Licorice
•Last Updated: September 28 2022
Licorice is the common name for plants of the Glycyrrhiza family. It may contain protective flavanoids. Glycyrrhetic acid (a component of licorice) may decrease testosterone and increase cortisol.
Licorice is most often used for
Last Updated: September 28 2022
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza plants, usually the Glabra species) have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to fairly good acclaim for various digestive and health problems, and as a general vitality promoting agent. Licorice is also routinely used as a candy product, and is inherently a functional food rather than just a candy (as the oil containing the traditional licorice flavor also contains some bioactive compounds).
One of the most important compounds in Licorice appears to be Glycyrrhizin, which is the sugar-bound form of Glycyrrhetic Acid (there exists both an alpha and beta isomer, with the latter 18β-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid being referred to frequently). This compound is highly relevant when consuming pure licorice extracts due to its good absorption and relatively high content, but also underlies a fairly reliable reduction in testosterone and a highly reliable increase in circulating cortisol after consumption. Both of these effects are dose-dependent and not associated with any toxicological effects (and reversed upon cessation of Licorice), but many persons may want to avoid Glycyrrhizin and Glycyrrhetic Acid due to these reasons.
An ethanolic extract of Licorice, sometimes used in supplements, is able to concentrate flavanoids and isoflavanoid compounds with a relatively low Glycyrrhizin content. Some of these flavanoids, including Glabridol as well as the Liquirtigenin class of flavanoids, appear to be the ones that exert properties that would be seen as 'beneficial'.
Note that Licorice is also known as:
- Licorice
- Liquorice
- Yashtimadhu
- Glycyrrhiza
- Glycyrrhiza Uralensis
- Glycyrrhiza Glabra
Prior to supplementing Licorice, please be aware of Glycyrrhizin (the agent that increases cortisol and reduces testosterone) and, if these results are not desired, try to get products with low Glycyrrhizin content (less than 500mg total dose daily). 150mg has been confirmed to not influence these hormones
Traditional Chinese Medicine recommends a decoction of 8-15g Licorice for health protection and up to 100g for disease states. Consumption of licorice in these doses as a food product does confer the same properties as supplementation, but the caloric and carbohydrate intake from either the root of confectionaries derived from the root need to be accounted for.
With supplementation, intakes of Licorice in the range of 150-300mg daily appear to be most commonly used and intakes of Deglyccyrhizinated (without Glycyrrhizin) up to 1800mg daily for 4 weeks are not associated with toxicity in humans.
Research feed
1.^Farag MA, Wessjohann LAVolatiles Profiling in Medicinal Licorice Roots Using Steam Distillation and Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) Coupled to ChemometricsJ Food Sci.(2012 Nov)
2.^Isbrucker RA, Burdock GARisk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizinRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2006 Dec)
3.^Scientific Opinion on the safety of “Glavonoid®”, an extract derived from the roots or rootstock of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., as a Novel Food ingredient.()
4.^Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, Seinen W, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh JThe pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelingDrug Metab Rev.(2001 May)
5.^Das D, Agarwal SK, Chandola HMProtective effect of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) against side effects of radiation/chemotherapy in head and neck malignanciesAyu.(2011 Apr)
6.^Shen L, Cong WJ, Lin X, Hong YL, Hu RW, Feng Y, Xu DS, Ruan KFCharacterization using LC/MS of the absorption compounds and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of a single or mixed decoction of Shaoyao and GancaoChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2012)
7.^Sato Y, He JX, Nagai H, Tani T, Akao TIsoliquiritigenin, one of the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhiza ularensis roots, acts in the lower part of intestineBiol Pharm Bull.(2007 Jan)
8.^Cao J, Chen X, Liang J, Yu XQ, Xu AL, Chan E, Wei D, Huang M, Wen JY, Yu XY, Li XT, Sheu FS, Zhou SFRole of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption of glabridin, an active flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabraDrug Metab Dispos.(2007 Apr)
11.^Hu C, Liu H, Du J, Mo B, Qi H, Wang X, Ye S, Li ZEstrogenic activities of extracts of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root in MCF-7 breast cancer cellsJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2009 Feb)
12.^Sabbioni C, Ferranti A, Bugamelli F, Forti GC, Raggi MASimultaneous HPLC analysis, with isocratic elution, of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots and confectionery productsPhytochem Anal.(2006 Jan-Feb)
13.^Wang YC, Yang YSSimultaneous quantification of flavonoids and triterpenoids in licorice using HPLCJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2007 May 1)
14.^Gantait A, Pandit S, Nema NK, Mukjerjee PKQuantification of glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza glabra extract by validated HPTLC densitometryJ AOAC Int.(2010 Mar-Apr)
15.^Duval N, Gomès D, Calaora V, Calabrese A, Meda P, Bruzzone RCell coupling and Cx43 expression in embryonic mouse neural progenitor cellsJ Cell Sci.(2002 Aug 15)
16.^Tian M, Yan H, Row KHExtraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin from licoriceInt J Mol Sci.(2008 Apr)
17.^Hayashi H, Hattori S, Inoue K, Khodzhimatov O, Ashurmetov O, Ito M, Honda GField survey of Glycyrrhiza plants in Central Asia (3). Chemical characterization of G. glabra collected in UzbekistanChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2003 Nov)
18.^Vaya J, Belinky PA, Aviram MAntioxidant constituents from licorice roots: isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidationFree Radic Biol Med.(1997)
