Ashwagandha

Last Updated: September 28 2022

Ashwagandha has been called the king of Ayurvedic herbs. It’s best known for reducing stress and anxiety. It may also modestly enhance various aspects of physical performance, increase testosterone levels, and improve reproductive health, but more research is needed to confirm these effects.

Ashwagandha is most often used for

What is ashwagandha?

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also known as Indian Ginseng, is an herb used in Ayurveda, the traditional medicine of India. Its root has a horsey smell and is said to confer the strength and virility of a horse. In Sanskrit, ashva means “horse” and gandha means “smell.” Various parts of the plant are used, but the most common supplemental form is an extract of its roots.

Ashwagandha is classified as an adaptogen, meaning it’s purported to enhance the body’s resilience to stress. Rodent and cell culture studies suggest that ashwagandha provides a wide range of health benefits,[1][2] but there is a lack of direct evidence in humans to support most of these effects.

What are ashwagandha’s main benefits?

Ashwagandha is best known for its anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and stress-relieving effects.[3][4][5][6][7] It also seems to reduce cortisol levels, and this effect is supported by a number of studies.[8][9][5][6][10][7] In addition, a growing body of evidence supports the efficacy of ashwagandha for improving total sleep time and sleep quality in people with and without insomnia.[11]

There is also increasing interest in ashwagandha among athletes. Ashwagandha has been reported to improve VO2max,[12] and preliminary evidence suggests that it improves upper and lower body strength, lower body power, and recovery.[13][14][15][11] It’s unclear whether these effects persist in well-trained athletes. Ashwagandha may also improve sperm quality parameters in men with fertility issues.[16][17]

What are ashwagandha’s main drawbacks?

Ashwagandha appears to be safe, but more long-term research specifically designed to evaluate its safety is needed. Ashwagandha may cause mild drowsiness and sedation for some people.

How does ashwagandha work?

Ashwagandha contains numerous bioactive compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, and steroidal lactones.[2] Within the steroidal lactones are withanolides, which are considered to be responsible for most of the plant’s benefits.

Most of ashwagandha’s benefits are at least partly due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Ashwagandha can increase levels of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, while also inhibiting lipid peroxidation. For more information on mechanisms of action, including molecular targets, see the Research Breakdown section.

As part of its ability to reduce stress and anxiety, ashwagandha also appears to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis — which plays a central role in the stress response — as evidenced by its ability to decrease cortisol levels.[18] Furthermore, ashwagandha seems to alter the signaling of several neurotransmitters, which are dysfunctional in anxiety disorders. Its ability to enhance GABAA receptor signaling, specifically, is thought to underlie its benefits for sleep.

Ashwagandha may improve endurance performance by increasing levels of hemoglobin[12] (the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen to the rest of the body) but more studies are needed to confirm this effect.

Ashwagandha’s ability to improve reproductive health is attributed to its antioxidative effects in combination with its ability to increase testosterone levels.[17] This effect is more notable in men with infertility and low testosterone levels, but preliminary evidence suggests ashwagandha may boost testosterone levels in healthy men as well.[5][19]

What else is Ashwagandha known as?
Note that Ashwagandha is also known as:
  • Withania Somnifera
  • Indian Ginseng
  • Smell of Horse
  • Winter Cherry
  • Dunal
  • Solanaceae
Ashwagandha should not be confused with:
  • Withania coagulans (Different Plant)
Dosage information

Studies on ashwagandha have used dosages of 250–600 mg/day of a root extract. The most common dosing protocol is 600 mg/day divided into two doses, with one taken in the morning with breakfast and the other in the evening.

Evidence suggests that 600 mg/day is superior to lower doses for improving sleep.[11] Similarly, 600–1,000 mg/day may be more beneficial than lower doses for athletes undergoing an intensive exercise regimen.[12] However, more research is needed to confirm the idea that doses above 600 mg/day yield greater benefits.

It is unknown if ashwagandha loses its potency with daily long-term usage, but due to its possible drug-like effects on neurotransmission, this hypothesis cannot be ruled out. It’s also unknown if taking breaks from ashwagandha or taking it every other day influences its effectiveness.

Join our supplement information course

Enter your email to get a FREE five-day course on supplements. 100% backed by science, we take an independent and unbiased approach to figure out what works (and what's a waste of time and money).

    The only 100% independent company. While everyone sells supplements, we only analyze research.

    Examine Database
    Evidence + Benefits at a glance

    Easily compare what works and what doesn't.

    Learn More

    Don't miss out on the latest research

    Enter your email and we'll keep you on top of the latest nutrition research, supplement myths, and more

