Grape Seed Extract
•Last Updated: September 28 2022
Grape Seed Extract is a mixture of tannins and procyanidins (chains of catechins) that appears to exert anti-estrogenic effects and may enhance blood flow. More related to green tea catechins than to resveratrol mechanistically.
Grape Seed Extract is most often used for
Last Updated: September 28 2022
Note that Grape Seed Extract is also known as:
- GSE
- OPC-3
- Oligomeric Procyanidins
- Procyanidin
Grape Seed Extract should not be confused with:
- Resveratrol (different molecule also from grapes)
- Pycnogenol (same molecules but different source)
Studies conducted in humans used in the range of 150-300mg Grape Seed extract daily for heart health purposes, while doses up to 600mg have been used with no reported side effects.
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1.^Rzeppa S, Von Bargen C, Bittner K, Humpf HUAnalysis of Flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in food samples by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)J Agric Food Chem.(2011 Oct 12)
3.^Rohdewald PA review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacologyInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther.(2002 Apr)
4.^Kijima I, Phung S, Hur G, Kwok SL, Chen SGrape seed extract is an aromatase inhibitor and a suppressor of aromatase expressionCancer Res.(2006 Jun 1)
5.^Yilmazer-Musa M, Griffith AM, Michels AJ, Schneider E, Frei BGrape Seed and Tea Extracts and Catechin 3-Gallates Are Potent Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase ActivityJ Agric Food Chem.(2012 Sep 12)
6.^Overman A, Bumrungpert A, Kennedy A, Martinez K, Chuang CC, West T, Dawson B, Jia W, McIntosh MPolyphenol-rich grape powder extract (GPE) attenuates inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned mediaInt J Obes (Lond).(2010 May)
7.^Sano A, Yamakoshi J, Tokutake S, Tobe K, Kubota Y, Kikuchi MProcyanidin B1 is detected in human serum after intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extractBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2003 May)
8.^Tsang C, Auger C, Mullen W, Bornet A, Rouanet JM, Crozier A, Teissedre PLThe absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by ratsBr J Nutr.(2005 Aug)
9.^Shoji T, Masumoto S, Moriichi N, Akiyama H, Kanda T, Ohtake Y, Goda YApple procyanidin oligomers absorption in rats after oral administration: analysis of procyanidins in plasma using the porter method and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometryJ Agric Food Chem.(2006 Feb 8)
10.^Appeldoorn MM, Vincken JP, Gruppen H, Hollman PCProcyanidin dimers A1, A2, and B2 are absorbed without conjugation or methylation from the small intestine of ratsJ Nutr.(2009 Aug)
11.^Baba S, Osakabe N, Natsume M, Terao JAbsorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin B2 {epicatechin-(4beta-8)-epicatechin} in ratsFree Radic Biol Med.(2002 Jul 1)
12.^Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3.()
13.^Rzeppa S, Bittner K, Döll S, Dänicke S, Humpf HUUrinary excretion and metabolism of procyanidins in pigsMol Nutr Food Res.(2012 Apr)
14.^Serra A, Macià A, Romero MP, Valls J, Bladé C, Arola L, Motilva MJBioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo modelsBr J Nutr.(2010 Apr)
15.^Ward NC, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Hodgson JMSupplementation with grape seed polyphenols results in increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic Acid, an important metabolite of proanthocyanidins in humansJ Agric Food Chem.(2004 Aug 25)
16.^Eng ET, Ye J, Williams D, Phung S, Moore RE, Young MK, Gruntmanis U, Braunstein G, Chen SSuppression of estrogen biosynthesis by procyanidin dimers in red wine and grape seedsCancer Res.(2003 Dec 1)
17.^Numazawa M, Mutsumi A, Tachibana M, Hoshi KSynthesis of androst-5-en-7-ones and androsta-3,5-dien-7-ones and their related 7-deoxy analogs as conformational and catalytic probes for the active site of aromataseJ Med Chem.(1994 Jul 8)