19.^Cho S, Park JH, Pae AN, Han D, Kim D, Cho NC, No KT, Yang H, Yoon M, Lee C, Shimizu M, Baek NIHypnotic effects and GABAergic mechanism of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) ethanol extract and its major flavonoid constituent glabrolBioorg Med Chem.(2012 Jun 1)
20.^Hong YH, Wang SC, Hsu C, Lin BF, Kuo YH, Huang CJPhytoestrogenic compounds in alfalfa sprout (Medicago sativa) beyond coumestrolJ Agric Food Chem.(2011 Jan 12)
21.^Kusano A, Nikaido T, Kuge T, Ohmoto T, Delle Monache G, Botta B, Botta M, Saitoh TInhibition of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase by flavonoids from licorice roots and 4-arylcoumarinsChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1991 Apr)
22.^Hatano T, Yasuhara T, Fukuda T, Noro T, Okuda TPhenolic constituents of licorice. II. Structures of licopyranocoumarin, licoarylcoumarin and glisoflavone, and inhibitory effects of licorice phenolics on xanthine oxidaseChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1989 Nov)
23.^Shibano M, Ozaki K, Watanabe H, Tabata A, Taniguchi M, Baba KDetermination of flavonoids in licorice using acid hydrolysis and reversed-phase HPLC and evaluation of the chemical quality of cultivated licoricePlanta Med.(2010 May)
24.^Seon MR, Park SY, Kwon SJ, Lim SS, Choi HJ, Park H, Lim do Y, Kim JS, Lee CH, Kim J, Park JHHexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and its active compound isoangustone A induce G1 cycle arrest in DU145 human prostate and 4T1 murine mammary cancer cellsJ Nutr Biochem.(2012 Jan)
25.^Kim SS, Lim J, Bang Y, Gal J, Lee SU, Cho YC, Yoon G, Kang BY, Cheon SH, Choi HJLicochalcone E activates Nrf2/antioxidant response element signaling pathway in both neuronal and microglial cells: therapeutic relevance to neurodegenerative diseaseJ Nutr Biochem.(2012 Oct)
26.^Kolbe L, Immeyer J, Batzer J, Wensorra U, tom Dieck K, Mundt C, Wolber R, Stäb F, Schönrock U, Ceilley RI, Wenck HAnti-inflammatory efficacy of Licochalcone A: correlation of clinical potency and in vitro effectsArch Dermatol Res.(2006 Jun)
27.^Yo YT, Shieh GS, Hsu KF, Wu CL, Shiau ALLicorice and licochalcone-A induce autophagy in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by suppression of Bcl-2 expression and the mTOR pathwayJ Agric Food Chem.(2009 Sep 23)
28.^Franceschelli S, Pesce M, Vinciguerra I, Ferrone A, Riccioni G, Patruno A, Grilli A, Felaco M, Speranza LLicocalchone-C extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra inhibits lipopolysaccharide-interferon-γ inflammation by improving antioxidant conditions and regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expressionMolecules.(2011 Jul 6)
29.^Zhang HC, Liu JM, Chen HM, Gao CC, Lu HY, Zhou H, Li Y, Gao SLUp-regulation of licochalcone A biosynthesis and secretion by Tween 80 in hairy root cultures of Glycyrrhiza uralensis FischMol Biotechnol.(2011 Jan)
30.^Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Kanari M, Gonda R, Satoh A, Satoh NA novel neutral polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensisChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1990 Nov)
31.^Tomoda M, Shimizu N, Kanari M, Gonda R, Arai S, Okuda YCharacterization of two polysaccharides having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensisChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1990 Jun)
32.^Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Takada K, Gonda RThe core structure and immunological activities of glycyrrhizan UA, the main polysaccharide from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensisChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1992 Aug)
33.^Zhao JF, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Takemoto N, Kawamura HHeterogeneity and characterisation of mitogenic and anti-complementary pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.CCarbohydr Res.(1991 Oct 14)
34.^Takada K, Tomoda M, Shimizu NCore structure of glycyrrhizan GA, the main polysaccharide from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera; anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide and its degradation productsChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1992 Sep)
35.^Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Satoh M, Gonda R, Ohara NCharacterization of a polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glanduliferaChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1991 Aug)
36.^Yang G, Yu YImmunopotentiating effect of traditional Chinese drugs--ginsenoside and glycyrrhiza polysaccharideProc Chin Acad Med Sci Peking Union Med Coll.(1990)
37.^Ao M, Shi Y, Cui Y, Guo W, Wang J, Yu LFactors influencing glabridin stabilityNat Prod Commun.(2010 Dec)
38.^Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Hagemeier L, Madea BDetermination of glycyrrhetic acid after consumption of liquorice and application to a fatalityForensic Sci Int.(2010 Apr 15)
41.^Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment III.()
42.^Bell ZW, Canale RE, Bloomer RJA dual investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation with licorice flavonoid oil on anthropometric and biochemical markers of health and adiposityLipids Health Dis.(2011 Feb 10)
43.^Aoki F, Nakagawa K, Kitano M, Ikematsu H, Nakamura K, Yokota S, Tominaga Y, Arai N, Mae TClinical safety of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) and pharmacokinetics of glabridin in healthy humansJ Am Coll Nutr.(2007 Jun)
44.^Choi HJ, Seon MR, Lim SS, Kim JS, Chun HS, Park JHHexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis licorice suppresses doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblastsExp Biol Med (Maywood).(2008 Dec)
45.^Ito C, Oi N, Hashimoto T, Nakabayashi H, Aoki F, Tominaga Y, Yokota S, Hosoe K, Kanazawa KAbsorption of dietary licorice isoflavan glabridin to blood circulation in ratsJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2007 Aug)
46.^Yu XY, Lin SG, Zhou ZW, Chen X, Liang J, Yu XQ, Chowbay B, Wen JY, Duan W, Chan E, Li XT, Cao J, Li CG, Xue CC, Zhou SFRole of P-glycoprotein in limiting the brain penetration of glabridin, an active isoflavan from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabraPharm Res.(2007 Sep)
47.^Yamamura Y, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K, Sawada Y, Iga TAdministration-route dependency of absorption of glycyrrhizin in rats: intraperitoneal administration dramatically enhanced bioavailabilityBiol Pharm Bull.(1995 Feb)