      Research Breakdown

      References
      2.^Subhabrata Paul, Shreya Chakraborty, Uttpal Anand, Swarnali Dey, Samapika Nandy, Mimosa Ghorai, Suchismita Chatterjee Saha, Manoj Tukaram Patil, Ramesh Kandimalla, Jarosław Proćków, Abhijit DeyWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspectsBiomed Pharmacother.(2021 Nov)
      4.^Sara Fuladi, Seyed Ahmad Emami, Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour, Asieh Karimani, Ali Akhondpour Manteghi, Amirhossein SahebkarAssessment of Withania Somnifera Root Extract Efficacy in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled TrialCurr Clin Pharmacol.(2020 Apr 13)
      6.^Kumarpillai Gopukumar, Shefali Thanawala, Venkateswarlu Somepalli, T S Sathyanaryana Rao, Vijaya Bhaskar Thamatam, Sanjaya ChauhanEfficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognitive Functions in Healthy, Stressed Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2021 Nov 30)
      10.^A Remenapp, K Coyle, T Orange, T Lynch, D Hooper, S Hooper, K Conway, H A HausenblasEfficacy of Withania somnifera supplementation on adult's cognition and moodJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2021 Nov 25)
      11.^Kae Ling Cheah, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Lili Husniati Yaacob, Razlina Abdul RahmanEffect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysisPLoS One.(2021 Sep 24)
      12.^Diego A Bonilla, Yurany Moreno, Camila Gho, Jorge L Petro, Adrián Odriozola-Martínez, Richard B KreiderEffects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) on Physical Performance: Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-AnalysisJ Funct Morphol Kinesiol.(2021 Feb 11)
      13.^Ziegenfuss TN, Kedia AW, Sandrock JE, Raub BJ, Kerksick CM, Lopez HLEffects of an Aqueous Extract of Withania somnifera on Strength Training Adaptations and Recovery: The STAR TrialNutrients.(2018 Nov 20)
      16.^Nasimi Doost Azgomi R, Nazemiyeh H, Sadeghi Bazargani H, Fazljou SMB, Nejatbakhsh F, Moini Jazani A, Ahmadi AsrBadr Y, Zomorrodi AComparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm parameters in idiopathic male infertility: A triple-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia.(2018 Sep)
      17.^Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi, Afshar Zomorrodi, Hossein Nazemyieh, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Fazljou, Homayoun Sadeghi Bazargani, Fatemeh Nejatbakhsh, Arezoo Moini Jazani, Yadollah Ahmadi AsrBadrEffects of Withania somnifera on Reproductive System: A Systematic Review of the Available EvidenceBiomed Res Int.(2018 Jan 24)
      19.^Wankhede S, Langade D, Joshi K, Sinha SR, Bhattacharyya SExamining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2015 Nov 25)
      21.^Widodo N, Takagi Y, Shrestha BG, Ishii T, Kaul SC, Wadhwa RSelective killing of cancer cells by leaf extract of Ashwagandha: components, activity and pathway analysesCancer Lett.(2008 Apr 8)
      23.^Kulkarni SK, Dhir AWithania somnifera: an Indian ginsengProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2008 Jul 1)
      24.^Baliga MS, Meera S, Vaishnav LK, Rao S, Palatty PLRasayana Drugs From the Ayurvedic System of Medicine as Possible Radioprotective Agents in Cancer TreatmentIntegr Cancer Ther.(2013 Jun 4)
      26.^Deocaris CC, Widodo N, Wadhwa R, Kaul SCMerger of ayurveda and tissue culture-based functional genomics: inspirations from systems biologyJ Transl Med.(2008 Mar 18)
      27.^Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskadbi S, Paul A Devasagayam TIndian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetesJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2007 May)
      28.^[No authors listedMonograph. Withania somniferaAltern Med Rev.(2004 Jun)
      29.^Chatterjee S, Srivastava S, Khalid A, Singh N, Sangwan RS, Sidhu OP, Roy R, Khetrapal CL, Tuli RComprehensive metabolic fingerprinting of Withania somnifera leaf and root extractsPhytochemistry.(2010 Jul)
      30.^Namdeo AG, Sharma A, Yadav KN, Gawande R, Mahadik KR, Lopez-Gresa MP, Kim HK, Choi YH, Verpoorte RMetabolic characterization of Withania somnifera from different regions of India using NMR spectroscopyPlanta Med.(2011 Nov)
      31.^Zhao J, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu KWithanolide derivatives from the roots of Withania somnifera and their neurite outgrowth activitiesChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2002 Jun)
      32.^Choudhary MI, Hussain S, Yousuf S, Dar A, Mudassar, Atta-ur-RahmanChlorinated and diepoxy withanolides from Withania somnifera and their cytotoxic effects against human lung cancer cell linePhytochemistry.(2010 Dec)
      33.^Tong X, Zhang H, Timmermann BNChlorinated Withanolides from Withania somniferaPhytochem Lett.(2011 Dec)
      34.^Pramanick S, Roy A, Ghosh S, Majumder HK, Mukhopadhyay SWithanolide Z, a new chlorinated withanolide from Withania somniferaPlanta Med.(2008 Nov)
      35.^Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS, Ghosal SAntioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somniferaIndian J Exp Biol.(1997 Mar)
      36.^Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais SScientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a reviewAltern Med Rev.(2000 Aug)
      37.^Ganzera M, Choudhary MI, Khan IAQuantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somniferaFitoterapia.(2003 Feb)
      38.^Subbaraju GV, Vanisree M, Rao CV, Sivaramakrishna C, Sridhar P, Jayaprakasam B, Nair MGAshwagandhanolide, a bioactive dimeric thiowithanolide isolated from the roots of Withania somniferaJ Nat Prod.(2006 Dec)
      39.^Mulabagal V, Subbaraju GV, Rao CV, Sivaramakrishna C, Dewitt DL, Holmes D, Sung B, Aggarwal BB, Tsay HS, Nair MGWithanolide sulfoxide from Aswagandha roots inhibits nuclear transcription factor-kappa-B, cyclooxygenase and tumor cell proliferationPhytother Res.(2009 Jul)
