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Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) is a molecule that acts as a buffering agent against acidity in the human body, and appears to enhance physical performance in elite and novice athletes. It also may have health benefits and intestinal side effects.

Our evidence-based analysis on sodium bicarbonate features 248 unique references to scientific papers.

Kamal Patel
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Summary of Sodium Bicarbonate

Primary information, health benefits, side effects, usage, and other important details

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is a supplement that provides dietary bicarbonate, which can increase serum levels of bicarbonate (normally produced by the kidneys) and subsequently buffer acid production in the body. The main mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate is in negating the effects of acidosis. It provides benefits both in situations of chronic mild acidosis, commonly seen in metabolic ailments or during aging as kidney function slowly declines, and in exercise-induced acidosis.

In athletes, the standard doses of sodium bicarbonate supplementation (200-300 mg/kg) tend to reliably benefit performance when failure on the exercise is associated with metabolic acidosis, aka “the burn.” Sports where failure occurs due to the cardiorespiratory system or due to force production by the central nervous system (e.g., single sprints or rowing in elite rowers) do not appear to reliably benefit from supplemental bicarbonate.

Benefits of sodium bicarbonate can be observed with a single dose taken 60-90 minutes before exercise, but supplementation should be approached cautiously as it can cause gastrointestinal side effects if too much is taken at once or, if it’s consumed too rapidly.

Additionally, 5 g of sodium bicarbonate taken daily appears to be somewhat effective in reducing acidosis induced by the diet or the aging process (although using potassium bicarbonate appears to be better), and therefore it may reduce the rate of bone loss over time in susceptible populations.

There are mechanisms in place for sodium bicarbonate to be a fat-burning agent (it increases ketone production and lipolysis and causes a minor increase in metabolic rate), but these have not yet been linked to actual weight loss in trials.

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How to Take

Medical Disclaimer

Recommended dosage, active amounts, other details

Supplemental sodium bicarbonate can be baking soda bought from the grocery store; they are the same molecule, so store-bought baking soda will work.

Supplemental dosages of sodium bicarbonate are in the 200-300 mg/kg range when used before exercise. Although 500 mg/kg is slightly more effective, it tends to be associated with a higher degree of intestinal side effects if taken all at once.

If taking sodium bicarbonate acutely for exercise, a dose should be taken 60-90 minutes before anaerobic activities associated with metabolic acidosis (i.e.. “the burn”) for maximum benefit. For other activities that might be longer in duration, sodium bicarbonate should be taken 45-60 minutes before.

Sodium bicarbonate can be taken with meals rather than acutely before exercise, and should be similarly effective. In this case, up to 500 mg/kg can be well tolerated if divided into three doses throughout the day (just over 150 mg/kg per dose) with no inherent need to take bicarbonate on the day of activity.

Some health effects (increase in metabolic rate or attenuation of metabolic acidosis) can be achieved at more reasonable doses, such as 5-10g, and may be more practical for nonathletes.

Additionally, as 27.3% of sodium bicarbonate's weight is due to sodium, every 100 mg/kg confers about 27 mg/kg sodium to the diet; this needs to be accounted for, and severely limits usage by persons with salt-sensitive hypertension.

As the doses are measured in reference to body weight, obesity may result in a falsely high oral dose. If you are not within a normal or overweight BMI range, estimate your oral dose based on your “ideal weight” instead.

The means of consuming bicarbonate is important, as excessively high doses or rapid ingestion can cause gastric upset due to a reaction between bicarbonate and stomach acid. Bicarbonate should be sipped slowly over a period of a few minutes with a moderate amount of water (500 mL), and the first time bicarbonate is used a half-dose should be ingested to assess tolerance.

Rapidly ingesting the drink, or taking too much, is likely to induce stomach pain and nausea within an hour followed by increased diarrhea and flatulence; sticking to 200 mg/kg may alleviate the risk of these side effects.

Independent of the dose taken, caution should be exercised with the manner by which sodium bicarbonate is ingested, so as to minimize intestinal and gastric side effects; these side effects occur with rapid or excessive consumption of bicarbonate, and include nausea and diarrhea.

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Human Effect Matrix

Unlocked for Examine members

The Human Effect Matrix summarizes human studies to tell you what effects Sodium Bicarbonate has on your body, how much evidence there is, and how strong these effects are.