18.^Binding Characteristics of Seven Inhibitors of Human Aromatase: A Site-directed Mutagenesis Study.()
21.^Kim Y, Choi Y, Ham H, Jeong HS, Lee JAntioxidant and cytoprotective effects of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidin fractions from defatted grape seed in PC12 cellsJ Med Food.(2012 May)
22.^Ono K, Condron MM, Ho L, Wang J, Zhao W, Pasinetti GM, Teplow DBEffects of grape seed-derived polyphenols on amyloid beta-protein self-assembly and cytotoxicityJ Biol Chem.(2008 Nov 21)
23.^Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, Ono K, Rosensweig C, Chen L, Humala N, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GMGrape-derived polyphenolics prevent Abeta oligomerization and attenuate cognitive deterioration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's diseaseJ Neurosci.(2008 Jun 18)
24.^Yanagida F, Srionnual S, Chen YSIsolation and characteristics of lactic acid bacteria from koshu vineyards in JapanLett Appl Microbiol.(2008 Aug)
25.^Narita K, Hisamoto M, Okuda T, Takeda SDifferential neuroprotective activity of two different grape seed extractsPLoS One.(2011 Jan 24)
26.^Belviranlı M, Gökbel H, Okudan N, Büyükbaş SEffects of Grape Seed Polyphenols on Oxidative Damage in Liver Tissue of Acutely and Chronically Exercised RatsPhytother Res.(2012 Jun 29)
27.^Belviranlı M, Gökbel H, Okudan N, Başaralı KEffects of grape seed extract supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in ratsBr J Nutr.(2012 Jul)
28.^Feng Z, Wei RB, Hong Q, Cui SY, Chen XMGrape seed extract enhances eNOS expression and NO production through regulating calcium-mediated AKT phosphorylation in H2O2-treated endotheliumCell Biol Int.(2010 Oct)
29.^Shao ZH, Wojcik KR, Dossumbekova A, Hsu C, Mehendale SR, Li CQ, Qin Y, Sharp WW, Chang WT, Hamann KJ, Yuan CS, Hoek TLGrape seed proanthocyanidins protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia and reperfusion injury via Akt-NOS signalingJ Cell Biochem.(2009 Jul 1)
30.^Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B, Tissa Kappagoda CMechanism of the endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by a grape seed extractClin Sci (Lond).(2008 Feb)
31.^Shenoy SF, Keen CL, Kalgaonkar S, Polagruto JAEffects of grape seed extract consumption on platelet function in postmenopausal womenThromb Res.(2007)
32.^Clifton PMEffect of Grape Seed Extract and Quercetin on Cardiovascular and Endothelial Parameters in High-Risk SubjectsJ Biomed Biotechnol.(2004)
33.^Sano A, Tokutake S, Seo AProanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract reduces leg swelling in healthy women during prolonged sittingJ Sci Food Agric.(2012 Jul 2)
34.^Kar P, Laight D, Rooprai HK, Shaw KM, Cummings MEffects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivityDiabet Med.(2009 May)
35.^Sivaprakasapillai B, Edirisinghe I, Randolph J, Steinberg F, Kappagoda TEffect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndromeMetabolism.(2009 Dec)
36.^Sano A, Uchida R, Saito M, Shioya N, Komori Y, Tho Y, Hashizume NBeneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDLJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2007 Apr)
37.^Feringa HH, Laskey DA, Dickson JE, Coleman CIThe effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Aug)
39.^Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Puddey IBThe combination of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Hypertens.(2005 Feb)
40.^Schäfer A, Högger POligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidaseDiabetes Res Clin Pract.(2007 Jul)
41.^Castell-Auví A, Cedó L, Pallarès V, Blay M, Pinent M, Ardévol AGrape seed procyanidins improve β-cell functionality under lipotoxic conditions due to their lipid-lowering effectJ Nutr Biochem.(2012 Sep 17)
42.^Montagut G, Bladé C, Blay M, Fernández-Larrea J, Pujadas G, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Pinent M, Ardévol AEffects of a grapeseed procyanidin extract (GSPE) on insulin resistanceJ Nutr Biochem.(2010 Oct)