      40.^Misra L, Lal P, Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS, Uniyal GC, Tuli RUnusually sulfated and oxygenated steroids from Withania somniferaPhytochemistry.(2005 Dec)
      41.^Alam N, Hossain M, Khalil MI, Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Gan SHHigh catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysisBMC Complement Altern Med.(2011 Aug 19)
      42.^Misra L, Mishra P, Pandey A, Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS1,4-Dioxane and ergosterol derivatives from Withania somnifera rootsJ Asian Nat Prod Res.(2012)
      44.^Nosalova G, Fleskova D, Jurecek L, Sadlonova V, Ray BHerbal polysaccharides and cough reflexRespir Physiol Neurobiol.(2013 Jun 1)
      45.^Sinha S, Nosál'ová G, Bandyopadhyay SS, Flešková D, Ray BIn vivo anti-tussive activity and structural features of a polysaccharide fraction from water extracted Withania somniferaJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Mar 24)
      46.^Girish KS, Machiah KD, Ushanandini S, Harish Kumar K, Nagaraju S, Govindappa M, Vedavathi M, Kemparaju KAntimicrobial properties of a non-toxic glycoprotein (WSG) from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)J Basic Microbiol.(2006)
      47.^Machiah DK, Girish KS, Gowda TVA glycoprotein from a folk medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, inhibits hyaluronidase activity of snake venomsComp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol.(2006 Jun)
      48.^Chen LX, He H, Qiu FNatural withanolides: an overviewNat Prod Rep.(2011 Apr)
      49.^Udayakumar R, Kasthurirengan S, Mariashibu TS, Rajesh M, Anbazhagan VR, Kim SC, Ganapathi A, Choi CWHypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Withania somnifera root and leaf extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic ratsInt J Mol Sci.(2009 May 20)
      51.^Srivastava P, Tiwari N, Yadav AK, Kumar V, Shanker K, Verma RK, Gupta MM, Gupta AK, Khanuja SPSimultaneous quantification of withanolides in Withania somnifera by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic methodJ AOAC Int.(2008 Sep-Oct)
      53.^Yang Z, Garcia A, Xu S, Powell DR, Vertino PM, Singh S, Marcus AIWithania somnifera Root Extract Inhibits Mammary Cancer Metastasis and Epithelial to Mesenchymal TransitionPLoS One.(2013 Sep 12)
      54.^Shreevathsa M, Ravishankar B, Dwivedi RAnti depressant activity of Mamsyadi Kwatha: An Ayurvedic compound formulationAyu.(2013 Jan)
      55.^Yokota Y, Bargagna-Mohan P, Ravindranath PP, Kim KB, Mohan RDevelopment of withaferin A analogs as probes of angiogenesisBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2006 May 15)
      56.^Bargagna-Mohan P, Hamza A, Kim YE, Khuan Abby Ho Y, Mor-Vaknin N, Wendschlag N, Liu J, Evans RM, Markovitz DM, Zhan CG, Kim KB, Mohan RThe tumor inhibitor and antiangiogenic agent withaferin A targets the intermediate filament protein vimentinChem Biol.(2007 Jun)
      57.^van Beijnum JR, Dings RP, van der Linden E, Zwaans BM, Ramaekers FC, Mayo KH, Griffioen AWGene expression of tumor angiogenesis dissected: specific targeting of colon cancer angiogenic vasculatureBlood.(2006 Oct 1)
      58.^Eckes B, Colucci-Guyon E, Smola H, Nodder S, Babinet C, Krieg T, Martin PImpaired wound healing in embryonic and adult mice lacking vimentinJ Cell Sci.(2000 Jul)
      59.^Grin B, Mahammad S, Wedig T, Cleland MM, Tsai L, Herrmann H, Goldman RDWithaferin a alters intermediate filament organization, cell shape and behaviorPLoS One.(2012)
      61.^Thaiparambil JT, Bender L, Ganesh T, Kline E, Patel P, Liu Y, Tighiouart M, Vertino PM, Harvey RD, Garcia A, Marcus AIWithaferin A inhibits breast cancer invasion and metastasis at sub-cytotoxic doses by inducing vimentin disassembly and serine 56 phosphorylationInt J Cancer.(2011 Dec 1)
      62.^Li QF, Spinelli AM, Wang R, Anfinogenova Y, Singer HA, Tang DDCritical role of vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56 by p21-activated kinase in vimentin cytoskeleton signalingJ Biol Chem.(2006 Nov 10)
      63.^Lahat G, Zhu QS, Huang KL, Wang S, Bolshakov S, Liu J, Torres K, Langley RR, Lazar AJ, Hung MC, Lev DVimentin is a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target; insights from in vitro and in vivo mice xenograft studiesPLoS One.(2010 Apr 16)
      65.^Ghosh S, Karin MMissing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzleCell.(2002 Apr)
      67.^Rushe M, Silvian L, Bixler S, Chen LL, Cheung A, Bowes S, Cuervo H, Berkowitz S, Zheng T, Guckian K, Pellegrini M, Lugovskoy AStructure of a NEMO/IKK-associating domain reveals architecture of the interaction siteStructure.(2008 May)
      68.^Kaileh M, Vanden Berghe W, Heyerick A, Horion J, Piette J, Libert C, De Keukeleire D, Essawi T, Haegeman GWithaferin a strongly elicits IkappaB kinase beta hyperphosphorylation concomitant with potent inhibition of its kinase activityJ Biol Chem.(2007 Feb 16)
      73.^Khedgikar V, Kushwaha P, Gautam J, Verma A, Changkija B, Kumar A, Sharma S, Nagar GK, Singh D, Trivedi PK, Sangwan NS, Mishra PR, Trivedi RWithaferin A: a proteasomal inhibitor promotes healing after injury and exerts anabolic effect on osteoporotic boneCell Death Dis.(2013 Aug 22)
      74.^Liu J, Chen Q, Huang W, Horak KM, Zheng H, Mestril R, Wang XImpairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in desminopathy mouse heartsFASEB J.(2006 Feb)
      75.^Yang H, Wang Y, Cheryan VT, Wu W, Cui CQ, Polin LA, Pass HI, Dou QP, Rishi AK, Wali AWithaferin A inhibits the proteasome activity in mesothelioma in vitro and in vivoPLoS One.(2012)
      76.^Rishi AK, Zhang L, Yu Y, Jiang Y, Nautiyal J, Wali A, Fontana JA, Levi E, Majumdar APCell cycle- and apoptosis-regulatory protein-1 is involved in apoptosis signaling by epidermal growth factor receptorJ Biol Chem.(2006 May 12)