48.^Wang Z, Nishioka M, Kurosaki Y, Nakayama T, Kimura TGastrointestinal absorption characteristics of glycyrrhizin from glycyrrhiza extractBiol Pharm Bull.(1995 Sep)
49.^Gunnarsdóttir S, Jóhannesson TGlycyrrhetic acid in human blood after ingestion of glycyrrhizic acid in licoricePharmacol Toxicol.(1997 Dec)
50.^Yamamura Y, Kawakami J, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K, Sawada Y, Tanaka N, Iga TPharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic methodJ Pharm Sci.(1992 Oct)
51.^Raggi MA, Maffei F, Bugamelli F, Cantelli Forti GBioavailability of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in rat and human plasma as detected by a HPLC methodPharmazie.(1994 Apr)
52.^Akao T, Hayashi T, Kobashi K, Kanaoka M, Kato H, Kobayashi M, Takeda S, Oyama TIntestinal bacterial hydrolysis is indispensable to absorption of 18 beta-glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizin in ratsJ Pharm Pharmacol.(1994 Feb)
53.^Takeda S, Ishthara K, Wakui Y, Amagaya S, Maruno M, Akao T, Kobashi KBioavailability study of glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizin in rats; relevance to the intestinal bacterial hydrolysisJ Pharm Pharmacol.(1996 Sep)
54.^Zhao WJ, Wang BJ, Wei CM, Yuan GY, Bu FL, Guo RCDetermination of glycyrrhetic acid in human plasma by HPLC-MS method and investigation of its pharmacokineticsJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2008 Jun)
55.^Aoki F, Nakagawa K, Tanaka A, Matsuzaki K, Arai N, Mae TDetermination of glabridin in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MSJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2005 Dec 15)
56.^Monti S, Manet I, Manoli F, Ottani S, Marconi GLicochalcone A bound to bovine serum albumin: a spectroscopic, photophysical and structural studyPhotochem Photobiol Sci.(2009 Jun)
57.^Monti S, Manet I, Manoli F, Marconi GStructure and properties of licochalcone A-human serum albumin complexes in solution: a spectroscopic, photophysical and computational approach to understand drug-protein interactionPhys Chem Chem Phys.(2008 Nov 28)
58.^Akao TDistribution of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycyrrhizin in various organs of ratBiol Pharm Bull.(1998 Oct)
59.^Kato H, Kanaoka M, Yano S, Kobayashi M3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid is a major metabolite that causes licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronismJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(1995 Jun)
61.^Wang AX, Hu Y, Liu HX, Qi XY, Liu Y, Tu CX, Yang LC5-hydroxylation of liquiritigenin is catalyzed selectively by CYP1A2Xenobiotica.(2011 May)
62.^Kupfer R, Swanson L, Chow S, Staub RE, Zhang YL, Cohen I, Christians UOxidative in vitro metabolism of liquiritigenin, a bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese herbal selective estrogen beta-receptor agonist MF101Drug Metab Dispos.(2008 Nov)
63.^Nikolic D, van Breemen RBNew metabolic pathways for flavanones catalyzed by rat liver microsomesDrug Metab Dispos.(2004 Apr)
64.^Zeng CX, Yang Q, Hu QA comparison of the distribution of two glycyrrhizic acid epimers in rat tissuesEur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.(2006 Oct-Dec)
65.^Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh JA human physiologically-based model for glycyrrhzic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cyclingPharm Res.(2000 Dec)
66.^Hou YC, Lin SP, Chao PDLiquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3AFood Chem.(2012 Dec 15)
67.^Nabekura T, Yamaki T, Ueno K, Kitagawa SInhibition of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 by dietary phytochemicalsCancer Chemother Pharmacol.(2008 Oct)
68.^Kent UM, Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Hollenberg PFThe licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9Drug Metab Dispos.(2002 Jun)
69.^Guo B, Fan XR, Fang ZZ, Cao YF, Hu CM, Yang J, Zhang YY, He RR, Zhu X, Yu ZW, Sun XY, Hong M, Yang LDeglycosylation of Liquiritin Strongly Enhances its Inhibitory Potential Towards UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) IsoformsPhytother Res.(2012 Oct 15)
70.^Kawakami Z, Ikarashi Y, Kase YIsoliquiritigenin is a novel NMDA receptor antagonist in kampo medicine yokukansanCell Mol Neurobiol.(2011 Nov)
71.^Kawakami Z, Kanno H, Ikarashi Y, Kase YYokukansan, a kampo medicine, protects against glutamate cytotoxicity due to oxidative stress in PC12 cellsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Mar 8)
72.^Jeon JP, Buono RJ, Han BG, Jang EY, Kim SC, Yang CH, Hwang MProteomic and behavioral analysis of response to isoliquiritigenin in brains of acute cocaine treated ratsJ Proteome Res.(2008 Dec)
73.^Jang EY, Choe ES, Hwang M, Kim SC, Lee JR, Kim SG, Jeon JP, Buono RJ, Yang CHIsoliquiritigenin suppresses cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in rat brain through GABA(B) receptorEur J Pharmacol.(2008 Jun 10)
74.^Jang EY, Hwang M, Yoon SS, Lee JR, Kim KJ, Kim HC, Yang CHLiquiritigenin decreases selective molecular and behavioral effects of cocaine in rodentsCurr Neuropharmacol.(2011 Mar)
75.^Lee JW, Choe SS, Jang H, Kim J, Jeong HW, Jo H, Jeong KH, Tadi S, Park MG, Kwak TH, Man Kim J, Hyun DH, Kim JBAMPK activation with glabridin ameliorates adiposity and lipid dysregulation in obesityJ Lipid Res.(2012 Jul)
76.^Yi PL, Lin CP, Tsai CH, Lin JG, Chang FCThe involvement of serotonin receptors in suanzaorentang-induced sleep alterationJ Biomed Sci.(2007 Nov)
77.^Park SH, Kang JS, Yoon YD, Lee K, Kim KJ, Lee KH, Lee CW, Moon EY, Han SB, Kim BH, Kim HM, Park SKGlabridin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of a microglial cell line, BV-2, by blocking NF-kappaB and AP-1Phytother Res.(2010 Jan)
78.^Lin Z, Gu J, Xiu J, Mi T, Dong J, Tiwari JKTraditional chinese medicine for senile dementiaEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
79.^Ahn J, Um M, Choi W, Kim S, Ha TProtective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. on the cognitive deficits caused by beta-amyloid peptide 25-35 in young miceBiogerontology.(2006 Aug)
80.^Hwang IK, Lim SS, Choi KH, Yoo KY, Shin HK, Kim EJ, Yoon-Park JH, Kang TC, Kim YS, Kwon DY, Kim DW, Moon WK, Won MHNeuroprotective effects of roasted licorice, not raw form, on neuronal injury in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemiaActa Pharmacol Sin.(2006 Aug)