43.^Charradi K, Elkahoui S, Karkouch I, Limam F, Hassine FB, Aouani EGrape seed and skin extract prevents high-fat diet-induced brain lipotoxicity in ratNeurochem Res.(2012 Sep)
44.^Cedó L, Castell-Auví A, Pallarès V, Ubaida Mohien C, Baiges I, Blay M, Ardévol A, Pinent MPancreatic islet proteome profile in Zucker fatty rats chronically treated with a grape seed procyanidin extractFood Chem.(2012 Dec 1)
45.^Johnson JDProteomic identification of carboxypeptidase E connects lipid-induced beta-cell apoptosis and dysfunction in type 2 diabetesCell Cycle.(2009 Jan 1)
46.^Parcellier A, Gurbuxani S, Schmitt E, Solary E, Garrido CHeat shock proteins, cellular chaperones that modulate mitochondrial cell death pathwaysBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2003 May 9)
47.^Bando Y, Katayama T, Aleshin AN, Manabe T, Tohyama MGRP94 reduces cell death in SH-SY5Y cells perturbated calcium homeostasisApoptosis.(2004 Jul)
48.^Montagut G, Onnockx S, Vaqué M, Bladé C, Blay M, Fernández-Larrea J, Pujadas G, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Pirson I, Ardévol A, Pinent MOligomers of grape-seed procyanidin extract activate the insulin receptor and key targets of the insulin signaling pathway differently from insulinJ Nutr Biochem.(2010 Jun)
49.^Pinent M, Bladé MC, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Ardévol AMetabolic fate of glucose on 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with grape seed-derived procyanidin extract (GSPE). Comparison with the effects of insulinJ Agric Food Chem.(2005 Jul 27)
50.^Meeprom A, Sompong W, Suwannaphet W, Yibchok-anun S, Adisakwattana SGrape seed extract supplementation prevents high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance in rats by improving insulin and adiponectin signalling pathwaysBr J Nutr.(2011 Oct)
51.^Effects of dietary grape seed tannins on rat cecal fermentation and colonic bacterial enzymes.()
52.^Vogels N, Nijs IM, Westerterp-Plantenga MSThe effect of grape-seed extract on 24 h energy intake in humansEur J Clin Nutr.(2004 Apr)
53.^Moreno DA, Ilic N, Poulev A, Brasaemle DL, Fried SK, Raskin IInhibitory effects of grape seed extract on lipasesNutrition.(2003 Oct)
54.^Caimari A, Del Bas JM, Crescenti A, Arola LLow doses of grape seed procyanidins reduce adiposity and improve the plasma lipid profile in hamstersInt J Obes (Lond).(2012 May 15)
55.^Pinent M, Bladé MC, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Hackl H, Quackenbush J, Trajanoski Z, Ardévol AGrape-seed derived procyanidins interfere with adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells at the onset of differentiationInt J Obes (Lond).(2005 Aug)
56.^Chacón MR, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Maymó-Masip E, Mateo-Sanz JM, Arola L, Guitiérrez C, Fernandez-Real JM, Ardèvol A, Simón I, Vendrell JGrape-seed procyanidins modulate inflammation on human differentiated adipocytes in vitroCytokine.(2009 Aug)
57.^Pinent M, Blay M, Bladé MC, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Ardévol AGrape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell linesEndocrinology.(2004 Nov)
58.^Charradi K, Sebai H, Elkahoui S, Ben Hassine F, Limam F, Aouani EGrape seed extract alleviates high-fat diet-induced obesity and heart dysfunction by preventing cardiac siderosisCardiovasc Toxicol.(2011 Mar)
60.^Serrano J, Puupponen-Pimiä R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura-Calixto FTannins: current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effectsMol Nutr Food Res.(2009 Sep)
61.^Castrillejo VM, Romero MM, Esteve M, Ardévol A, Blay M, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJAntioxidant effects of a grapeseed procyanidin extract and oleoyl-estrone in obese Zucker ratsNutrition.(2011 Nov-Dec)
62.^Terra X, Valls J, Vitrac X, Mérrillon JM, Arola L, Ardèvol A, Bladé C, Fernandez-Larrea J, Pujadas G, Salvadó J, Blay MGrape-seed procyanidins act as antiinflammatory agents in endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting NFkB signaling pathwayJ Agric Food Chem.(2007 May 30)