      77.^Wadegaonkar VP, Wadegaonkar PAWithanone as an inhibitor of survivin: A potential drug candidate for cancer therapyJ Biotechnol.(2013 Aug 29)
      78.^Kaul SC, Deocaris CC, Wadhwa RThree faces of mortalin: a housekeeper, guardian and killerExp Gerontol.(2007 Apr)
      79.^Dundas SR, Lawrie LC, Rooney PH, Murray GIMortalin is over-expressed by colorectal adenocarcinomas and correlates with poor survivalJ Pathol.(2005 Jan)
      80.^Wadhwa R, Takano S, Kaur K, Deocaris CC, Pereira-Smith OM, Reddel RR, Kaul SCUpregulation of mortalin/mthsp70/Grp75 contributes to human carcinogenesisInt J Cancer.(2006 Jun 15)
      81.^Wadhwa R, Yaguchi T, Hasan MK, Mitsui Y, Reddel RR, Kaul SCHsp70 family member, mot-2/mthsp70/GRP75, binds to the cytoplasmic sequestration domain of the p53 proteinExp Cell Res.(2002 Apr 1)
      82.^Kaula SC, Reddelb RR, Sugiharac T, Mitsuia Y, Wadhwac RInactivation of p53 and life span extension of human diploid fibroblasts by mot-2FEBS Lett.(2000 Jun 2)
      83.^Grover A, Priyandoko D, Gao R, Shandilya A, Widodo N, Bisaria VS, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Sundar DWithanone binds to mortalin and abrogates mortalin-p53 complex: computational and experimental evidenceInt J Biochem Cell Biol.(2012 Mar)
      84.^Wadhwa R, Sugihara T, Yoshida A, Nomura H, Reddel RR, Simpson R, Maruta H, Kaul SCSelective toxicity of MKT-077 to cancer cells is mediated by its binding to the hsp70 family protein mot-2 and reactivation of p53 functionCancer Res.(2000 Dec 15)
      85.^Eyers PA, Erikson E, Chen LG, Maller JLA novel mechanism for activation of the protein kinase Aurora ACurr Biol.(2003 Apr 15)
      86.^Tsai MY, Wiese C, Cao K, Martin O, Donovan P, Ruderman J, Prigent C, Zheng YA Ran signalling pathway mediated by the mitotic kinase Aurora A in spindle assemblyNat Cell Biol.(2003 Mar)
      87.^Bischoff JR, Anderson L, Zhu Y, Mossie K, Ng L, Souza B, Schryver B, Flanagan P, Clairvoyant F, Ginther C, Chan CS, Novotny M, Slamon DJ, Plowman GDA homologue of Drosophila aurora kinase is oncogenic and amplified in human colorectal cancersEMBO J.(1998 Jun 1)
      88.^Bar-Shira A, Pinthus JH, Rozovsky U, Goldstein M, Sellers WR, Yaron Y, Eshhar Z, Orr-Urtreger AMultiple genes in human 20q13 chromosomal region are involved in an advanced prostate cancer xenograftCancer Res.(2002 Dec 1)
      89.^Li D, Zhu J, Firozi PF, Abbruzzese JL, Evans DB, Cleary K, Friess H, Sen SOverexpression of oncogenic STK15/BTAK/Aurora A kinase in human pancreatic cancerClin Cancer Res.(2003 Mar)
      90.^Tanaka T, Kimura M, Matsunaga K, Fukada D, Mori H, Okano YCentrosomal kinase AIK1 is overexpressed in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breastCancer Res.(1999 May 1)
      91.^Agnese V, Bazan V, Fiorentino FP, Fanale D, Badalamenti G, Colucci G, Adamo V, Santini D, Russo AThe role of Aurora-A inhibitors in cancer therapyAnn Oncol.(2007 Jun)
      92.^Warner SL, Stephens BJ, Nwokenkwo S, Hostetter G, Sugeng A, Hidalgo M, Trent JM, Han H, Von Hoff DDValidation of TPX2 as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer cellsClin Cancer Res.(2009 Nov 1)
      93.^Grover A, Singh R, Shandilya A, Priyandoko D, Agrawal V, Bisaria VS, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC, Sundar DAshwagandha derived withanone targets TPX2-Aurora A complex: computational and experimental evidence to its anticancer activityPLoS One.(2012)
      94.^Zhao B, Smallwood A, Yang J, Koretke K, Nurse K, Calamari A, Kirkpatrick RB, Lai ZModulation of kinase-inhibitor interactions by auxiliary protein binding: crystallography studies on Aurora A interactions with VX-680 and with TPX2Protein Sci.(2008 Oct)
      98.^Young JC, Agashe VR, Siegers K, Hartl FUPathways of chaperone-mediated protein folding in the cytosolNat Rev Mol Cell Biol.(2004 Oct)
      100.^Kamal A, Boehm MF, Burrows FJTherapeutic and diagnostic implications of Hsp90 activationTrends Mol Med.(2004 Jun)
      101.^Pearl LH, Prodromou C, Workman PThe Hsp90 molecular chaperone: an open and shut case for treatmentBiochem J.(2008 Mar 15)
      102.^Solit DB, Chiosis GDevelopment and application of Hsp90 inhibitorsDrug Discov Today.(2008 Jan)
      103.^Powers MV, Workman PInhibitors of the heat shock response: biology and pharmacologyFEBS Lett.(2007 Jul 31)
      105.^Gray PJ Jr, Prince T, Cheng J, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SKTargeting the oncogene and kinome chaperone CDC37Nat Rev Cancer.(2008 Jul)
      106.^Yu Y, Hamza A, Zhang T, Gu M, Zou P, Newman B, Li Y, Gunatilaka AA, Zhan CG, Sun DWithaferin A targets heat shock protein 90 in pancreatic cancer cellsBiochem Pharmacol.(2010 Feb 15)
      107.^Grover A, Shandilya A, Agrawal V, Pratik P, Bhasme D, Bisaria VS, Sundar DHsp90/Cdc37 chaperone/co-chaperone complex, a novel junction anticancer target elucidated by the mode of action of herbal drug Withaferin ABMC Bioinformatics.(2011 Feb 15)
      109.^Bharavi K, Reddy AG, Rao GS, Kumar PR, Kumar DS, Prasadini PPPrevention of cadmium bioaccumulation by herbal adaptogensIndian J Pharmacol.(2011 Feb)
      112.^Otterbein LE, Hedblom A, Harris C, Csizmadia E, Gallo D, Wegiel BHeme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide modulate DNA repair through ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) proteinProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2011 Aug 30)
      113.^Motterlini R, Foresti R, Bassi R, Calabrese V, Clark JE, Green CJEndothelial heme oxygenase-1 induction by hypoxia. Modulation by inducible nitric-oxide synthase and S-nitrosothiolsJ Biol Chem.(2000 May 5)