81.^Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SKMemory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in miceJ Ethnopharmacol.(2004 Apr)
82.^Parle M, Dhingra D, Kulkarni SKMemory-strengthening activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioral modelsJ Med Food.(2004 Winter)
84.^Cui YM, Ao MZ, Li W, Yu LJEffect of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra on learning and memory in micePlanta Med.(2008 Mar)
85.^Yu XQ, Xue CC, Zhou ZW, Li CG, Du YM, Liang J, Zhou SFIn vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of glabridin, a major active isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)Life Sci.(2008 Jan 2)
86.^Hasanein PGlabridin as a major active isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) reverses learning and memory deficits in diabetic ratsActa Physiol Hung.(2011 Jun)
87.^Liu RT, Tang JT, Zou LB, Fu JY, Lu QJLiquiritigenin attenuates the learning and memory deficits in an amyloid protein precursor transgenic mouse model and the underlying mechanismsEur J Pharmacol.(2011 Nov 1)
88.^Liu RT, Zou LB, Fu JY, Lu QJEffects of liquiritigenin treatment on the learning and memory deficits induced by amyloid beta-peptide (25-35) in ratsBehav Brain Res.(2010 Jun 26)
89.^Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SKComparative brain cholinesterase-inhibiting activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Myristica fragrans, ascorbic acid, and metrifonate in miceJ Med Food.(2006 Summer)
90.^Ofir R, Tamir S, Khatib S, Vaya JInhibition of serotonin re-uptake by licorice constituentsJ Mol Neurosci.(2003 Apr)
91.^Shang H, Cao S, Wang J, Zheng H, Putheti RGlabridin from Chinese herb licorice inhibits fatigue in miceAfr J Tradit Complement Altern Med.(2009 Oct 15)
92.^Birari RB, Gupta S, Mohan CG, Bhutani KKAntiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: experimental and computational studiesPhytomedicine.(2011 Jun 15)
93.^García-Dorado D, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Ruiz-Meana MGap junction-mediated spread of cell injury and death during myocardial ischemia-reperfusionCardiovasc Res.(2004 Feb 15)
94.^Rodríguez-Sinovas A, García-Dorado D, Ruiz-Meana M, Soler-Soler JProtective effect of gap junction uncouplers given during hypoxia against reoxygenation injury in isolated rat heartsAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2006 Feb)
95.^Sigurjonsdottir HA, Manhem K, Axelson M, Wallerstedt SSubjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquoriceJ Hum Hypertens.(2003 Feb)
96.^van Uum SH, Walker BR, Hermus AR, Sweep CG, Smits P, de Leeuw PW, Lenders JWEffect of glycyrrhetinic acid on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in normotensive and hypertensive subjectsClin Sci (Lond).(2002 Feb)
97.^van Uum SH, Hermus AR, Sweep CG, Walker BR, Ross HA, de Leeuw PW, Lenders JWShort-term cortisol infusion in the brachial artery, with and without inhibiting 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, does not alter forearm vascular resistance in normotensive and hypertensive subjectsEur J Clin Invest.(2002 Dec)
98.^Fuhrman B, Buch S, Vaya J, Belinky PA, Coleman R, Hayek T, Aviram MLicorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient miceAm J Clin Nutr.(1997 Aug)
99.^Carmeli E, Fogelman YAntioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidationToxicol Ind Health.(2009 May-Jun)
100.^Carmeli E, Harpaz Y, Kogan NN, Fogelman YThe effect of an endogenous antioxidant glabridin on oxidized LDLJ Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.(2008)
101.^Belinky PA, Aviram M, Fuhrman B, Rosenblat M, Vaya JThe antioxidative effects of the isoflavan glabridin on endogenous constituents of LDL during its oxidationAtherosclerosis.(1998 Mar)
102.^Belinky PA, Aviram M, Mahmood S, Vaya JStructural aspects of the inhibitory effect of glabridin on LDL oxidationFree Radic Biol Med.(1998 Jun)
103.^Rosenblat M, Belinky P, Vaya J, Levy R, Hayek T, Coleman R, Merchav S, Aviram MMacrophage enrichment with the isoflavan glabridin inhibits NADPH oxidase-induced cell-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein. A possible role for protein kinase CJ Biol Chem.(1999 May 14)
104.^O’Brian CA, Ward NE, Vogel VGInhibition of protein kinase C by the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate antagonist glycyrrhetic acidCancer Lett.(1990 Jan)
105.^Kang JS, Yoon YD, Han MH, Han SB, Lee K, Lee KH, Park SK, Kim HMGlabridin suppresses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by blocking sphingosine kinase pathway: implications of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel signaling pathwaysMol Pharmacol.(2006 Mar)
106.^Yoon G, Lee W, Kim SN, Cheon SHInhibitory effect of chalcones and their derivatives from Glycyrrhiza inflata on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1BBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2009 Sep 1)
107.^Masding MG, Stears AJ, Burdge GC, Wootton SA, Sandeman DDPremenopausal advantages in postprandial lipid metabolism are lost in women with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2003 Dec)
108.^Masding MG, Stears AJ, Burdge GC, Wootton SA, Sandeman DDThe benefits of oestrogens on postprandial lipid metabolism are lost in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetesDiabet Med.(2006 Jul)
109.^Somjen D, Paller CJ, Gayer B, Kohen F, Knoll E, Stern NHigh glucose blocks the effects of estradiol on human vascular cell growth: differential interaction with estradiol and raloxifeneJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2004 Jan)
110.^Yehuda I, Madar Z, Szuchman-Sapir A, Tamir SGlabridin, a phytoestrogen from licorice root, up-regulates manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and paraoxonase 2 under glucose stressPhytother Res.(2011 May)
111.^Lee YS, Kim SH, Jung SH, Kim JK, Pan CH, Lim SSAldose reductase inhibitory compounds from Glycyrrhiza uralensisBiol Pharm Bull.(2010)
112.^Ahn J, Lee H, Jang J, Kim S, Ha TAnti-obesity effects of glabridin-rich supercritical carbon dioxide extract of licorice in high-fat-fed obese miceFood Chem Toxicol.(2012 Sep 4)
