, Young LJNeuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animalsHorm Behav.(2006 Nov)
90.^Roque S1, Correia-Neves M, Mesquita AR, Palha JA, Sousa NInterleukin-10: a key cytokine in depressionCardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol.(2009)
91.^Smith EM1, Cadet P, Stefano GB, Opp MR, Hughes TK JrIL-10 as a mediator in the HPA axis and brainJ Neuroimmunol.(1999 Dec)
92.^Erdman SE1, Poutahidis T2Probiotic 'glow of health': it's more than skin deepBenef Microbes.(2014 Jun 1)
93.^Hanno AG1, Alamoudi NM, Almushayt AS, Masoud MI, Sabbagh HJ, Farsi NMEffect of xylitol on dental caries and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels among a group of mother-child pairsJ Clin Pediatr Dent.(2011 Fall)
94.^Caglar E1, Cildir SK, Ergeneli S, Sandalli N, Twetman SSalivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tabletsActa Odontol Scand.(2006 Oct)
95.^Caglar E1, Kuscu OO, Cildir SK, Kuvvetli SS, Sandalli NA probiotic lozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilliInt J Paediatr Dent.(2008 Jan)
96.^Nikawa H1, Makihira S, Fukushima H, Nishimura H, Ozaki Y, Ishida K, Darmawan S, Hamada T, Hara K, Matsumoto A, Takemoto T, Aimi RLactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococciInt J Food Microbiol.(2004 Sep 1)
97.^Ahola AJ1, Yli-Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlström A, Meurman JH, Korpela RShort-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factorsArch Oral Biol.(2002 Nov)
98.^Näse L1, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Pönkä A, Poussa T, Korpela R, Meurman JHEffect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in childrenCaries Res.(2001 Nov-Dec)
99.^Blaser MJHelicobacters are indigenous to the human stomach: duodenal ulceration is due to changes in gastric microecology in the modern eraGut.(1998 Nov)
100.^Basso D1, Plebani M, Kusters JGPathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infectionHelicobacter.(2010 Sep)
101.^Lesbros-Pantoflickova D1, Corthésy-Theulaz I, Blum ALHelicobacter pylori and probioticsJ Nutr.(2007 Mar)
102.^Malfertheiner P1, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gensini GF, Gisbert JP, Graham DY, Rokkas T, El-Omar EM, Kuipers EJ; European Helicobacter Study GroupManagement of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus ReportGut.(2012 May)
103.^Mangalat N1, Liu Y, Fatheree NY, Ferris MJ, Van Arsdall MR, Chen Z, Rahbar MH, Gleason WA, Norori J, Tran DQ, Rhoads JMSafety and tolerability of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and effects on biomarkers in healthy adults: results from a randomized masked trialPLoS One.(2012)
104.^Werlin SL1, Benuri-Silbiger I, Kerem E, Adler SN, Goldin E, Zimmerman J, Malka N, Cohen L, Armoni S, Yatzkan-Israelit Y, Bergwerk A, Aviram M, Bentur L, Mussaffi H, Bjarnasson I, Wilschanski MEvidence of intestinal inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosisJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.(2010 Sep)
105.^Pattani R, Palda VA, Hwang SW, Shah PSProbiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients: systematic review and meta-analysisOpen Med.(2013 May 28)
106.^Cimperman L1, Bayless G, Best K, Diligente A, Mordarski B, Oster M, Smith M, Vatakis F, Wiese D, Steiber A, Katz JA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized adultsJ Clin Gastroenterol.(2011 Oct)
107.^Hellberg D1, Nilsson S, Mårdh PAThe diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal flora changesArch Gynecol Obstet.(2001 Mar)
108.^Falagas M1, Betsi GI, Athanasiou SProbiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosisClin Microbiol Infect.(2007 Jul)
109.^Faasse MALactobacilli vs antibiotics to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections: an inconclusive, not inferior, outcomeArch Intern Med.(2012 Nov 26)
110.^Trautner BW1, Gupta KThe advantages of second best: comment on "Lactobacilli vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections"Arch Intern Med.(2012 May 14)