      114.^Hosny Mansour H, Farouk Hafez HProtective effect of Withania somnifera against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in ratsEcotoxicol Environ Saf.(2012 Jun)
      115.^Velmurugan K, Alam J, McCord JM, Pugazhenthi SSynergistic induction of heme oxygenase-1 by the components of the antioxidant supplement ProtandimFree Radic Biol Med.(2009 Feb 1)
      116.^Widodo N, Shah N, Priyandoko D, Ishii T, Kaul SC, Wadhwa RDeceleration of senescence in normal human fibroblasts by withanone extracted from ashwagandha leavesJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2009 Oct)
      119.^Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal SAnxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental studyPhytomedicine.(2000 Dec)
      120.^Grover A, Shandilya A, Agrawal V, Bisaria VS, Sundar DComputational evidence to inhibition of human acetyl cholinesterase by withanolide a for Alzheimer treatmentJ Biomol Struct Dyn.(2012 Feb)
      121.^Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Nawaz SA, Ahmed S, Atta-ur-RahmanCholinesterase inhibiting withanolides from Withania somniferaChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2004 Nov)
      123.^Seth V, Banerjee BD, Bhattacharya A, Chakravorty AKLipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and glutathione redox system in blood of human poisoning with propoxurClin Biochem.(2000 Nov)
      124.^Yadav CS, Kumar V, Suke SG, Ahmed RS, Mediratta PK, Banerjee BDPropoxur-induced acetylcholine esterase inhibition and impairment of cognitive function: attenuation by Withania somniferaIndian J Biochem Biophys.(2010 Apr)
      133.^DeFazio RA, Heger S, Ojeda SR, Moenter SMActivation of A-type gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors excites gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronsMol Endocrinol.(2002 Dec)
      135.^Mehta AK, Binkley P, Gandhi SS, Ticku MKPharmacological effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complexIndian J Med Res.(1991 Aug)
      138.^Ahmad M, Saleem S, Ahmad AS, Ansari MA, Yousuf S, Hoda MN, Islam FNeuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinsonism in ratsHum Exp Toxicol.(2005 Mar)
      139.^Shah PC, Trivedi NA, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KGEffect of Withania somnifera on forced swimming test induced immobility in mice and its interaction with various drugsIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(2006 Oct-Dec)
      143.^Bhatnagar M, Sharma D, Salvi MNeuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera dunal.: A possible mechanismNeurochem Res.(2009 Nov)
      145.^Dawson VL, Dawson TM, London ED, Bredt DS, Snyder SHNitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical culturesProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(1991 Jul 15)
      149.^Baitharu I, Jain V, Deep SN, Hota KB, Hota SK, Prasad D, Ilavazhagan GWithania somnifera root extract ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia induced memory impairment in ratsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2013 Jan 30)
      152.^Kasture S, Vinci S, Ibba F, Puddu A, Marongiu M, Murali B, Pisanu A, Lecca D, Zernig G, Acquas EWithania somnifera prevents morphine withdrawal-induced decrease in spine density in nucleus accumbens shell of rats: a confocal laser scanning microscopy studyNeurotox Res.(2009 Nov)
      153.^Spiga S, Puddu MC, Pisano M, Diana MMorphine withdrawal-induced morphological changes in the nucleus accumbensEur J Neurosci.(2005 Nov)
      155.^Tohda C, Kuboyama T, Komatsu KSearch for natural products related to regeneration of the neuronal networkNeurosignals.(2005)
      156.^Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Zhao J, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Komatsu KAxon- or dendrite-predominant outgrowth induced by constituents from AshwagandhaNeuroreport.(2002 Oct 7)
      157.^Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu KNeuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide ABr J Pharmacol.(2005 Apr)
      158.^Jana CK, Hoecker J, Woods TM, Jessen HJ, Neuburger M, Gademann KSynthesis of withanolide A, biological evaluation of its neuritogenic properties, and studies on secretase inhibitionAngew Chem Int Ed Engl.(2011 Aug 29)
      164.^Durbec P, Marcos-Gutierrez CV, Kilkenny C, Grigoriou M, Wartiowaara K, Suvanto P, Smith D, Ponder B, Costantini F, Saarma M, et alGDNF signalling through the Ret receptor tyrosine kinaseNature.(1996 Jun 27)
      165.^Trupp M, Arenas E, Fainzilber M, Nilsson AS, Sieber BA, Grigoriou M, Kilkenny C, Salazar-Grueso E, Pachnis V, Arumäe UFunctional receptor for GDNF encoded by the c-ret proto-oncogeneNature.(1996 Jun 27)
      166.^Chaudhary G, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Gupta YKEvaluation of Withania somnifera in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in ratsClin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2003 May-Jun)
      167.^Singh B, Saxena AK, Chandan BK, Gupta DK, Bhutani KK, Anand KKAdaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera DunPhytother Res.(2001 Jun)
      169.^Kaur P, Mathur S, Sharma M, Tiwari M, Srivastava KK, Chandra RA biologically active constituent of withania somnifera (ashwagandha) with antistress activityIndian J Clin Biochem.(2001 Jul)
      172.^Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AVAdaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stressPharmacol Biochem Behav.(2003 Jun)
      174.^Goldberg DP, Hillier VFA scaled version of the General Health QuestionnairePsychol Med.(1979 Feb)
      178.^Cooley K, Szczurko O, Perri D, Mills EJ, Bernhardt B, Zhou Q, Seely DNaturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974PLoS One.(2009 Aug 31)
      179.^Andrade C, Aswath A, Chaturvedi SK, Srinivasa M, Raguram RA double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somniferaIndian J Psychiatry.(2000 Jul)