63.^Houde V, Grenier D, Chandad FProtective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins against oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharides of periodontopathogensJ Periodontol.(2006 Aug)
64.^Wang YH, Ge B, Yang XL, Zhai J, Yang LN, Wang XX, Liu X, Shi JC, Wu YJProanthocyanidins from grape seeds modulates the nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways in rats with TNBS-induced recurrent ulcerative colitisInt Immunopharmacol.(2011 Oct)
65.^Wang YH, Yang XL, Wang L, Cui MX, Cai YQ, Li XL, Wu YJEffects of proanthocyanidins from grape seed on treatment of recurrent ulcerative colitis in ratsCan J Physiol Pharmacol.(2010 Sep)
66.^Li XL, Cai YQ, Qin H, Wu YJTherapeutic effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds in rats with TNBS-induced ulcerative colitisCan J Physiol Pharmacol.(2008 Dec)
67.^Velmurugan B, Singh RP, Kaul N, Agarwal R, Agarwal CDietary feeding of grape seed extract prevents intestinal tumorigenesis in APCmin/+ miceNeoplasia.(2010 Jan)
68.^Romier-Crouzet B, Van De Walle J, During A, Joly A, Rousseau C, Henry O, Larondelle Y, Schneider YJInhibition of inflammatory mediators by polyphenolic plant extracts in human intestinal Caco-2 cellsFood Chem Toxicol.(2009 Jun)
69.^Tang Q, Zou P, Jin H, Fu J, Yang J, Shang L, Wei XGrape-seed proanthocyanidins ameliorate contact hypersensitivity induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and inhibit T cell proliferation in vitroToxicol Lett.(2012 Apr 5)
70.^Morillas-Ruiz JM, Villegas García JA, López FJ, Vidal-Guevara ML, Zafrilla PEffects of polyphenolic antioxidants on exercise-induced oxidative stressClin Nutr.(2006 Jun)
71.^Nuttall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni PAn evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, LeucoselectJ Clin Pharm Ther.(1998 Oct)
72.^De Groote D, Van Belleghem K, Devière J, Van Brussel W, Mukaneza A, Amininejad LEffect of the intake of resveratrol, resveratrol phosphate, and catechin-rich grape seed extract on markers of oxidative stress and gene expression in adult obese subjectsAnn Nutr Metab.(2012)
73.^Wahner-Roedler DL1, Bauer BA, Loehrer LL, Cha SS, Hoskin TL, Olson JEThe effect of grape seed extract on estrogen levels of postmenopausal women: a pilot studyJ Diet Suppl.(2014 Jun)
74.^El-Ashmawy IM, Saleh A, Salama OMEffects of marjoram volatile oil and grape seed extract on ethanol toxicity in male ratsBasic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.(2007 Nov)
75.^Kampa M, Theodoropoulou K, Mavromati F, Pelekanou V, Notas G, Lagoudaki ED, Nifli AP, Morel-Salmi C, Stathopoulos EN, Vercauteren J, Castanas ENovel oligomeric proanthocyanidin derivatives interact with membrane androgen sites and induce regression of hormone-independent prostate cancerJ Pharmacol Exp Ther.(2011 Apr)
76.^Nifli AP, Bosson-Kouamé A, Papadopoulou N, Kogia C, Kampa M, Castagnino C, Stournaras C, Vercauteren J, Castanas EMonomeric and oligomeric flavanols are agonists of membrane androgen receptorsExp Cell Res.(2005 Oct 1)
77.^Cuevas VM, Calzado YR, Guerra YP, Yera AO, Despaigne SJ, Ferreiro RM, Quintana DCEffects of grape seed extract, vitamin C, and vitamin e on ethanol- and aspirin-induced ulcersAdv Pharmacol Sci.(2011)
79.^Ye X, Krohn RL, Liu W, Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, McGinn TR, Bagchi M, Preuss HG, Stohs SJ, Bagchi DThe cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cellsMol Cell Biochem.(1999 Jun)
80.^Ramchandani AG, Karibasappa GS, Pakhale SSAntitumor-promoting effects of polyphenolic extracts from seedless and seeded Indian grapesJ Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol.(2008)
81.^Wei R, Ding R, Wang Y, Tang LGrape seed proanthocyanidin extract reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in ratsAm J Med Sci.(2012 Jun)