Full details are available to Examine members.
Grade Level of Evidence
Robust research conducted with repeated double-blind clinical trials
Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo controlled
Single double-blind study or multiple cohort studies
Uncontrolled or observational studies only
Level of Evidence
? The amount of high quality evidence. The more evidence, the more we can trust the results.
Outcome Magnitude of effect
? The direction and size of the supplement's impact on each outcome. Some supplements can have an increasing effect, others have a decreasing effect, and others have no effect.
Consistency of research results
? Scientific research does not always agree. HIGH or VERY HIGH means that most of the scientific research agrees.
Notes
grade-a
Serum Bicarbonate
Strong Very High See all 47 studies
For the purpose of increasing serum bicarbonate concentrations, orally ingested bicarbonate is the reference compound for it. The increases tend to be around a 30% increase form baseline values (as there is always a circulating bicarbonate concentration)
grade-a
Blood Acidity
Notable Very High See all 46 studies
Although the magnitude of decrease is somewhat minor, this is due to blood pH being highly regulated in the body. acidity appears to be reliably reduced following supplementation of 300mg/kg sodium bicarbonate
grade-a
Lactate Production

Notable 		- See all 37 studies
Increases of lactate production are noted in short intense exercises (due to allowing more work to be conducted, and the work produces more lactate) while prolonged exercise is associated with a decrease in lactate concentrations relative to placebo
grade-a
Anaerobic Running Capacity
Minor Moderate See all 34 studies
Cardiovascular exercise where failure is associated with metabolic acidosis (ie. 'the burn') appear to get benefit with bicarbonate supplementation to a small degree but reliably. For other exercises (rowing, sprinting, swimming) not characterized by the burn, the benefits are much less reliable
grade-a
Power Output
- Moderate See all 28 studies
Although technically an increase in average power output may occur during exercise associated with the 'burn' (metabolic acidosis) to the degree of 1-2%, saying this is an inherent or reliable increase in power would be misleading; it is an attenuation of the decrease in power that acidosis is able to induce
grade-b
Teeth Whitening
Notable Very High See all 3 studies
There appears to be a time dependent benefit on stain reduction when gum containing sodium bicarbonate is used, with efficacy at 4 weeks (around 30-50% stain reduction) but more at 12 weeks (around 70%)
grade-b
Aerobic Exercise
Minor High See all 3 studies
For cardiovascular exercise that is prolonged in nature (45m or greater) and not exceeding the lactate threshold, there appears to be a small beneficial effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on improving time to fatigue or time to complete a test
grade-b
Neuromuscular Function
Minor Very High See all 3 studies
Sports requiring hand-eye coordination (boxing and tennis) appear to be enhanced with supplemental sodium bicarbonate, with improved punch and tennis swing accuracy
grade-b
Training Volume
Minor Moderate See all 10 studies
There might be an increase in work output conducted in tests that are anaerobic (high intensity) and associated with metabolic acidosis ('the burn') but may not extend to other contexts
grade-b
Heart Rate
- Very High See all 5 studies
There is no significant effect of sodium bicarbonate on heart rate at rest or during exercise
grade-b
Rate of Perceived Exertion
- Very High See all 10 studies
Although there is some limited evidence that sodium bicarbonate can increase 'percieved readiness' for a task and ample evidence that it can reduce the rate of neuromuscular decline (seen with fatigue), the actual rate of percieved exertion (how hard an exercise feels) is wholly unaffected.
grade-b
VO₂ Max
- High See all 7 studies
For the most part, peak VO2 consumption is not significantly influenced by supplemental sodium bicarbonate (although VO2 kinetics that are not referring to VO2 max may be influenced somewhat)
grade-c
Plasma Endorphins
Notable - See study
The exercise-induced spike in endorphins appears to be related to the spike in acidity, and supplementation of bicarbonate is able to potently suppress the spike (although not abolish it)
grade-c
Fat Oxidation
Minor - See 2 studies
An increase in fat oxidation has been noted at rest with supplemental sodium bicarbonate which contributed solely to the increase in metabolic rate
grade-c
Insulin Sensitivity
Minor Moderate See 2 studies
Mixed effects on insulin sensitivity in persons who may be suffering form metabolic acidosis, with one positive and one null result
grade-c
Judo Performance
Minor - See study
During a simulated throwing test (throwing one of two partners for time), sodium bicarbonate ingestion is able to improve the amount of throw conducted in a set time
grade-c
Lipid Absorption
Minor - See study
One study in menopausal women with a modest dose of sodium bicarbonate (less than 100mg) noted a reduction in lipid absorption from a meal.
grade-c
Muscle Oxygenation
Minor - See study
The rate of muscle deoxygenation is reduced with attenuation of acidosis (which can be achieved with sodium bicarbonate), and in later stretches of exercise this can be manifest as a relative increase in oxygenation
grade-c
Noradrenaline
Minor - See study
A decrease in exercise-induced noradrenaline has been noted before, but it is unsure if this is correct information (as this was the lone study to measure noradrenaline, three studies have measured adrenaline and are split with the only one noting a decrease in adrenaline also being this study)
grade-c
Adrenaline
- Moderate See 2 studies
Mixed effects, but one intravenous study (not in the human effect matrix) that also noted no significant differences suggest that the increase in catecholamines during exercise is not associated with acidity and thus not suppressed by sodium bicarbonate
grade-c
Ammonia
- Very High See 2 studies
No significant effects on plasma ammonia detected with supplemental bicarbonate
grade-c
Blood Glucose
- Very High See 2 studies
No significant effect on blood glucose concentrations at rest or during exercise is seen with sodium bicarbonate supplementation
grade-c
Blood Pressure
- - See study
No significant influence on blood pressure
grade-c
Hydration (Total Body Water)
- - See study
The addition of sodium bicarbonate to a pre-testing rehydration protocol does not enhance hydration more than the protocol itself (mostly water and carbohydrates)
grade-c
Insulin
- - See study
Fasting insulin concentrations are not affected with sodium bicarbonate supplementation
grade-c
Oxygen Uptake
- - See study
grade-d
Ketone Bodies
Minor Very High See 2 studies
During fasting or ketogenic diets, sodium bicarbonate supplementation may be able to increase ketone body production. This appears to be of somewhat small magnitude and was not associated with additional fat loss
grade-d
Metabolic Rate
Minor - See study
An increase in metabolic rate has been noted and calculated (extrapolated) to be approximately 0.5% extra over the course of 24 hours, associated with a low dose of sodium bicarbonate (17mg/kg)
grade-d
Insulin Secretion
- - See study
No significant influence of supplementaion sodium bicarbonate on insulin secretion
grade-d
Weight
- - See study
Despite the potential increase in metabolic rate and increase in ketone body production, there is currently no evidence to support more fat loss with sodium bicarbonate over placebo

