L-Carnitine

Last Updated: November 2, 2023

L-carnitine can relieve leg pain in people with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and treat some aspects of metabolic syndrome. Although it’s often also used for fat loss, its effectiveness for that is questionable.

L-Carnitine is most often used for

What is L-carnitine?

L-carnitine is a compound produced in the body from lysine and methionine.[2][3] It is also found in food, primarily in meat products,[4][5] and can be taken as a supplement. L-carnitine can be acetylated to produce acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), which is similar to L-carnitine but crosses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently.[6] L-carnitine is best known for its role in helping to ”shuttle” long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria to produce energy.[7][2]

What are L-carnitine’s main benefits?

In people with peripheral artery disease (PAD), L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine can help reduce a symptom called intermittent claudication (leg pain during exercise) and improve exercise capacity.[8][9][10] However, in healthy people, supplementation with L-carnitine does not appear to improve exercise capacity or performance.[11][12] That said, L-carnitine may help reduce exercise-induced muscle soreness and muscle damage, particularly following resistance exercise.[13]

Supplementation with L-carnitine or acetyl-L-carnitine may improve sperm quality in males with infertility.[14][15] Similarly, L-carnitine may improve ovulation and rate of pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.[16][17] However, there are very few studies examining the effect of carnitine on fertility; further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed.

Supplementation with L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine can lower liver enzymes[18][19][20] in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Furthermore, L-carnitine may also have minor beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome. For example, supplementation with L-carnitine can improve blood pressure,[21][22] blood glucose,[23] blood lipids (including triglycerides,[18][21][24][25] total cholesterol,[24][25][26] LDL-c,[25][26] and HDL[25]), and markers of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.[27] Some meta-analyses have also found a small (on the order of 1 kg) beneficial effect of supplementation with L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, or propionyl-L-carnitine on weight loss.[28][29][30] However, because studies often also include weight loss drugs or lifestyle interventions (exercise and/or diet-induced weight loss),[31][28][29][30] further high-quality studies are needed to isolate the effect of carnitine supplements on weight loss and other aspects of metabolic syndrome.

What are L-carnitine’s main drawbacks?

Some studies report a “fishy” odor emanating from breath and sweat following supplementation with L-carnitine, which is likely due to the formation of trimethylamine.[32] Dry mouth and gastrointestinal discomfort have also been reported in some studies using L-carnitine,[33] while gastrointestinal problems (including nausea and gastric pain) are a common adverse effect of propionyl-L-carnitine.[9][10] However, several meta-analyses conclude that L-carnitine and its derivatives are generally safe and well‐tolerated.[18][9][10] Furthermore, supplementation of up to 2000 milligrams (mg) per day is considered safe for human consumption.[1] Some human studies have even used doses of L-carnitine as high as 6000 mg/day without serious side effects,[34] but a thorough safety evaluation of such high doses is lacking.[1]

How does L-carnitine work?

It’s not entirely clear how L-carnitine works. In tissues like muscle, L-carnitine is known to help “shuttle” long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria to produce energy.[7][2] Further evidence suggests that it may exert some of its potential beneficial effects by boosting antioxidant capacity, protecting cellular membranes from oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and increasing nitric oxide levels.[3][6][2][7] Therefore, L-carnitine may work via several mechanisms, and further research is needed for a full understanding.

What else is L-Carnitine known as?
Note that L-Carnitine is also known as:
  • Acetyl-L-Carnitine
  • ALCAR
  • Acetylcarnitine
  • L-Carnitine-L-Tartrate
  • LCLT
  • Glycine Propionyl-L-Carnitine
  • GPLC
  • Levocarnitine
  • Levacecarnine
  • L-3-hydroxytrimethylamminobutanoate
  • carnitine
L-Carnitine should not be confused with:
Dosage information

The standard dose for L-carnitine is between 500–2000 milligrams per day (mg/day).

Supplementation with up to 2000 mg/day of L-carnitine is considered safe for humans.[1] There are various other forms of carnitine supplementation available: The equivalent dosage is up to about 2700 mg/day for acetyl-L-carnitine and up to about 2900 mg/day for propionyl L-carnitine.[1]

Examine Database: L-Carnitine
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Update History
2023-11-02 00:30:03

One new meta analysis added

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We added one additional meta-analysis to the database.

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2023-09-21 00:30:03

Standard FAQ and database update

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We updated this page's FAQs and database with a bunch of new meta-analyses.