82.^Ulusoy S, Ozkan G, Yucesan FB, Ersöz Ş, Orem A, Alkanat M, Yuluğ E, Kaynar K, Al SAnti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in preventing cyclosporine A-induced nephropathyNephrology (Carlton).(2012 May)
83.^Ulusoy S, Ozkan G, Ersoz S, Orem A, Alkanat M, Yucesan FB, Kaynar K, Al SThe effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in preventing amikacin-induced nephropathyRen Fail.(2012)
84.^Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, Bagchi M, Bagchi DJ, Balmoori J, Stohs SJProtective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in miceGen Pharmacol.(1998 May)
85.^Mohanasundari M, Sabesan M, Sethupathy SRenoprotective effect of grape seeds extract in ethylene glycol induced nephrotoxic miceIndian J Exp Biol.(2005 Apr)
86.^Saad AA, Youssef MI, El-Shennawy LKCisplatin induced damage in kidney genomic DNA and nephrotoxicity in male rats: the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extractFood Chem Toxicol.(2009 Jul)
87.^Salem NA, Salem EARenoprotective effect of grape seed extract against oxidative stress induced by gentamicin and hypercholesterolemia in ratsRen Fail.(2011)
88.^Mansouri E, Panahi M, Ghaffari MA, Ghorbani AEffects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on oxidative stress induced by diabetes in rat kidneyIran Biomed J.(2011)
89.^Li X, Xiao Y, Gao H, Li B, Xu L, Cheng M, Jiang B, Ma YGrape seed proanthocyanidins ameliorate diabetic nephropathy via modulation of levels of AGE, RAGE and CTGFNephron Exp Nephrol.(2009)
90.^Lu M, Xu L, Li B, Zhang W, Zhang C, Feng H, Cui X, Gao HProtective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts on cerebral cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulating AGEs/RAGE/NF-kappaB pathwayJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2010)
91.^Cheng M, Gao HQ, Xu L, Li BY, Zhang H, Li XHCardioprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts in streptozocin induced diabetic ratsJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol.(2007 Nov)
92.^Dinicola S, Cucina A, Pasqualato A, D'Anselmi F, Proietti S, Lisi E, Pasqua G, Antonacci D, Bizzarri MAntiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects Triggered by Grape Seed Extract (GSE) versus Epigallocatechin and Procyanidins on Colon Cancer Cell LinesInt J Mol Sci.(2012)
93.^Radhakrishnan S, Reddivari L, Sclafani R, Das UN, Vanamala JResveratrol potentiates grape seed extract induced human colon cancer cell apoptosisFront Biosci (Elite Ed).(2011 Jun 1)
94.^Kim H, Hall P, Smith M, Kirk M, Prasain JK, Barnes S, Grubbs CChemoprevention by grape seed extract and genistein in carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats is diet dependentJ Nutr.(2004 Dec)
95.^Brooker S, Martin S, Pearson A, Bagchi D, Earl J, Gothard L, Hall E, Porter L, Yarnold JDouble-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase II trial of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in patients with radiation-induced breast indurationRadiother Oncol.(2006 Apr)
96.^Shrotriya S, Deep G, Gu M, Kaur M, Jain AK, Inturi S, Agarwal R, Agarwal CGeneration of reactive oxygen species by grape seed extract causes irreparable DNA damage leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis selectively in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cellsCarcinogenesis.(2012 Apr)
97.^Skovgaard GR, Jensen AS, Sigler MLEffect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal womenEur J Clin Nutr.(2006 Oct)
98.^Yamakoshi J, Sano A, Tokutake S, Saito M, Kikuchi M, Kubota Y, Kawachi Y, Otsuka FOral intake of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasmaPhytother Res.(2004 Nov)
99.^Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kikuchi MSafety evaluation of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seedsFood Chem Toxicol.(2002 May)
100.^The effects of 4 weeks of an arginine-based supplement on the gas exchange threshold and peak oxygen uptake.()
101.^Effects of arginine-based supplements on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold.()
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