      180.^Maity T, Adhikari A, Bhattacharya K, Biswas S, Debnath PK, Maharana CSA study on evalution of antidepressant effect of imipramine adjunct with Aswagandha and BramhiNepal Med Coll J.(2011 Dec)
      182.^Ahmed ME, Javed H, Khan MM, Vaibhav K, Ahmad A, Khan A, Tabassum R, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam FAttenuation of oxidative damage-associated cognitive decline by Withania somnifera in rat model of streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairmentProtoplasma.(2013 Jan 23)
      183.^Plaschke K, Kopitz J, Siegelin M, Schliebs R, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Riederer P, Hoyer SInsulin-resistant brain state after intracerebroventricular streptozotocin injection exacerbates Alzheimer-like changes in Tg2576 AbetaPP-overexpressing miceJ Alzheimers Dis.(2010)
      184.^Jain S, Shukla SD, Sharma K, Bhatnagar MNeuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in hippocampal sub-regions of female albino ratPhytother Res.(2001 Sep)
      186.^Ilayperuma I, Ratnasooriya WD, Weerasooriya TREffect of Withania somnifera root extract on the sexual behaviour of male ratsAsian J Androl.(2002 Dec)
      187.^Kaurav BP, Wanjari MM, Chandekar A, Chauhan NS, Upmanyu NInfluence of Withania somnifera on obsessive compulsive disorder in miceAsian Pac J Trop Med.(2012 May)
      189.^Manjunath NK, Telles SInfluence of Yoga and Ayurveda on self-rated sleep in a geriatric populationIndian J Med Res.(2005 May)
      190.^Raut AA, Rege NN, Tadvi FM, Solanki PV, Kene KR, Shirolkar SG, Pandey SN, Vaidya RA, Vaidya ABExploratory study to evaluate tolerability, safety, and activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in healthy volunteersJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2012 Jul)
      191.^Joel DCurrent animal models of obsessive compulsive disorder: a critical reviewProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2006 May)
      193.^Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya AVAmeliorative effects of herbal combinations in hyperlipidemiaOxid Med Cell Longev.(2011)
      195.^Gupta SK, Mohanty I, Talwar KK, Dinda A, Joshi S, Bansal P, Saxena A, Arya DSCardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury by Withania somnifera: a hemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological assessmentMol Cell Biochem.(2004 May)
      199.^Jilani K, Lupescu A, Zbidah M, Shaik N, Lang FWithaferin A-stimulated Ca2+ entry, ceramide formation and suicidal death of erythrocytesToxicol In Vitro.(2013 Feb)
      201.^Agnihotri AP, Sontakke SD, Thawani VR, Saoji A, Goswami VSEffects of Withania somnifera in patients of schizophrenia: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled pilot trial studyIndian J Pharmacol.(2013 Jul)
      205.^Park HJ, Rayalam S, Della-Fera MA, Ambati S, Yang JY, Baile CAWithaferin A induces apoptosis and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytesBiofactors.(2008)
      206.^Shenoy S, Chaskar U, Sandhu JS, Paadhi MMEffects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclistsJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2012 Oct)
      207.^Giuliani N, Morandi F, Tagliaferri S, Lazzaretti M, Bonomini S, Crugnola M, Mancini C, Martella E, Ferrari L, Tabilio A, Rizzoli VThe proteasome inhibitor bortezomib affects osteoblast differentiation in vitro and in vivo in multiple myeloma patientsBlood.(2007 Jul 1)
      208.^Ito Y, Fukushima H, Katagiri T, Seo Y, Hirata S, Zhang M, Hosokawa R, Jimi ELactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, enhances BMP-induced osteoblastic differentiation by increasing active SmadsBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2011 Apr 1)
      209.^Canalis E, Economides AN, Gazzerro EBone morphogenetic proteins, their antagonists, and the skeletonEndocr Rev.(2003 Apr)
      210.^Margalit A, Duffin KL, Shaffer AF, Gregory SA, Isakson PCAltered arachidonic acid metabolism in urate crystal induced inflammationInflammation.(1997 Apr)
      213.^Sumantran VN, Kulkarni A, Boddul S, Chinchwade T, Koppikar SJ, Harsulkar A, Patwardhan B, Chopra A, Wagh UVChondroprotective potential of root extracts of Withania somnifera in osteoarthritisJ Biosci.(2007 Mar)
      214.^Khanna D, Sethi G, Ahn KS, Pandey MK, Kunnumakkara AB, Sung B, Aggarwal A, Aggarwal BBNatural products as a gold mine for arthritis treatmentCurr Opin Pharmacol.(2007 Jun)
      217.^Davis L, Kuttan GEffect of Withania somnifera on cell mediated immune responses in miceJ Exp Clin Cancer Res.(2002 Dec)
      218.^Kour K, Pandey A, Suri KA, Satti NK, Gupta KK, Bani SRestoration of stress-induced altered T cell function and corresponding cytokines patterns by Withanolide AInt Immunopharmacol.(2009 Sep)
      221.^Khan B, Ahmad SF, Bani S, Kaul A, Suri KA, Satti NK, Athar M, Qazi GNAugmentation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and Th-1 cytokines by Withania somnifera in stressed miceInt Immunopharmacol.(2006 Sep)
      223.^Nagalakshmi ML, Rascle A, Zurawski S, Menon S, de Waal Malefyt RInterleukin-22 activates STAT3 and induces IL-10 by colon epithelial cellsInt Immunopharmacol.(2004 May)
      224.^Malik F, Kumar A, Bhushan S, Mondhe DM, Pal HC, Sharma R, Khajuria A, Singh S, Singh G, Saxena AK, Suri KA, Qazi GN, Singh JImmune modulation and apoptosis induction: Two sides of antitumoural activity of a standardised herbal formulation of Withania somniferaEur J Cancer.(2009 May)
      225.^Bani S, Gautam M, Sheikh FA, Khan B, Satti NK, Suri KA, Qazi GN, Patwardhan BSelective Th1 up-regulating activity of Withania somnifera aqueous extract in an experimental system using flow cytometryJ Ethnopharmacol.(2006 Aug 11)