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References
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  2. ^Reuter SE, Evans AMCarnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.Clin Pharmacokinet.(2012-Sep-01)
  3. ^Pekala J, Patkowska-Sokoła B, Bodkowski R, Jamroz D, Nowakowski P, Lochyński S, Librowski TL-carnitine--metabolic functions and meaning in humans lifeCurr Drug Metab.(2011 Sep)
  4. ^Demarquoy J et al.Radioisotopic determination of l-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries.Food Chemistry.(2004)
  5. ^Seline K-G et al.The determination of l-carnitine in several food samples.Food Chemistry.(2007)
  6. ^Rebouche CJKinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolismAnn N Y Acad Sci.(2004 Nov)
  7. ^Indiveri C, Iacobazzi V, Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Infantino V, Convertini P, Console L, Palmieri FThe mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and physiopathology.Mol Aspects Med.(2011-Aug)
  8. ^Delaney CL, Spark JI, Thomas J, Wong YT, Chan LT, Miller MDA systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of carnitine supplementation in improving walking performance among individuals with intermittent claudication.Atherosclerosis.(2013-Jul)
  9. ^Brass EP, Koster D, Hiatt WR, Amato AA systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication.Vasc Med.(2013-Feb)
  10. ^Kamoen V, Vander Stichele R, Campens L, De Bacquer D, Van Bortel L, de Backer TLPropionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2021-Dec-26)
  11. ^Mielgo-Ayuso J, Pietrantonio L, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, González-Bernal J, Fernández-Lázaro DEffect of Acute and Chronic Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review.Nutrients.(2021-Dec-03)
  12. ^Vecchio M, Chiaramonte R, Testa G, Pavone VClinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View.J Funct Morphol Kinesiol.(2021-Nov-04)
  13. ^Yarizadh H, Shab-Bidar S, Zamani B, Vanani AN, Baharlooi H, Djafarian KThe Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.J Am Coll Nutr.(2020-Jul)
  14. ^Khaw SC, Wong ZZ, Anderson R, Martins da Silva Sl-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine supplementation for idiopathic male infertility.Reprod Fertil.(2020-Jul)
  15. ^Xuebao Zhang, Yuanshan Cui, Liying Dong, Miao Sun, Yong ZhangThe efficacy of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl carnitine in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A systematic review and meta-analysisAndrologia.(2020 Mar)
  16. ^Mohd Falihin Mohd Shukri, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Salziyan Badrin, Azidah Abdul KadirEffects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisPeerJ.(2022 Sep 16)
  17. ^Gong Y, Jiang T, He H, Wang Y, Wu GL, Shi Y, Cai Q, Xiong CL, Shen R, Li JEffects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2023-May)
  18. ^Liu A, Cai Y, Yuan Y, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Jiao PEfficacy and safety of carnitine supplementation on NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Syst Rev.(2023-Apr-29)
  19. ^Oh H, Park CH, Jun DWImpact of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Liver Enzyme Normalization in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.J Pers Med.(2022-Jun-27)
  20. ^Moein Askarpour, Kurosh Djafarian, Ehsan Ghaedi, Omid Sadeghi, Ali Sheikhi, Sakineh Shab-BidarEffect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsArch Med Res.(2020 Jan)
  21. ^Munji Choi, Seongmin Park, Myoungsook LeeL-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Sep 12)
  22. ^Askarpour M, Hadi A, Dehghani Kari Bozorg A, Sadeghi O, Sheikhi A, Kazemi M, Ghaedi EEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Hum Hypertens.(2019-Oct)
  23. ^Zamani M, Pahlavani N, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Rasaei N, Ghaffarian-Ensaf R, Asbaghi O, Shiraseb F, Rastgoo SThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
  24. ^Abbasnezhad A, Hasanavand A, Falahi E, Kashkooli S, Asbaghi O, Choghakhori REffect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Lipid Profiles of Patients with Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Prev Nutr Food Sci.(2020-Jun-30)
  25. ^Asadi M, Rahimlou M, Shishehbor F, Mansoori AThe effect of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and glycaemic control in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trialsClin Nutr.(2019 Feb 22)
  26. ^Omid Asbaghi, Sara Kashkooli, Mohammad Reza Amini, Hossein Shahinfar, Kurosh Djafarian, Cain C T Clark, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid concentrations inpatients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsJ Cardiovasc Thorac Res.(2020)
  27. ^Fathizadeh H, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Amirani E, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Hallajzadeh JThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Diabetes Metab Disord.(2020-Dec)
  28. ^Talenezhad N, Mohammadi M, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Salehi-Abargouei AEffects of l-carnitine supplementation on weight loss and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled clinical trials with dose-response analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2020-Jun)
  29. ^Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
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  32. ^Chhibber-Goel J, Gaur A, Singhal V, Parakh N, Bhargava B, Sharma AThe complex metabolism of trimethylamine in humans: endogenous and exogenous sources.Expert Rev Mol Med.(2016-Apr-29)
  33. ^Song X, Qu H, Yang Z, Rong J, Cai W, Zhou HEfficacy and Safety of L-Carnitine Treatment for Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Biomed Res Int.(2017)
  34. ^Davani-Davari D, Karimzadeh I, Sagheb MM, Khalili HThe Renal Safety of L-Carnitine, L-Arginine, and Glutamine in Athletes and Bodybuilders.J Ren Nutr.(2019-May)
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  38. ^Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein RMeta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's diseaseInt Clin Psychopharmacol.(2003 Mar)