111.^Chapat L1, Chemin K, Dubois B, Bourdet-Sicard R, Kaiserlian DLactobacillus casei reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated skin inflammationEur J Immunol.(2004 Sep)
112.^Guéniche A1, Benyacoub J, Buetler TM, Smola H, Blum SSupplementation with oral probiotic bacteria maintains cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposureEur J Dermatol.(2006 Sep-Oct)
113.^Arck P1, Handjiski B, Hagen E, Pincus M, Bruenahl C, Bienenstock J, Paus RIs there a 'gut-brain-skin axis'Exp Dermatol.(2010 May)
114.^Bowe W1, Patel NB2, Logan AC3Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis: from anecdote to translational medicineBenef Microbes.(2014 Jun 1)
115.^Martínez-Peña MD1, Castro-Escarpulli G, Aguilera-Arreola MGLactobacillus species isolated from vaginal secretions of healthy and bacterial vaginosis-intermediate Mexican women: a prospective studyBMC Infect Dis.(2013 Apr 26)
116.^Antonio MA1, Hawes SE, Hillier SLThe identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these speciesJ Infect Dis.(1999 Dec)
117.^Zhou X1, Brown CJ, Abdo Z, Davis CC, Hansmann MA, Joyce P, Foster JA, Forney LJDifferences in the composition of vaginal microbial communities found in healthy Caucasian and black womenISME J.(2007 Jun)
118.^Vásquez A1, Jakobsson T, Ahrné S, Forsum U, Molin GVaginal lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish womenJ Clin Microbiol.(2002 Aug)
119.^Ravel J1, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL, Karlebach S, Gorle R, Russell J, Tacket CO, Brotman RM, Davis CC, Ault K, Peralta L, Forney LJVaginal microbiome of reproductive-age womenProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2011 Mar 15)
120.^Keefe MR1, Kajrlsen KA, Lobo ML, Kotzer AM, Dudley WNReducing parenting stress in families with irritable infantsNurs Res.(2006 May-Jun)
121.^WESSEL MA, COBB JC, JACKSON EB, HARRIS GS Jr, DETWILER ACParoxysmal fussing in infancy, sometimes called colicPediatrics.(1954 Nov)
123.^Savino F1, Cresi F, Pautasso S, Palumeri E, Tullio V, Roana J, Silvestro L, Oggero RIntestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infantsActa Paediatr.(2004 Jun)
124.^Savino F1, Bailo E, Oggero R, Tullio V, Roana J, Carlone N, Cuffini AM, Silvestro LBacterial counts of intestinal Lactobacillus species in infants with colicPediatr Allergy Immunol.(2005 Feb)
125.^Savino F1, Cordisco L, Tarasco V, Palumeri E, Calabrese R, Oggero R, Roos S, Matteuzzi DLactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infantile colic: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialPediatrics.(2010 Sep)
126.^Savino F1, Pelle E, Palumeri E, Oggero R, Miniero RLactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized studyPediatrics.(2007 Jan)
127.^Szajewska H1, Gyrczuk E, Horvath ALactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of infantile colic in breastfed infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Pediatr.(2013 Feb)
128.^Roos S1, Dicksved J, Tarasco V, Locatelli E, Ricceri F, Grandin U, Savino F454 pyrosequencing analysis on faecal samples from a randomized DBPC trial of colicky infants treated with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938PLoS One.(2013)
129.^Sung V1, Hiscock H, Tang M, Mensah FK, Heine RG, Stock A, York E, Barr RG, Wake MProbiotics to improve outcomes of colic in the community: protocol for the Baby Biotics randomised controlled trialBMC Pediatr.(2012 Aug 29)
130.^Indrio F1, Di Mauro A1, Riezzo G2, Civardi E3, Intini C4, Corvaglia L5, Ballardini E6, Bisceglia M7, Cinquetti M8, Brazzoduro E9, Del Vecchio A10, Tafuri S11, Francavilla R1Prophylactic use of a probiotic in the prevention of colic, regurgitation, and functional constipation: a randomized clinical trialJAMA Pediatr.(2014 Mar)
131.^Sung V1, Collett S, de Gooyer T, Hiscock H, Tang M, Wake MProbiotics to prevent or treat excessive infant crying: systematic review and meta-analysisJAMA Pediatr.(2013 Dec)
132.^Sung V1, Hiscock H, Tang ML, Mensah FK, Nation ML, Satzke C, Heine RG, Stock A, Barr RG, Wake MTreating infant colic with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: double blind, placebo controlled randomised trialBMJ.(2014 Apr 1)