113.^Moon MH, Jeong JK, Lee YJ, Seol JW, Ahn DC, Kim IS, Park SY18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits adipogenic differentiation and stimulates lipolysisBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2012 Apr 20)
114.^Mae T, Kishida H, Nishiyama T, Tsukagawa M, Konishi E, Kuroda M, Mimaki Y, Sashida Y, Takahashi K, Kawada T, Nakagawa K, Kitahara MA licorice ethanolic extract with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand-binding activity affects diabetes in KK-Ay mice, abdominal obesity in diet-induced obese C57BL mice and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive ratsJ Nutr.(2003 Nov)
115.^Honda K, Kamisoyama H, Tominaga Y, Yokota S, Hasegawa SThe molecular mechanism underlying the reduction in abdominal fat accumulation by licorice flavonoid oil in high fat diet-induced obese ratsAnim Sci J.(2009 Oct)
116.^Kamisoyama H, Honda K, Tominaga Y, Yokota S, Hasegawa SInvestigation of the anti-obesity action of licorice flavonoid oil in diet-induced obese ratsBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2008 Dec)
117.^Whitehouse MW, Dean PD, Halsall TGUncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by glycyrrhetic acid, fusidic acid and some related triterpenoid acidsJ Pharm Pharmacol.(1967 Aug)
118.^Biochemical properties of anti-inflammatory drugs—III.: Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in a connective tissue (cartilage) and liver mitochondria by salicylate analogues: Relationship of structure to activity.()
119.^Tangri KK, Seth PK, Parmar SS, Bhargava KPBiochemical study of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of glycyrrhetic acidBiochem Pharmacol.(1965 Aug)
120.^Shi Q, Hou Y, Hou J, Pan P, Liu Z, Jiang M, Gao J, Bai GGlycyrrhetic acid synergistically enhances β₂-adrenergic receptor-Gs signaling by changing the location of Gαs in lipid raftsPLoS One.(2012)
121.^Rybin VO, Xu X, Lisanti MP, Steinberg SFDifferential targeting of beta -adrenergic receptor subtypes and adenylyl cyclase to cardiomyocyte caveolae. A mechanism to functionally regulate the cAMP signaling pathwayJ Biol Chem.(2000 Dec 29)
122.^Miura Y, Hanada K, Jones TLG(s) signaling is intact after disruption of lipid raftsBiochemistry.(2001 Dec 18)
123.^Tomlinson JW, Sherlock M, Hughes B, Hughes SV, Kilvington F, Bartlett W, Courtney R, Rejto P, Carley W, Stewart PMInhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo limits glucocorticoid exposure to human adipose tissue and decreases lipolysisJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2007 Mar)
124.^Sandeep TC, Andrew R, Homer NZ, Andrews RC, Smith K, Walker BRIncreased in vivo regeneration of cortisol in adipose tissue in human obesity and effects of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor carbenoxoloneDiabetes.(2005 Mar)
125.^Hardie DG, Ross FA, Hawley SAAMP-Activated Protein Kinase: A Target for Drugs both Ancient and ModernChem Biol.(2012 Oct 26)
126.^Armanini D, De Palo CB, Mattarello MJ, Spinella P, Zaccaria M, Ermolao A, Palermo M, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Francini-Pesenti F, Karbowiak IEffect of licorice on the reduction of body fat mass in healthy subjectsJ Endocrinol Invest.(2003 Jul)
127.^Aoki F, Honda S, Kishida H, Kitano M, Arai N, Tanaka H, Yokota S, Nakagawa K, Asakura T, Nakai Y, Mae TSuppression by licorice flavonoids of abdominal fat accumulation and body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J miceBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2007 Jan)
128.^Nakagawa K, Kishida H, Arai N, Nishiyama T, Mae TLicorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-A(y) miceBiol Pharm Bull.(2004 Nov)
129.^Licorice Flavonoid Oil Effects Body Weight Loss by Reduction of Body Fat Mass in Overweight Subjects.()
130.^Armanini D, Nacamulli D, Francini-Pesenti F, Battagin G, Ragazzi E, Fiore CGlycyrrhetinic acid, the active principle of licorice, can reduce the thickness of subcutaneous thigh fat through topical applicationSteroids.(2005 Jul)
131.^Lim WY, Chia YY, Liong SY, Ton SH, Kadir KA, Husain SNLipoprotein lipase expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered glycyrrhizic acid-treated ratsLipids Health Dis.(2009 Jul 29)
132.^Enerbäck S, Gimble JMLipoprotein lipase gene expression: physiological regulators at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levelBiochim Biophys Acta.(1993 Aug 11)
133.^Eu CH, Lim WY, Ton SH, bin Abdul Kadir KGlycyrrhizic acid improved lipoprotein lipase expression, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid and lipid deposition in high-fat diet-induced obese ratsLipids Health Dis.(2010 Jul 29)
134.^Kim YW, Kim YM, Yang YM, Kay HY, Kim WD, Lee JW, Hwang SJ, Kim SGInhibition of LXRα-dependent steatosis and oxidative injury by liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, as mediated with Nrf2 activationAntioxid Redox Signal.(2011 Mar 1)
135.^S1P3-mediated Akt activation and crosstalk with plateletderived growth factor receptor (PDGFR).()
136.^Tumor necrosis factor-α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway.()
137.^Kwon HS, Park JH, Kim DH, Kim YH, Park JH, Shin HK, Kim JKLicochalcone A isolated from licorice suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 cells and endotoxin shock in miceJ Mol Med (Berl).(2008 Nov)
138.^Chu X, Ci X, Wei M, Yang X, Cao Q, Guan M, Li H, Deng Y, Feng H, Deng XLicochalcone a inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in vitro and in vivoJ Agric Food Chem.(2012 Apr 18)
139.^Funakoshi-Tago M, Tanabe S, Tago K, Itoh H, Mashino T, Sonoda Y, Kasahara TLicochalcone A potently inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation through the direct inhibition of IkappaB kinase complex activationMol Pharmacol.(2009 Oct)
140.^Funakoshi-Tago M, Nakamura K, Tsuruya R, Hatanaka M, Mashino T, Sonoda Y, Kasahara TThe fixed structure of Licochalcone A by alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone is necessary for anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activationInt Immunopharmacol.(2010 May)
141.^Furusawa J, Funakoshi-Tago M, Mashino T, Tago K, Inoue H, Sonoda Y, Kasahara TGlycyrrhiza inflata-derived chalcones, Licochalcone A, Licochalcone B and Licochalcone D, inhibit phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 in LPS signaling pathwayInt Immunopharmacol.(2009 Apr)