  39. ^Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AWCarnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism.Molecules.(2019-Sep-06)
  40. ^Stanley CACarnitine deficiency disorders in children.Ann N Y Acad Sci.(2004-Nov)
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Examine Database References
  1. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Jun-jie Zhang, Zhi-bing Wu, You-jin Cai, Bin Ke, Ying-juan Huang, Chao-ping Qiu, Yu-bing Yang, Lan-ying Shi, Jian QinL-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled studyNutr J.(2014 Nov 26)
  2. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Johri A, et alProgression of atherosclerosis with carnitine supplementation: a randomized controlled trial in the metabolic syndromeNutr Metab..()
  3. Blood glucose - Ruggenenti P, Cattaneo D, Loriga G, Ledda F, Motterlini N, Gherardi G, Orisio S, Remuzzi GAmeliorating hypertension and insulin resistance in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine therapyHypertension.(2009 Sep)
  4. Blood glucose - Munji Choi, Seongmin Park, Myoungsook LeeL-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Sep 12)
  5. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Hadier M El-Sheikh, Sahar M El-Haggar, Tamer A ElbedewyComparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Metab Syndr.(Jan-Feb 2019)
  6. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Fabio Galvano, Giovanni Li Volti, Michele Malaguarnera, Teresio Avitabile, Tijana Antic, Marco Vacante, Mariano MalaguarneraEffects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitusExpert Opin Pharmacother.(2009 Aug)
  7. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Ilaria Ferrari, Angela D'Angelo, Elena Fogari, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroComparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patientsFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2011 Oct)
  8. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Sibilla A T Salvadeo, Ilaria Ferrari, Alessia Gravina, Roberto Mereu, Angela D'Angelo, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroEffects of combination of sibutramine and L-carnitine compared with sibutramine monotherapy on inflammatory parameters in diabetic patientsMetabolism.(2011 Mar)
  9. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Mariano Malaguarnera, Marco Vacante, Teresio Avitabile, Marcella Malaguarnera, Lisa Cammalleri, Massimo MottaL-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetesAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Jan)
  10. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - A R Rahbar, R Shakerhosseini, N Saadat, F Taleban, A Pordal, B GollestanEffect of L-carnitine on plasma glycemic and lipidemic profile in patients with type II diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Nutr.(2005 Apr)
  11. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Eun Shil Hong, Eun Ky Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Ah Reum Khang, Sung Hee Choi, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Soo LimEffect of carnitine-orotate complex on glucose metabolism and fatty liver: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2014)
  12. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Cristiano Capurso, Anna M Colacicco, Alessia D'Introno, Cristina Fontana, Sabrina A Capurso, Francesco Torres, Anna M Gadaleta, Aleardo Koverech, Antonio Capurso, Francesco PanzaEfficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAtherosclerosis.(2006 Oct)
  13. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Aneliya Parvanova, Matias Trillini, Manuel A Podestà, Ilian P Iliev, Carolina Aparicio, Annalisa Perna, Francesco Peraro, Nadia Rubis, Flavio Gaspari, Antonio Cannata, Silvia Ferrari, Antonio C Bossi, Roberto Trevisan, Sreejith Parameswaran, Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez, Fahrudin Masnic, Sidy Mohamed Seck, Teerayuth Jiamjariyaporn, Monica Cortinovis, Luca Perico, Kanishka Sharma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, David G WarnockBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc.(2018 Mar 22)
  14. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Y Liang, Y Li, J Shan, B Yu, Z HoThe effects of oral L-carnitine treatment on blood lipid metabolism and the body fat content in the diabetic patientAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(1998 Jun)
  15. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Giuseppe Derosa, Arrigo F G Cicero, Antonio Gaddi, Amedeo Mugellini, Leonardina Ciccarelli, Roberto FogariThe effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Ther.(2003 May)
  16. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Li Y, Xie Y, Qiu C, Yu B, Yang F, Cheng Y, Zhong W, Yuan JEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on glucolipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Food Funct.(2023-Mar-06)
  17. Triglycerides - Alavinejad P, et alEvaluation of L-Carnitine Efficacy in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double Blind Pilot StudyJ Gastroenterol Hepatol.()
  18. Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms - Sheyu Li, Xiang Chen, Qianrui Li, Juan Du, Zhimin Liu, Yongde Peng, Mian Xu, Qifu Li, Minxiang Lei, Changjiang Wang, Shaoxiong Zheng, Xiaojuan Zhang, Hongling Yu, Jinyu Shi, Shibing Tao, Ping Feng, Haoming TianEffects of acetyl-L-carnitine and methylcobalamin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trialJ Diabetes Investig.(2016 Sep)
  19. Total cholesterol - González-Ortiz M, Hernández-González SO, Hernández-Salazar E, Martínez-Abundis EEffect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsAnn Nutr Metab.(2008)
  20. HbA1c - Zamani M, Pahlavani N, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Rasaei N, Ghaffarian-Ensaf R, Asbaghi O, Shiraseb F, Rastgoo SThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
  21. Apolipoprotein B - Ali Sheikhi, Kurosh Djafarian, Moein Askarpour, Sakineh Shab-BidarThe effects of supplementation with L-carnitine on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2019 Sep 5)
  22. Whole Body Glucose Uptake - G Mingrone, A V Greco, E Capristo, G Benedetti, A Giancaterini, A De Gaetano, G GasbarriniL-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Am Coll Nutr.(1999 Feb)