Studies Excluded from Consideration

  • Used bicarbonate as either bicarbonate-citrate, bicarbonate-lactate, or bicarbonate-chloride rather than sodium bicarbonate[1]

  • Confounded with creatine[2]

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Things to Note

Is a Form Of

Primary Function:

Also Known As

Baking Soda, Bicarb, Bicarbonate

Caution Notice

  • Although not currently proven, it is plausible that high dose sodium bicarbonate can induce panic attacks in persons with panic disorders

  • It is theoretically possible to induce a state of metabolic alkalosis with sodium bicarbonate (just as dangerous as acute acidosis), and thus one should not exceed recommended dosages

  • 300mg/kg sodium bicarbonate confers 82mg/kg dietary sodium (very high) but despite about a quarter being rapidly excreted this may still be too high for persons on a salt sensitive diet

  • Excessive intake of sodium bicarbonate can increase potassium excretion and may induce a potassium deficiency; a potassium rich diet should be taken alongside chronic sodium bicarbonate supplementation

  • Sodium bicarbonate should not be used in persons with impaired kidney function without the supervision of a medical doctor

  • Sodium bicarbonate (albeit as an infusion) has been noted to induce panic attacks in persons who suffer from panic disorders. Although this has not been noted with oral supplementation, it is plausible that in sensitive persons that sodium bicarbonate can induce panic attacks

  • High doses of bicarbonate acutely may cause gastric and intestinal upset, and thus the first dose should be a half-dose to assess tolerance

  • Bicarbonate should be slowly sipped during rest in a moderate to low volume of water, as rapidly drinking high levels of bicarbonate can react adversely with stomach acid

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Research Breakdown on Sodium Bicarbonate

1Sources and Structure

1.1Introduction

1.2Biosynthesis and Regulation

1.3Structure and Properties

2Pharmacology

2.1Absorption and Intestines

2.2Serum

2.3Excretion

3Neurology

3.1Memory and Cognition

3.2Bioenergetics

3.3Blood Flow

3.4Panic Disorders

3.5Exercise-induced Neurotransmitters

4Cardiovascular Health

4.1Absorption

4.2Cholesterol and Lipoproteins

4.3Blood Pressure

4.4Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

5Interactions with Glucose Metabolism

5.1Insulin Resistance

6Fat Mass and Obesity

6.1Mechanisms

6.2Ketosis

7Skeletal Muscle and Performance

7.1Lactate Production

7.2Hypertrophy

7.3Mechanisms

7.4Neuromuscular Interactions

7.5Resistance Exercise

7.6Rowing and Cycling

7.7Sprinting and Swimming

7.8Timing and Dosage

8Bone Metabolism and the Skeleton

8.1Mechanisms

8.2Dental Health and Hygiene

9Usage in Disease States

9.1Metabolic Acidosis

10Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions

10.1Carbohydrates

10.2β-alanine

10.3Caffeine

10.4Creatine

11Safety, Toxicity, and Side-effects

11.1General

11.2Cations (Sodium and Potassium)

11.3Alkalosis
Click here to see all 248 references.

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This page is regularly updated, to include the most recently available clinical trial evidence.

Each member of our research team is required to have no conflicts of interest, including with supplement manufacturers, food companies, and industry funders. The team includes nutrition researchers, registered dietitians, physicians, and pharmacists. We have a strict editorial process.

This page features 248 references. All factual claims are followed by specifically-applicable references. Click here to see the full set of research information and references for Sodium Bicarbonate.

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