142.^Furusawa J, Funakoshi-Tago M, Tago K, Mashino T, Inoue H, Sonoda Y, Kasahara TLicochalcone A significantly suppresses LPS signaling pathway through the inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation at serine 276Cell Signal.(2009 May)
143.^Funakoshi-Tago M, Tago K, Nishizawa C, Takahashi K, Mashino T, Iwata S, Inoue H, Sonoda Y, Kasahara TLicochalcone A is a potent inhibitor of TEL-Jak2-mediated transformation through the specific inhibition of Stat3 activationBiochem Pharmacol.(2008 Dec 15)
144.^Kim YW, Zhao RJ, Park SJ, Lee JR, Cho IJ, Yang CH, Kim SG, Kim SCAnti-inflammatory effects of liquiritigenin as a consequence of the inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines productionBr J Pharmacol.(2008 May)
145.^Heyworth PG, Badwey JAContinuous phosphorylation of both the 47 and the 49 kDa proteins occurs during superoxide production by neutrophilsBiochim Biophys Acta.(1990 May 2)
146.^Assembly of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase. Protein kinase C promotes cytoskeletal and membrane association of cytosolic oxidase components.()
147.^Zwickey H, Brush J, Iacullo CM, Connelly E, Gregory WL, Soumyanath A, Buresh RThe effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD25 expression in humans: a pilot studyPhytother Res.(2007 Nov)
148.^Brush J, Mendenhall E, Guggenheim A, Chan T, Connelly E, Soumyanath A, Buresh R, Barrett R, Zwickey HThe effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD69 expression and immune cell activation in humansPhytother Res.(2006 Aug)
149.^Yang N, Patil S, Zhuge J, Wen MC, Bolleddula J, Doddaga S, Goldfarb J, Sampson HA, Li XMGlycyrrhiza uralensis Flavonoids Present in Anti-Asthma Formula, ASHMI(TM) , Inhibit Memory Th2 Responses in Vitro and in VivoPhytother Res.(2012 Nov 19)
150.^Wen MC, Wei CH, Hu ZQ, Srivastava K, Ko J, Xi ST, Mu DZ, Du JB, Li GH, Wallenstein S, Sampson H, Kattan M, Li XMEfficacy and tolerability of anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention in adult patients with moderate-severe allergic asthmaJ Allergy Clin Immunol.(2005 Sep)
151.^Kim YH, Shin EK, Kim DH, Lee HH, Park JH, Kim JKAntiangiogenic effect of licochalcone ABiochem Pharmacol.(2010 Oct 15)
152.^Xie SR, Wang Y, Liu CW, Luo K, Cai YQLiquiritigenin inhibits serum-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression via the AKT/mTOR-p70S6K signalling pathway in HeLa cellsPhytother Res.(2012 Aug)
153.^Liu Y, Xie S, Wang Y, Luo K, Wang Y, Cai YLiquiritigenin inhibits tumor growth and vascularization in a mouse model of HeLa cellsMolecules.(2012 Jun 12)
154.^Jackson KM, Frazier MC, Harris WBSuppression of androgen receptor expression by dibenzoylmethane as a therapeutic objective in advanced prostate cancerAnticancer Res.(2007 May-Jun)
155.^Hundertmark S, Bühler H, Rudolf M, Weitzel HK, Ragosch VInhibition of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity enhances the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticosteroids on MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cellsJ Endocrinol.(1997 Oct)
156.^Koyama K, Myles K, Smith R, Krozowski ZExpression of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II enzyme in breast tumors and modulation of activity and cell growth in PMC42 cellsJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2001 Jan-Mar)
157.^Zhao K, Wang W, Guan C, Cai J, Wang PInhibition of gap junction channel attenuates the migration of breast cancer cellsMol Biol Rep.(2012 Mar)
158.^Rossi T, Castelli M, Zandomeneghi G, Ruberto A, Benassi L, Magnoni C, Santachiara S, Baggio GSelectivity of action of glycyrrhizin derivatives on the growth of MCF-7 and HEP-2 cellsAnticancer Res.(2003 Sep-Oct)
159.^Weng SC, Kashida Y, Kulp SK, Wang D, Brueggemeier RW, Shapiro CL, Chen CSSensitizing estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells to tamoxifen with OSU-03012, a novel celecoxib-derived phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/Akt signaling inhibitorMol Cancer Ther.(2008 Apr)
160.^Sharma G, Kar S, Palit S, Das PK18β-glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis through modulation of Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cellsJ Cell Physiol.(2012 May)
161.^Shimoyama Y, Hirabayashi K, Matsumoto H, Sato T, Shibata S, Inoue HEffects of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives on hepatic and renal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in ratsJ Pharm Pharmacol.(2003 Jun)
162.^Walker BR, Edwards CRLicorice-induced hypertension and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excessEndocrinol Metab Clin North Am.(1994 Jun)
163.^Farese RV Jr, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CH, Irony I, Gomez-Fontes RLicorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidismN Engl J Med.(1991 Oct 24)
164.^Josephs RA, Guinn JS, Harper ML, Askari FLiquorice consumption and salivary testosterone concentrationsLancet.(2001 Nov 10)
165.^Heilmann P, Heide J, Hundertmark S, Schöneshöfer MAdministration of glycyrrhetinic acid: significant correlation between serum levels and the cortisol/cortisone-ratio in serum and urineExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(1999)
166.^Armanini D, Lewicka S, Pratesi C, Scali M, Zennaro MC, Zovato S, Gottardo C, Simoncini M, Spigariol A, Zampollo VFurther studies on the mechanism of the mineralocorticoid action of licorice in humansJ Endocrinol Invest.(1996 Oct)
167.^Krähenbühl S, Hasler F, Frey BM, Frey FJ, Brenneisen R, Krapf RKinetics and dynamics of orally administered 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in humansJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(1994 Mar)
168.^MacKenzie MA, Hoefnagels WH, Jansen RW, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PWThe influence of glycyrrhetinic acid on plasma cortisol and cortisone in healthy young volunteersJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(1990 Jun)
169.^Al-Dujaili EA, Kenyon CJ, Nicol MR, Mason JILiquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activityMol Cell Endocrinol.(2011 Apr 10)
170.^Takeda R, Miyamori I, Soma R, Matsubara T, Ikeda MGlycyrrhizic acid and its hydrolysate as mineralocorticoid agonistJ Steroid Biochem.(1987)
171.^Armanini D, Karbowiak I, Funder JWAffinity of liquorice derivatives for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptorsClin Endocrinol (Oxf).(1983 Nov)