  23. Insulin - Molfino A, Cascino A, Conte C, Ramaccini C, Rossi Fanelli F, Laviano ACaloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolismJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(2010 May-Jun)
  24. Erections - V Gentile, P Vicini, G Prigiotti, A Koverech, F Di SilverioPreliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetesCurr Med Res Opin.(2004 Sep)
  25. Migraine Severity - Knut Hagen, Eiliv Brenner, Mattias Linde, Gøril Bruvik Gravdahl, Erling Andreas Tronvik, Morten Engstrøm, Ursula Sonnewald, Grethe Helde, Lars Jacob Stovner, Trond SandAcetyl-l-carnitine versus placebo for migraine prophylaxis: A randomized, triple-blind, crossover studyCephalalgia.(2015 Oct)
  26. Migraine Severity - Ali Tarighat Esfanjani, Reza Mahdavi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mameghani, Mahnaz Talebi, Zeinab Nikniaz, Abdolrasool SafaiyanThe effects of magnesium, L-carnitine, and concurrent magnesium-L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxisBiol Trace Elem Res.(2012 Dec)
  27. Total cholesterol - Mansooreh Samimi, Mehri Jamilian, Faraneh Afshar Ebrahimi, Maryam Rahimi, Banafsheh Tajbakhsh, Zatollah AsemiOral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialClin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2016 Jun)
  28. Total cholesterol - Gong Y, Jiang T, He H, Wang Y, Wu GL, Shi Y, Cai Q, Xiong CL, Shen R, Li JEffects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2023-May)
  29. Atherosclerotic Signs - Hamid Reza Talari, Zeinab Jafari Azad, Yaser Hamidian, Mansooreh Samimi, Hamid Reza Gilasi, Faraneh Ebrahimi Afshar, Vahidreza Ostadmohammadi, Zatollah AsemiEffects of Carnitine Administration on Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled TrialInt J Prev Med.(2019 Jun 7)
  30. Depression Symptoms - Hamidreza Jamilian, Mehri Jamilian, Mansooreh Samimi, Faraneh Afshar Ebrahimi, Maryam Rahimi, Fereshteh Bahmani, Sama Aghababayan, Mobina Kouhi, Sedighe Shahabbaspour, Zatollah AsemiOral carnitine supplementation influences mental health parameters and biomarkers of oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialGynecol Endocrinol.(2017 Jun)
  31. Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Smith WA, Fry AC, Tschume LC, Bloomer RJEffect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2008 Feb)
  32. Power Output - L Vecchiet, F Di Lisa, G Pieralisi, P Ripari, R Menabò, M A Giamberardino, N SiliprandiInfluence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exerciseEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
  33. Power Output - Majid S Koozehchian, Amin Daneshfar, Ebrahim Fallah, Hamid Agha-Alinejad, Mohammad Samadi, Mojtaba Kaviani, Maryam Kaveh B, Y Peter Jung, Mozhgan Hassanzadeh Sablouei, Najmeh Moradi, Conrad P Earnest, T Jeff Chandler, Richard B KreiderEffects of nine weeks L-Carnitine supplementation on exercise performance, anaerobic power, and exercise-induced oxidative stress in resistance-trained malesJ Exerc Nutrition Biochem.(2018 Dec 31)
  34. Power Output - Ho JY, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Fragala MS, Thomas GA, Dunn-Lewis C, Coday M, Häkkinen K, Maresh CMl-Carnitine l-tartrate supplementation favorably affects biochemical markers of recovery from physical exertion in middle-aged men and womenMetabolism.(2010 Aug)
  35. Power Output - Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER, Blackburn W, Orem I, Hughes JJGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained malesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Apr 2)
  36. Oxygen Uptake - Wall BT, Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Marimuthu K, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PLChronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humansJ Physiol.(2011 Feb 15)
  37. Oxygen Uptake - C Greig, K M Finch, D A Jones, M Cooper, A J Sargeant, C A ForteThe effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacityEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1987)
  38. Oxygen Uptake - E P Brass, C L Hoppel, W R HiattEffect of intravenous L-carnitine on carnitine homeostasis and fuel metabolism during exercise in humansClin Pharmacol Ther.(1994 Jun)
  39. Muscle Soreness - M A Giamberardino, L Dragani, R Valente, F Di Lisa, R Saggini, L VecchietEffects of prolonged L-carnitine administration on delayed muscle pain and CK release after eccentric effortInt J Sports Med.(1996 Jul)
  40. Weight - Angelika K Sawicka, Dace Hartmane, Patrycja Lipinska, Ewa Wojtowicz, Wieslawa Lysiak-Szydlowska, Robert A Olekl-Carnitine Supplementation in Older Women. A Pilot Study on Aging Skeletal Muscle Mass and FunctionNutrients.(2018 Feb 23)
  41. Muscle Damage - Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Fragala MS, Ho JY, Thomas GA, Häkkinen K, Volek JSEffects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on muscle oxygenation responses to resistance exerciseJ Strength Cond Res.(2008 Jul)
  42. Muscle Damage - Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, French DN, Rubin MR, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Newton RU, Jemiolo B, Craig BW, Häkkinen KThe effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recoveryJ Strength Cond Res.(2003 Aug)
  43. Lean Mass - Pistone G, Marino A, Leotta C, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Malaguarnera MLevocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigueDrugs Aging.(2003)
  44. Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Bloomer RJ, Smith WAOxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementationRes Sports Med.(2009 Jan-Mar)
  45. Fatigue Symptoms - Decombaz J, Deriaz O, Acheson K, Gmuender B, Jequier EEffect of L-carnitine on submaximal exercise metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogenMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1993 Jun)
  46. Androgen Receptor Density - Kraemer WJ, Spiering BA, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Sharman MJ, Rubin MR, French DN, Silvestre R, Hatfield DL, Van Heest JL, Vingren JL, Judelson DA, Deschenes MR, Maresh CMAndrogenic responses to resistance exercise: effects of feeding and L-carnitineMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Jul)