      226.^Gupta YK, Sharma SS, Rai K, Katiyar CKReversal of paclitaxel induced neutropenia by Withania somnifera in miceIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(2001 Apr)
      228.^Davis L, Kuttan GImmunomodulatory activity of Withania somniferaJ Ethnopharmacol.(2000 Jul)
      229.^Nemmani KV, Jena GB, Dey CS, Kaul CL, Ramarao PCell proliferation and natural killer cell activity by polyherbal formulation, Immu-21 in miceIndian J Exp Biol.(2002 Mar)
      230.^Bhat J, Damle A, Vaishnav PP, Albers R, Joshi M, Banerjee GIn vivo enhancement of natural killer cell activity through tea fortified with Ayurvedic herbsPhytother Res.(2010 Jan)
      231.^Mikolai J, Erlandsen A, Murison A, Brown KA, Gregory WL, Raman-Caplan P, Zwickey HLIn vivo effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on the activation of lymphocytesJ Altern Complement Med.(2009 Apr)
      234.^Debnath PK, Chattopadhyay J, Mitra A, Adhikari A, Alam MS, Bandopadhyay SK, Hazra JAdjunct therapy of Ayurvedic medicine with anti tubercular drugs on the therapeutic management of pulmonary tuberculosisJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2012 Jul)
      235.^Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Rajender S, Madhukar D, Shankhwar SN, Ahmad SWithania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile malesFertil Steril.(2010 Aug)
      236.^Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Ahmad MK, Rajender S, Shankhwar SN, Singh V, Dalela DWithania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male FertilityEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2009 Sep 29)
      237.^Hahm ER, Lee J, Huang Y, Singh SVWithaferin a suppresses estrogen receptor-α expression in human breast cancer cellsMol Carcinog.(2011 Aug)
      242.^van der Hooft CS, Hoekstra A, Winter A, de Smet PA, Stricker BHThyrotoxicosis following the use of ashwagandhaNed Tijdschr Geneeskd.(2005 Nov 19)
      243.^Kalani A, Bahtiyar G, Sacerdote AAshwagandha root in the treatment of non-classical adrenal hyperplasiaBMJ Case Rep.(2012 Sep 17)
      244.^Yang ES, Choi MJ, Kim JH, Choi KS, Kwon TKCombination of withaferin A and X-ray irradiation enhances apoptosis in U937 cellsToxicol In Vitro.(2011 Dec)
      245.^SoRelle JA, Itoh T, Peng H, Kanak MA, Sugimoto K, Matsumoto S, Levy MF, Lawrence MC, Naziruddin BWithaferin A inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced damage to islets in culture and following transplantationDiabetologia.(2013 Apr)
      246.^Bhattacharya A, Ramanathan M, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SKEffect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides on iron-induced hepatotoxicity in ratsPhytother Res.(2000 Nov)
      247.^Gagnon J, Chen XL, Forand-Boulerice M, Leblanc C, Raman C, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran SIncreased antigen responsiveness of naive CD8 T cells exposed to IL-7 and IL-21 is associated with decreased CD5 expressionImmunol Cell Biol.(2010 May-Jun)
      250.^Martín-Herrera D, Abdala S, Benjumea D, Pérez-Paz PDiuretic activity of Withania aristata: an endemic Canary Island speciesJ Ethnopharmacol.(2007 Sep 25)
      251.^Benjumea D, Martín-Herrera D, Abdala S, Gutiérrez-Luis J, Quiñones W, Cardona D, Torres F, Echeverri FWithanolides from Whitania aristata and their diuretic activityJ Ethnopharmacol.(2009 Jun 22)
      255.^Walczak H, Miller RE, Ariail K, Gliniak B, Griffith TS, Kubin M, Chin W, Jones J, Woodward A, Le T, Smith C, Smolak P, Goodwin RG, Rauch CT, Schuh JC, Lynch DHTumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivoNat Med.(1999 Feb)
      256.^Srivastava RKIntracellular mechanisms of TRAIL and its role in cancer therapyMol Cell Biol Res Commun.(2000 Aug)
      258.^Kim S, Lee TJ, Leem J, Choi KS, Park JW, Kwon TKSanguinarine-induced apoptosis: generation of ROS, down-regulation of Bcl-2, c-FLIP, and synergy with TRAILJ Cell Biochem.(2008 Jun 1)
      262.^Roué G, Pérez-Galán P, López-Guerra M, Villamor N, Campo E, Colomer DSelective inhibition of IkappaB kinase sensitizes mantle cell lymphoma B cells to TRAIL by decreasing cellular FLIP levelJ Immunol.(2007 Feb 1)
      263.^Mohan R, Hammers HJ, Bargagna-Mohan P, Zhan XH, Herbstritt CJ, Ruiz A, Zhang L, Hanson AD, Conner BP, Rougas J, Pribluda VSWithaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesisAngiogenesis.(2004)
      264.^Lee DH, Lim IH, Sung EG, Kim JY, Song IH, Park YK, Lee TJWithaferin A inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity by suppressing the Akt signaling pathwayOncol Rep.(2013 Aug)
      265.^Thiery JPEpithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progressionNat Rev Cancer.(2002 Jun)
      266.^Kalluri R, Weinberg RAThe basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transitionJ Clin Invest.(2009 Jun)
      267.^Hahm ER, Moura MB, Kelley EE, Van Houten B, Shiva S, Singh SVWithaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen speciesPLoS One.(2011)
      269.^Yu H, Kortylewski M, Pardoll DCrosstalk between cancer and immune cells: role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironmentNat Rev Immunol.(2007 Jan)
      272.^Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F, Graeve LInterleukin-6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathwayBiochem J.(1998 Sep 1)
      274.^Dijkers PF, Medema RH, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, Coffer PJExpression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1Curr Biol.(2000 Oct 5)
      275.^Mumm JS, Kopan RNotch signaling: from the outside inDev Biol.(2000 Dec 15)
      276.^Reedijk M, Odorcic S, Chang L, Zhang H, Miller N, McCready DR, Lockwood G, Egan SEHigh-level coexpression of JAG1 and NOTCH1 is observed in human breast cancer and is associated with poor overall survivalCancer Res.(2005 Sep 15)