172.^Kroes BH, Beukelman CJ, van den Berg AJ, Wolbink GJ, van Dijk H, Labadie RPInhibition of human complement by beta-glycyrrhetinic acidImmunology.(1997 Jan)
173.^Armanini D, Mattarello MJ, Fiore C, Bonanni G, Scaroni C, Sartorato P, Palermo MLicorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy womenSteroids.(2004 Oct-Nov)
174.^Krazeisen A, Breitling R, Möller G, Adamski JPhytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5Mol Cell Endocrinol.(2001 Jan 22)
175.^Armanini D, Bonanni G, Palermo MReduction of serum testosterone in men by licoriceN Engl J Med.(1999 Oct 7)
176.^Armanini D, Bonanni G, Mattarello MJ, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Palermo MLicorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy manExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2003 Sep)
177.^Shin S, Jang JY, Choi BI, Baek IJ, Yon JM, Hwang BY, Park D, Jeon JH, Nam SY, Yun YW, Kim YBLicorice extract does not impair the male reproductive function of ratsExp Anim.(2008 Jan)
178.^Sigurjonsdottir HA, Axelson M, Johannsson G, Manhem K, Nystrom E, Wallerstedt SLiquorice in moderate doses does not affect sex steroid hormones of biological importance although the effect differs between the gendersHorm Res.(2006)
179.^Takeuchi T, Nishii O, Okamura T, Yaginuma TEffect of paeoniflorin, glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid on ovarian androgen productionAm J Chin Med.(1991)
180.^Takahashi K, Yoshino K, Shirai T, Nishigaki A, Araki Y, Kitao MEffect of a traditional herbal medicine (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) on testosterone secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome detected by ultrasoundNihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi.(1988 Jun)
181.^Mattarello MJ, Benedini S, Fiore C, Camozzi V, Sartorato P, Luisetto G, Armanini DEffect of licorice on PTH levels in healthy womenSteroids.(2006 May)
182.^Armanini D, Castello R, Scaroni C, Bonanni G, Faccini G, Pellati D, Bertoldo A, Fiore C, Moghetti PTreatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with spironolactone plus licoriceEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.(2007 Mar)
183.^Tamaya T, Sato S, Okada HInhibition by plant herb extracts of steroid bindings in uterus, liver and serum of the rabbitActa Obstet Gynecol Scand.(1986)
184.^Zamansoltani F, Nassiri-Asl M, Sarookhani MR, Jahani-Hashemi H, Zangivand AAAntiandrogenic activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra in male ratsInt J Androl.(2009 Aug)
185.^Fukai T, Marumo A, Kaitou K, Kanda T, Terada S, Nomura TAnti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extractLife Sci.(2002 Aug 9)
186.^Hatano T, Shintani Y, Aga Y, Shiota S, Tsuchiya T, Yoshida TPhenolic constituents of licorice. VIII. Structures of glicophenone and glicoisoflavanone, and effects of licorice phenolics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2000 Sep)
187.^Immunoprecipitation coupled with HPLC–MS/MS to discover the aromatase ligands from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.()
188.^Ye L, Gho WM, Chan FL, Chen S, Leung LKDietary administration of the licorice flavonoid isoliquiritigenin deters the growth of MCF-7 cells overexpressing aromataseInt J Cancer.(2009 Mar 1)
190.^Tamir S, Eizenberg M, Somjen D, Izrael S, Vaya JEstrogen-like activity of glabrene and other constituents isolated from licorice rootJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2001 Sep)
191.^Tamir S, Eizenberg M, Somjen D, Stern N, Shelach R, Kaye A, Vaya JEstrogenic and antiproliferative properties of glabridin from licorice in human breast cancer cellsCancer Res.(2000 Oct 15)
192.^Somjen D, Katzburg S, Vaya J, Kaye AM, Hendel D, Posner GH, Tamir SEstrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissuesJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2004 Aug)
193.^Somjen D, Knoll E, Vaya J, Stern N, Tamir SEstrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivoJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2004 Jul)
194.^Simons R, Vincken JP, Mol LA, The SA, Bovee TF, Luijendijk TJ, Verbruggen MA, Gruppen HAgonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)Anal Bioanal Chem.(2011 Jul)
195.^Mersereau JE, Levy N, Staub RE, Baggett S, Zogovic T, Chow S, Ricke WA, Tagliaferri M, Cohen I, Bjeldanes LF, Leitman DCLiquiritigenin is a plant-derived highly selective estrogen receptor beta agonistMol Cell Endocrinol.(2008 Feb 13)
196.^Sotoca AM, Bovee TF, Brand W, Velikova N, Boeren S, Murk AJ, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMSuperinduction of estrogen receptor mediated gene expression in luciferase based reporter gene assays is mediated by a post-transcriptional mechanismJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2010 Oct)
197.^Kim IG, Kang SC, Kim KC, Choung ES, Zee OPScreening of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities from medicinal plantsEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol.(2008 Jan)
198.^Hillerns PI, Zu Y, Fu YJ, Wink MBinding of phytoestrogens to rat uterine estrogen receptors and human sex hormone-binding globulinsZ Naturforsch C.(2005 Jul-Aug)
199.^Martin MD, Sherman J, van der Ven P, Burgess JA controlled trial of a dissolving oral patch concerning glycyrrhiza (licorice) herbal extract for the treatment of aphthous ulcersGen Dent.(2008 Mar-Apr)
200.^Tang J, Zhou X, Ji H, Zhu D, Wu LEffects of ephedra water decoction and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice on CYP1A2 and the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in ratsPhytother Res.(2012 Mar)
201.^Busse PJ, Schofield B, Birmingham N, Yang N, Wen MC, Zhang T, Srivastava K, Li XMThe traditional Chinese herbal formula ASHMI inhibits allergic lung inflammation in antigen-sensitized and antigen-challenged aged miceAnn Allergy Asthma Immunol.(2010 Mar)
202.^Zhang T, Srivastava K, Wen MC, Yang N, Cao J, Busse P, Birmingham N, Goldfarb J, Li XMPharmacology and immunological actions of a herbal medicine ASHMI on allergic asthmaPhytother Res.(2010 Jul)
203.^Lee KH, Yeh MH, Kao ST, Hung CM, Chen BC, Liu CJ, Yeh CCXia-bai-san inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B in human lung cellsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2009 Jul 30)