  47. Ammonia - Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway SDCarbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism during exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in humansInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2008 Dec)
  48. Fat Oxidation - Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway SDEffects of four weeks L-carnitine L-tartrate ingestion on substrate utilization during prolonged exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Dec)
  49. Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Stuessi C, Hofer P, Meier C, Boutellier UL -Carnitine and the recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur J Appl Physiol.(2005 Dec)
  50. Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Cha YS, Choi SK, Suh H, Lee SN, Cho D, Li KEffects of carnitine coingested caffeine on carnitine metabolism and endurance capacity in athletesJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2001 Dec)
  51. Aerobic Exercise Metrics - Colombani P, Wenk C, Kunz I, Krähenbühl S, Kuhnt M, Arnold M, Frey-Rindova P, Frey W, Langhans WEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained athletes: a double-blind crossover field studyEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1996)
  52. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Vecchio M, Chiaramonte R, Testa G, Pavone VClinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View.J Funct Morphol Kinesiol.(2021-Nov-04)
  53. Total cholesterol - M Florentin, M S Elisaf, C V Rizos, V Nikolaou, E Bilianou, C Pitsavos, E N LiberopoulosL-Carnitine/Simvastatin Reduces Lipoprotein (a) Levels Compared with Simvastatin Monotherapy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled StudyLipids.(2017 Jan)
  54. Total cholesterol - Sani Hlais, Dana R Abou Reslan, Hiba K Sarieddine, Lara Nasreddine, Ghazi Taan, Sami Azar, Omar A ObeidEffect of lysine, vitamin B(6), and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trialClin Ther.(2012 Aug)
  55. Free Fatty Acids - Yvonne M H Bruls, Yvo J M Op den Kamp, Esther Phielix, Lucas Lindeboom, Bas Havekes, Gert Schaart, Esther Moonen-Kornips, Joachim E Wildberger, Matthijs K C Hesselink, Patrick Schrauwen, Vera B Schrauwen-HinderlingL-carnitine infusion does not alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibilityPLoS One.(2020 Sep 25)
  56. Free Fatty Acids - Weronika N Abramowicz, Stuart D R GallowayEffects of acute versus chronic L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on metabolic responses to steady state exercise in males and femalesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Aug)
  57. Free Fatty Acids - Gaetano A, Mingrone G, Castagneto, M, Calvani MCarnitine Increases Glucose Disposal in HumansJ Am Coll Nutr.()
  58. Respiratory Quotient - Satoshi Odo, Koji Tanabe, Masafumi Yohda, Masamitsu YamauchiLiver-Oriented Acute Metabolic Effects of A Low Dose of L-Carnitine under Fat-Mobilizing Conditions: Pilot Human Clinical TrialJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2020)
  59. Insulin - Hadis Fathizadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Željko Reiner, Fariba Kolahdooz, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEXCLI J.(2019 Aug 19)
  60. Interleukin 6 - F Haghighatdoost, M Jabbari, Mitra HaririThe effect of L-carnitine on inflammatory mediators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsEur J Clin Pharmacol.(2019 Aug)
  61. Interleukin 6 - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinAntiinflammatory effects of L-carnitine supplementation (1000 mg/d) in coronary artery disease patientsNutrition.(2015 Mar)
  62. General Oxidation - Yu Cao, Hai-Jun Qu, Ping Li, Chun-Bo Wang, Le-Xin Wang, Zhi-Wu HanSingle dose administration of L-carnitine improves antioxidant activities in healthy subjectsTohoku J Exp Med.(2011 Jul)
  63. TNF-Alpha - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Russo C, Antic T, Vacante M, Malaguarnera M, Avitabile T, Li Volti G, Galvano FL-carnitine supplementation to diet: a new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis--a randomized and controlled clinical trialAm J Gastroenterol.(2010 Jun)
  64. TNF-Alpha - Volek JS, Judelson DA, Silvestre R, Yamamoto LM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Quann EE, Anderson JM, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJEffects of carnitine supplementation on flow-mediated dilation and vascular inflammatory responses to a high-fat meal in healthy young adultsAm J Cardiol.(2008 Nov 15)
  65. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Amirhossein SahebkarEffect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Circulating C-reactive Protein Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJ Med Biochem.(2015 Apr)
  66. Lean Mass - Klaus D Wutzke, Henrik LorenzThe effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in slightly overweight subjectsMetabolism.(2004 Aug)
  67. Blood glucose - Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway S DREffects of exercise intensity and altered substrate availability on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in athletesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2011 Oct)
  68. Blood glucose - M R Rubin, J S Volek, A L Gómez, N A Ratamess, D N French, M J Sharman, W J KraemerSafety measures of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation in healthy menJ Strength Cond Res.(2001 Nov)
  69. Blood glucose - Galloway SD, Craig TP, Cleland SJEffects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on insulin sensitivity indices in response to glucose feeding in lean and overweight/obese malesAmino Acids.(2011 Jul)
  70. Lipid Peroxidation - Bloomer RJ, Farney TM, Trepanowski JF, McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Schilling BKComparison of pre-workout nitric oxide stimulating dietary supplements on skeletal muscle oxygen saturation, blood nitrate/nitrite, lipid peroxidation, and upper body exercise performance in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 May 6)
  71. Lipid Peroxidation - Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WAGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjectsInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2009 May)