      278.^Koduru S, Kumar R, Srinivasan S, Evers MB, Damodaran CNotch-1 inhibition by Withaferin-A: a therapeutic target against colon carcinogenesisMol Cancer Ther.(2010 Jan)
      279.^Lee J, Sehrawat A, Singh SVWithaferin A causes activation of Notch2 and Notch4 in human breast cancer cellsBreast Cancer Res Treat.(2012 Nov)
      281.^Khazal KF, Samuel T, Hill DL, Grubbs CJEffect of an extract of Withania somnifera root on estrogen receptor-positive mammary carcinomasAnticancer Res.(2013 Apr)
      283.^Choi MJ, Park EJ, Min KJ, Park JW, Kwon TKEndoplasmic reticulum stress mediates withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cellsToxicol In Vitro.(2011 Apr)
      284.^Um HJ, Min KJ, Kim DE, Kwon TKWithaferin A inhibits JAK/STAT3 signaling and induces apoptosis of human renal carcinoma Caki cellsBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2012 Oct 12)
      286.^Groner B, Lucks P, Borghouts CThe function of Stat3 in tumor cells and their microenvironmentSemin Cell Dev Biol.(2008 Aug)
      287.^Kim DJ, Chan KS, Sano S, Digiovanni JSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in epithelial carcinogenesisMol Carcinog.(2007 Aug)
      289.^Wittwer JA, Robbins D, Wang F, Codarin S, Shen X, Kevil CG, Huang TT, Van Remmen H, Richardson A, Zhao YEnhancing mitochondrial respiration suppresses tumor promoter TPA-induced PKM2 expression and cell transformation in skin epidermal JB6 cellsCancer Prev Res (Phila).(2011 Sep)
      290.^Robbins D, Wittwer JA, Codarin S, Circu ML, Aw TY, Huang TT, Van Remmen H, Richardson A, Wang DB, Witt SN, Klein RL, Zhao YIsocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is downregulated during early skin tumorigenesis which can be inhibited by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutaseCancer Sci.(2012 Aug)
      291.^Mayola E, Gallerne C, Esposti DD, Martel C, Pervaiz S, Larue L, Debuire B, Lemoine A, Brenner C, Lemaire CWithaferin A induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells through generation of reactive oxygen species and down-regulation of Bcl-2Apoptosis.(2011 Oct)
      292.^Abdulkarim B, Sabri S, Deutsch E, Chagraoui H, Maggiorella L, Thierry J, Eschwege F, Vainchenker W, Chouaïb S, Bourhis JAntiviral agent Cidofovir restores p53 function and enhances the radiosensitivity in HPV-associated cancersOncogene.(2002 Apr 4)
      294.^Ravizza R, Gariboldi MB, Passarelli L, Monti ERole of the p53/p21 system in the response of human colon carcinoma cells to DoxorubicinBMC Cancer.(2004 Dec 15)
      295.^Chipuk JE, Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Droin NM, Newmeyer DD, Schuler M, Green DRDirect activation of Bax by p53 mediates mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosisScience.(2004 Feb 13)
      297.^Gupta A, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Ahmad MK, Bansal N, Sankhwar P, Sankhwar SNEfficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: A proton NMR study at 800MHzJ Ethnopharmacol.(2013 Jun 21)
      298.^Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Mishra V, Rajender S, Sankhwar SN, Patel D, Das MWithania somnifera improves semen quality by combating oxidative stress and cell death and improving essential metal concentrationsReprod Biomed Online.(2011 Mar 7. {Epub ahead of print})
      302.^Sehgal N, Gupta A, Valli RK, Joshi SD, Mills JT, Hamel E, Khanna P, Jain SC, Thakur SS, Ravindranath VWithania somnifera reverses Alzheimer's disease pathology by enhancing low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in liverProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2012 Feb 28)
      303.^Kumar S, Harris RJ, Seal CJ, Okello EJAn aqueous extract of Withania somnifera root inhibits amyloid β fibril formation in vitroPhytother Res.(2012 Jan)
      305.^Sagare A, Deane R, Bell RD, Johnson B, Hamm K, Pendu R, Marky A, Lenting PJ, Wu Z, Zarcone T, Goate A, Mayo K, Perlmutter D, Coma M, Zhong Z, Zlokovic BVClearance of amyloid-beta by circulating lipoprotein receptorsNat Med.(2007 Sep)
      306.^Deane R, Du Yan S, Submamaryan RK, LaRue B, Jovanovic S, Hogg E, Welch D, Manness L, Lin C, Yu J, Zhu H, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Stern A, Schmidt AM, Armstrong DL, Arnold B, Liliensiek B, Nawroth P, Hofman F, Kindy M, Stern D, Zlokovic BRAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brainNat Med.(2003 Jul)
      307.^Dries DR, Yu G, Herz JExtracting β-amyloid from Alzheimer's diseaseProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2012 Feb 28)
      309.^Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MPRodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesisMol Neurobiol.(2012 Oct)
      312.^RajaSankar S, Manivasagam T, Sankar V, Prakash S, Muthusamy R, Krishnamurti A, Surendran SWithania somnifera root extract improves catecholamines and physiological abnormalities seen in a Parkinson's disease model mouseJ Ethnopharmacol.(2009 Sep 25)
      317.^Minhas U, Minz R, Das P, Bhatnagar ATherapeutic effect of Withania somnifera on pristane-induced model of SLEInflammopharmacology.(2012 Aug)
      318.^Malhotra CL, Mehta VL, Prasad K, Das PKStudies on Withania ashwagandha, Kaul. IV. The effect of total alkaloids on the smooth musclesIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(1965 Jan)
      319.^Grandhi A, Mujumdar AM, Patwardhan BA comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha and GinsengJ Ethnopharmacol.(1994 Dec)
      322.^Aphale AA, Chhibba AD, Kumbhakarna NR, Mateenuddin M, Dahat SHSubacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: a safety assessmentIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(1998 Apr)
      325.^Mahanta V, Dudhamal TS, Gupta SKManagement of tennis elbow by AgnikarmaJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2013 Jan)