204.^Sakr S, Shalaby SYCarbendazim-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in albino rats: Ameliorative effect of licorice aqueous extractToxicol Ind Health.(2012 Aug 17)
205.^Malekinejad H, Mirzakhani N, Razi M, Cheraghi H, Alizadeh A, Dardmeh FProtective effects of melatonin and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on ochratoxin A--induced damages on testes in mature ratsHum Exp Toxicol.(2011 Feb)
206.^Yahagi N, Shimano H, Hasty AH, Matsuzaka T, Ide T, Yoshikawa T, Amemiya-Kudo M, Tomita S, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Osuga J, Harada K, Gotoda T, Nagai R, Ishibashi S, Yamada NAbsence of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) ameliorates fatty livers but not obesity or insulin resistance in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) miceJ Biol Chem.(2002 May 31)
207.^Kim YM, Kim TH, Kim YW, Yang YM, Ryu da H, Hwang SJ, Lee JR, Kim SC, Kim SGInhibition of liver X receptor-α-dependent hepatic steatosis by isoliquiritigenin, a licorice antioxidant flavonoid, as mediated by JNK1 inhibitionFree Radic Biol Med.(2010 Dec 1)
208.^Rhee SD, Kim CH, Park JS, Jung WH, Park SB, Kim HY, Bae GH, Kim TJ, Kim KYCarbenoxolone prevents the development of fatty liver in C57BL/6-Lep ob/ob mice via the inhibition of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c activity and apoptosisEur J Pharmacol.(2012 Sep 15)
209.^Alberts P, Engblom L, Edling N, Forsgren M, Klingström G, Larsson C, Rönquist-Nii Y, Ohman B, Abrahmsén LSelective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 decreases blood glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemic miceDiabetologia.(2002 Nov)
210.^Park JS, Rhee SD, Kang NS, Jung WH, Kim HY, Kim JH, Kang SK, Cheon HG, Ahn JH, Kim KYAnti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects of a novel selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, 2-(3-benzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-yl-1-phenylethanone (KR-66344)Biochem Pharmacol.(2011 Apr 15)
211.^Daniel EECommunication between interstitial cells of Cajal and gastrointestinal muscleNeurogastroenterol Motil.(2004 Apr)
212.^Takeda Y, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Koh SDEffects of the gap junction blocker glycyrrhetinic acid on gastrointestinal smooth muscle cellsAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2005 Apr)
213.^Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives: a novel class of inhibitors of gap-junctional intercellular communication. Structure-activity relationships.()
214.^Davidson JS, Baumgarten IM, Harley EHReversible inhibition of intercellular junctional communication by glycyrrhetinic acidBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(1986 Jan 14)
215.^Sato Y, Akao T, He JX, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y, Morota T, Asano T, Tani TGlycycoumarin from Glycyrrhizae Radix acts as a potent antispasmodic through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3J Ethnopharmacol.(2006 May 24)
216.^Nagai H, He JX, Tani T, Akao TAntispasmodic activity of licochalcone A, a species-specific ingredient of Glycyrrhiza inflata rootsJ Pharm Pharmacol.(2007 Oct)
217.^Yokota T, Nishio H, Kubota Y, Mizoguchi MThe inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammationPigment Cell Res.(1998 Dec)
218.^Kelly-Pieper K, Patil SP, Busse P, Yang N, Sampson H, Li XM, Wisnivesky JP, Kattan MSafety and tolerability of an antiasthma herbal Formula (ASHMI) in adult subjects with asthma: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase I studyJ Altern Complement Med.(2009 Jul)
219.^Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Rosenblat M, Aviram MLycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlicAntioxid Redox Signal.(2000 Fall)
220.^Effects of traditional medicines, Gosya-jinki-gan, “Kyushin” and “Reiousan” on sexual and learning behaviour in chronically stressed mice.()
221.^Zheng A, Moritani TEffect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity and immune system under mental arithmetic stressJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2008 Jun)
222.^Zheng A, Moritani TEffect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity as evaluated by power spectral analysis of HRV and cardiac depolarization-repolarization processJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2008 Apr)
223.^Saruta J, Tsukinoki K, Sasaguri K, Ishii H, Yasuda M, Osamura YR, Watanabe Y, Sato SExpression and localization of chromogranin A gene and protein in human submandibular glandCells Tissues Organs.(2005)
224.^Nakane H, Asami O, Yamada Y, Ohira HEffect of negative air ions on computer operation, anxiety and salivary chromogranin A-like immunoreactivityInt J Psychophysiol.(2002 Oct)
225.^Feldman M, Grenier DCranberry proanthocyanidins act in synergy with licochalcone A to reduce Porphyromonas gingivalis growth and virulence properties, and to suppress cytokine secretion by macrophagesJ Appl Microbiol.(2012 Aug)
226.^Nakagawa K, Kitano M, Kishida H, Hidaka T, Nabae K, Kawabe M, Hosoe K90-Day repeated-dose toxicity study of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) in ratsFood Chem Toxicol.(2008 Jul)
227.^Armanini D, Fiore C, Mattarello MJ, Bielenberg J, Palermo MHistory of the endocrine effects of licoriceExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2002 Sep)
228.^Ohtake N, Kido A, Kubota K, Tsuchiya N, Morita T, Kase Y, Takeda SA possible involvement of 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin (GL), in GL-induced pseudoaldosteronismLife Sci.(2007 Apr 3)
229.^Makino T, Okajima K, Uebayashi R, Ohtake N, Inoue K, Mizukami H3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhretinic acid is a substrate of organic anion transporters expressed in tubular epithelial cells and plays important roles in licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2J Pharmacol Exp Ther.(2012 Aug)
230.^Caradonna P, Gentiloni N, Servidei S, Perrone GA, Greco AV, Russo MAAcute myopathy associated with chronic licorice ingestion: reversible loss of myoadenylate deaminase activityUltrastruct Pathol.(1992 Sep-Oct)
231.^Barrella M, Lauria G, Quatrale R, Paolino EHypokaliemic rhabdomyolysis associated with liquorice ingestion: report of an atypical caseItal J Neurol Sci.(1997 Aug)
Primary Use
Gut Health