  72. Plasma Nitrate - Bloomer RJ, Smith WA, Fisher-Wellman KHGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine increases plasma nitrate/nitrite in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2007 Dec 3)
  73. Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Fatouros IG, Douroudos I, Panagoutsos S, Pasadakis P, Nikolaidis MG, Chatzinikolaou A, Sovatzidis A, Michailidis Y, Jamurtas AZ, Mandalidis D, Taxildaris K, Vargemezis VEffects of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses in patients with renal diseaseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2010 Oct)
  74. Serum Albumin - Chen Y, Abbate M, Tang L, Cai G, Gong Z, Wei R, Zhou J, Chen XL-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr.(2014 Feb)
  75. Blood Pressure - Askarpour M, Hadi A, Dehghani Kari Bozorg A, Sadeghi O, Sheikhi A, Kazemi M, Ghaedi EEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Hum Hypertens.(2019-Oct)
  76. Triglycerides - Francesco Brescia, Elisabetta Balestra, Maria Grazia Iasella, Aurelia Bellomo DamatoEffects of combined treatment with simvastatin and L-carnitine on triglyceride levels in diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemiaClin Drug Investig.(2002 Nov)
  77. Triglycerides - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery diseaseLipids Health Dis.(2016 Jun 17)
  78. Triglycerides - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Michael E Symonds, Maryam Miraghajani, Omid Sadeghi, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediEfficacy of l-carnitine supplementation for management of blood lipids: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2019 Nov)
  79. Bone Mineral Density - Salvatore Benvenga, Antonino Amato, Menotti Calvani, Francesco TrimarchiEffects of carnitine on thyroid hormone actionAnn N Y Acad Sci.(2004 Nov)
  80. Asthma Symptoms - Mohammed Al-Biltagi, Mona Isa, Adel Salah Bediwy, Nevien Helaly, Dalia D El LebedyL-carnitine improves the asthma control in children with moderate persistent asthmaJ Allergy (Cairo).(2012)
  81. Insulin - Bruls Y, et alCarnitine supplementation improves metabolic flexibility and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine formation in volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance: A randomised controlled trialEBioMedicine.()
  82. Blood Carnitine - S W Trappe, D L Costill, B Goodpaster, M D Vukovich, W J FinkThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimmingInt J Sports Med.(1994 May)
  83. Prostate Specific Antigen - G Cavallini, S Caracciolo, G Vitali, F Modenini, G BiagiottiCarnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male agingUrology.(2004 Apr)
  84. Sexual Function - Giorgio Cavallini, Fabio Modenini, Giovanni Vitali, Aleardo KoverechAcetyl-L-carnitine plus propionyl-L-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomyUrology.(2005 Nov)
  85. Sperm Quality - Khaw SC, Wong ZZ, Anderson R, Martins da Silva Sl-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine supplementation for idiopathic male infertility.Reprod Fertil.(2020-Jul)
  86. Power Output - V Wyss, G P Ganzit, A RienziEffects of L-carnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxiaEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
  87. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Gamze E Orer, Nevin A GuzelThe effects of acute L-carnitine supplementation on endurance performance of athletesJ Strength Cond Res.(2014 Feb)
  88. ADHD Symptoms - L Eugene Arnold, Antonino Amato, Hernan Bozzolo, Jill Hollway, Amy Cook, Yaser Ramadan, Lindsay Crowl, Dan Zhang, Susan Thompson, Giussepe Testa, Vernon Kliewer, Timothy Wigal, Keith McBurnett, Michael ManosAcetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trialJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.(2007 Dec)
  89. ADHD Symptoms - Seyed-Hesameddin Abbasi, Shahram Heidari, Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi, Mina Tabrizi, Ali Ghaleiha, Shahin AkhondzadehAcetyl-L-carnitine as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled trialChild Psychiatry Hum Dev.(2011 Jun)
  90. ADHD Symptoms - Van Oudheusden LJ, Scholte HREfficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2002 Jul)
  91. ADHD Symptoms - Torrioli MG, Vernacotola S, Peruzzi L, Tabolacci E, Mila M, Militerni R, Musumeci S, Ramos FJ, Frontera M, Sorge G, Marzullo E, Romeo G, Vallee L, Veneselli E, Cocchi E, Garbarino E, Moscato U, Chiurazzi P, D'Iddio S, Calvani M, Neri GA double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boysAm J Med Genet A.(2008 Apr 1)
  92. Body Fat - Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PAL-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese womenInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2000 Jun)
  93. Body Fat - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
  94. Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Cristaldi E, Vacante M, Risino C, Cammalleri L, Pennisi G, Rampello LAcetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathyDig Dis Sci.(2008 Nov)
  95. Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Arturo J Martí-Carvajal, Christian Gluud, Ingrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, Cristina Elena Martí-AmaristaAcetyl-L-carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathyCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2019 Jan 5)
  96. Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Motta M, Giordano M, Malaguarnera G, Bella R, Nunnari G, Rampello L, Pennisi GAcetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trialMetab Brain Dis.(2011 Dec)
  97. Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Bella R, Vacante M, Giordano M, Malaguarnera G, Gargante MP, Motta M, Mistretta A, Rampello L, Pennisi GAcetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathyScand J Gastroenterol.(2011 Jun)
  98. Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Giordano M, Pennisi G, Bella R, Rampello L, Malaguarnera M, Li Volti G, Galvano FOral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy reduces fatigue in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Apr)