133.^Coccorullo P1, Strisciuglio C, Martinelli M, Miele E, Greco L, Staiano ALactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) in infants with functional chronic constipation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studyJ Pediatr.(2010 Oct)
134.^Høiby NRecent advances in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosisBMC Med.(2011 Apr 4)
135.^Di Nardo G1, Oliva S, Menichella A, Pistelli R, De Biase RV, Patriarchi F, Cucchiara S, Stronati LLactobacillus reuteri ATCC55730 in cystic fibrosisJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.(2014 Jan)
136.^Santos F1, Vera JL, van der Heijden R, Valdez G, de Vos WM, Sesma F, Hugenholtz JThe complete coenzyme B12 biosynthesis gene cluster of Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098Microbiology.(2008 Jan)
137.^Taranto MP1, Vera JL, Hugenholtz J, De Valdez GF, Sesma FLactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 produces cobalaminJ Bacteriol.(2003 Sep)
138.^Daniel R1, Bobik TA, Gottschalk GBiochemistry of coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol and diol dehydratases and organization of the encoding genesFEMS Microbiol Rev.(1998 Dec)
139.^Santos F1, Spinler JK, Saulnier DM, Molenaar D, Teusink B, de Vos WM, Versalovic J, Hugenholtz JFunctional identification in Lactobacillus reuteri of a PocR-like transcription factor regulating glycerol utilization and vitamin B12 synthesisMicrob Cell Fact.(2011 Jul 21)
140.^Morita H1, Toh H, Fukuda S, Horikawa H, Oshima K, Suzuki T, Murakami M, Hisamatsu S, Kato Y, Takizawa T, Fukuoka H, Yoshimura T, Itoh K, O'Sullivan DJ, McKay LL, Ohno H, Kikuchi J, Masaoka T, Hattori MComparative genome analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum reveal a genomic island for reuterin and cobalamin productionDNA Res.(2008 Jun 30)
141.^Santos F1, Vera JL, Lamosa P, de Valdez GF, de Vos WM, Santos H, Sesma F, Hugenholtz JPseudovitamin B(12) is the corrinoid produced by Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 under anaerobic conditionsFEBS Lett.(2007 Oct 16)
142.^Molina VC1, Médici M, Taranto MP, Font de Valdez GLactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 prevents side effects produced by a nutritional vitamin B deficiencyJ Appl Microbiol.(2009 Feb)
143.^Santos F, Teusink B, de Vos WM, Hugenholtz JThe evidence that pseudovitamin B(12) is biologically active in mammals is still lacking - a comment on Molina et al.'s (2009) experimental designJ Appl Microbiol.(2009 Nov)
144.^Santos F1, Wegkamp A, de Vos WM, Smid EJ, Hugenholtz JHigh-Level folate production in fermented foods by the B12 producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112Appl Environ Microbiol.(2008 May)
145.^Jones ML1, Martoni CJ, Di Pietro E, Simon RR, Prakash SEvaluation of clinical safety and tolerance of a Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 supplement capsule: a randomized control trialRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2012 Jul)
146.^Jones ML1, Martoni CJ, Tamber S, Parent M, Prakash SEvaluation of safety and tolerance of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyFood Chem Toxicol.(2012 Jun)
147.^Pineda Mde L1, Thompson SF, Summers K, de Leon F, Pope J, Reid GA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study of probiotics in active rheumatoid arthritisMed Sci Monit.(2011 Jun)
148.^Weizman Z1, Alsheikh ASafety and tolerance of a probiotic formula in early infancy comparing two probiotic agents: a pilot studyJ Am Coll Nutr.(2006 Oct)
149.^Francavilla R1, Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Ciruzzi F, Indrio F, Masciale A, Fontana C, La Rosa MM, Cavallo L, Francavilla ARandomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 vs. placebo in children with acute diarrhoea--a double-blind studyAliment Pharmacol Ther.(2012 Aug)
150.^Lorea Baroja M1, Kirjavainen PV, Hekmat S, Reid GAnti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patientsClin Exp Immunol.(2007 Sep)
Primary Use
Secondary Use