  99. Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms - Mariano Malaguarnera, Giovanni Pistone, Marinella Astuto, Simona Dell'Arte, Giovanna Finocchiaro, Emilia Lo Giudice, Giovanni PennisiL-Carnitine in the treatment of mild or moderate hepatic encephalopathyDig Dis.(2003)
  100. Ammonia - Kazuto Tajiri, Yuka Futsukaichi, Saito Kobayashi, Satoshi Yasumura, Terumi Takahara, Masami Minemura, Toshiro SugiyamaL-Carnitine for the Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Advanced Liver CirrhosisJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2018)
  101. Ammonia - Mariano Malaguarnera, Giovanni Pistone, Rampello Elvira, Carmelo Leotta, Linda Scarpello, Rampello LiborioEffects of L-carnitine in patients with hepatic encephalopathyWorld J Gastroenterol.(2005 Dec 7)
  102. Sperm Quality - Giorgio Cavallini, Anna Pia Ferraretti, Luca Gianaroli, Giulio Biagiotti, Giovanni VitaliCinnoxicam and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine treatment for idiopathic and varicocele-associated oligoasthenospermiaJ Androl.(Sep-Oct 2004)
  103. Sperm Quality - Gholamreza Pourmand, Mansooreh Movahedin, Sanaz Dehghani, Abdolrassul Mehrsai, Ayat Ahmadi, Maryam Pourhosein, Marzieh Hoseini, Marzieh Ziloochi, Fariba Heidari, Laleh Beladi, Mohammad NooriDoes L-carnitine therapy add any extra benefit to standard inguinal varicocelectomy in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage or sperm quality factor indices: a randomized studyUrology.(2014 Oct)
  104. Sperm Quality - Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Sgrò P, Salacone P, Caponecchia L, Dondero F, Gandini LUse of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trialFertil Steril.(2003 Feb)
  105. Sperm Quality - Balercia G, Regoli F, Armeni T, Koverech A, Mantero F, Boscaro MPlacebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermiaFertil Steril.(2005 Sep)
  106. Sperm Quality - Jonathan P JarowUse of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trialJ Urol.(2003 Aug)
  107. Sperm Quality - Andrea Garolla, Matilde Maiorino, Alberto Roverato, Antonella Roveri, Fulvio Ursini, Carlo ForestaOral carnitine supplementation increases sperm motility in asthenozoospermic men with normal sperm phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase levelsFertil Steril.(2005 Feb)
  108. Sperm Quality - Moradi M, Moradi A, Alemi M, Ahmadnia H, Abdi H, Ahmadi A, Bazargan-Hejazi SSafety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate and L-carnitine in idiopathic male infertility: a comparative studyUrol J.(2010 Summer)
  109. Sperm Quality - Sigman M, Glass S, Campagnone J, Pryor JLCarnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialFertil Steril.(2006 May)
  110. Sperm Quality - Najme Moslemi Mehni, Ali Asghar Ketabchi, Ebrahim HosseiniCombination effect of Pentoxifylline and L-carnitine on idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermiaIran J Reprod Med.(2014 Dec)
  111. Seminal Motility - Xuebao Zhang, Yuanshan Cui, Liying Dong, Miao Sun, Yong ZhangThe efficacy of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl carnitine in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A systematic review and meta-analysisAndrologia.(2020 Mar)
  112. Myeloperoxidase - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak, Maryam Shabanpur, Roghayeh Mostafai, Reza Heidari Moghaddam, Jalal MoludiL-Carnitine supplementation reduces biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomised controlled trialArch Physiol Biochem.(2020 Aug 20)
  113. Creatine Kinase - Khadijeh Parandak, Hamid Arazi, Faegheh Khoshkhahesh, Babak Nakhostin-RoohiThe effect of two-week L-carnitine supplementation on exercise -induced oxidative stress and muscle damageAsian J Sports Med.(2014 Jun)
  114. Muscle Soreness - Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Rubin MR, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Gaynor PL-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stressAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2002 Feb)
  115. Muscle Soreness - Barry A Spiering, William J Kraemer, Jakob L Vingren, Disa L Hatfield, Maren S Fragala, Jen-Yu Ho, Carl M Maresh, Jeffrey M Anderson, Jeff S VolekResponses of criterion variables to different supplemental doses of L-carnitine L-tartrateJ Strength Cond Res.(2007 Feb)
  116. Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 - Aida Malek Mahdavi, Reza Mahdavi, Sousan KolahiEffects of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Serum Inflammatory Factors and Matrix Metalloproteinase Enzymes in Females with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyJ Am Coll Nutr.(Sep-Oct 2016)
  117. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Aida Malek Mahdavi, Reza Mahdavi, Sousan Kolahi, Maryam Zemestani, Amir-Mansour VatankhahL-Carnitine supplementation improved clinical status without changing oxidative stress and lipid profile in women with knee osteoarthritisNutr Res.(2015 Aug)
  118. Osteoarthritis Symptoms - Mahdavi R, et alL-Carnitine supplementation ameliorates serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in knee osteoarthritis womenBangladesh J Pharmacol.()
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  120. Subjective Well-Being - Martinotti G, Andreoli S, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Ortolani I, Tedeschi D, Fanella F, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Prof LJAcetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjectsProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2011 Jun 1)
  121. Alcohol Dependence Symptoms - Martinotti G, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Andreoli S, Tedeschi D, Ortolani I, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Janiri LAcetyl-L-carnitine for alcohol craving and relapse prevention in anhedonic alcoholics: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trialAlcohol Alcohol.(2010 Sep-Oct)
  122. Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms - G Brevetti, M Chiariello, G Ferulano, A Policicchio, E Nevola, A Rossini, T Attisano, G Ambrosio, N Siliprandi, C AngeliniIncreases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease treated with L-carnitine: a double-blind, cross-over studyCirculation.(1988 Apr)
  123. Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms - G Brevetti, S Perna, C Sabbà, A Rossini, V Scotto di Uccio, E Berardi, L GodiSuperiority of L-propionylcarnitine vs L-carnitine in improving walking capacity in patients with peripheral vascular disease: an acute, intravenous, double-blind, cross-over studyEur Heart J.(1992 Feb)
  124. Intermittent Claudication Symptoms - William R Hiatt, Mark A Creager, Antonino Amato, Eric P BrassEffect of propionyl-L-carnitine on a background of monitored exercise in patients with claudication secondary to peripheral artery diseaseJ Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev.(Mar-Apr 2011)
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  126. Peak flow time - C Corsi, M Pollastri, E Marrapodi, D Leanza, S Giordano, S D'IddioL-propionylcarnitine effect on postexercise and postischemic hyperemia in patients affected by peripheral vascular diseaseAngiology.(1995 Aug)
  127. Serum Platelets - Joanna J Samulak, Angelika K Sawicka, Emilia Samborowska, Robert A OlekPlasma Trimethylamine-N-oxide following Cessation of L-carnitine Supplementation in Healthy Aged WomenNutrients.(2019 Jun 13)
  128. Erections - D Gianfrilli, R Lauretta, C Di Dato, C Graziadio, C Pozza, J De Larichaudy, E Giannetta, A M Isidori, A LenziPropionyl-L-carnitine, L-arginine and niacin in sexual medicine: a nutraceutical approach to erectile dysfunctionAndrologia.(2012 May)
  129. Hematocrit - Y Matsumoto, I Amano, S Hirose, Y Tsuruta, S Hara, M Murata, T ImaiEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in poor responders to erythropoietinBlood Purif.(2001)
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  131. Blood Carnitine - S Georgala, K H Schulpis, C Georgala, T MichasL-carnitine supplementation in patients with cystic acne on isotretinoin therapyJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.(1999 Nov)
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  137. Ammonia - Angelo Cecere, Francesco Ciaramella, Luciano Tancredi, Ciro Romano, Adriano GattoniEfficacy of L-carnitine in reducing hyperammonaemia and improving neuropsychological test performance in patients with hepatic cirrhosis : results of a randomised trialClin Drug Investig.(2002 Nov)
  138. Cramps - Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Masayuki Kurosaki, Kaoru Tsuchiya, Natsuko Nakakuki, Hitomi Takada, Shuya Matsuda, Kouichi Gondo, Yu Asano, Nobuhiro Hattori, Nobuharu Tamaki, Shoko Suzuki, Yutaka Yasui, Takanori Hosokawa, Jun Itakura, Yuka Takahashi, Namiki IzumiL-carnitine Reduces Muscle Cramps in Patients With CirrhosisClin Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2015 Aug)
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  142. Serum T3 - Jee Hyun An, Yoon Jung Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Sun Hwa Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hee Young Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Sin Gon KimL-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEndocr J.(2016 Oct 29)
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  144. Neutrophil Count - Takehiro Okabayashi, Kenta Sui, Takatsugu Mastumoto, Jun Iwata, Sojiro Morita, Tatsuo Iiyama, Yasuhiro Shimadal-Carnitine Improves Postoperative Liver Function in Hepatectomized PatientsJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(2020 Jul)
  145. Lean Mass - Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Gargante MP, Vacante M, Colonna V, Motta ML-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Dec)
  146. Memory - E Tempesta, R Troncon, L Janiri, L Colusso, P Riscica, G Saraceni, E Gesmundo, M Calvani, N Benedetti, P PolaRole of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholismInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(1990)
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  148. Depression Symptoms - N Gecele, G Francesetti, A MeluzziAcetyl-L-Carnitine in Aged Subjects with Major Depression: Clinical Efficacy and Effects on the Circadian Rhythm of CortisolDement Geriatr Cogn Disord.()
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  150. Depression Symptoms - Giuseppe Bersani, Giuseppe Meco, Alessandro Denaro, Damien Liberati, Chiara Colletti, Raffaella Nicolai, Francesco Saverio Bersani, Aleardo KoverechL-Acetylcarnitine in dysthymic disorder in elderly patients: a double-blind, multicenter, controlled randomized study vs. fluoxetineEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(2013 Oct)
  151. Attention - Vermeulen RC, Scholte HRExploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndromePsychosom Med.(2004 Mar-Apr)
  152. Fatigue Symptoms - Sugino T, Aoyagi S, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto OEffects of Citric Acid and l-Carnitine on Physical FatigueJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2007 Nov)
  153. Intermittent Claudication Symptoms - Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert DEuropean multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudicationJ Am Coll Cardiol.(1999 Nov 1)
  154. Intermittent Claudication Symptoms - Brevetti G, Perna S, Sabba C, Martone VD, Di Iorio A, Barletta GEffect of propionyl-L-carnitine on quality of life in intermittent claudicationAm J Cardiol.(1997 Mar 15)
  155. Autism Symptoms - Geier DA, Kern JK, Davis G, King PG, Adams JB, Young JL, Geier MRA prospective double-blind, randomized clinical trial of levocarnitine to treat autism spectrum disordersMed Sci Monit.(2011 Jun)
  156. Cognition - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Cristaldi E, Colonna V, Messano M, Koverech A, Neri S, Vacante M, Cammalleri L, Motta MAcetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigueArch Gerontol Geriatr.(2008 Mar-Apr)
  157. Cognition - Cuturic M, Abramson RK, Moran RR, Hardin JWClinical outcomes and low-dose levocarnitine supplementation in psychiatric inpatients with documented hypocarnitinemia: a retrospective chart reviewJ Psychiatr Pract.(2010 Jan)
  158. Hyperthyroidism Symptoms - Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, Lapa D, Campenni A, Trimarchi FUsefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2001 Aug)
  159. COPD Symptoms - A Borghi-Silva, V Baldissera, L M M Sampaio, V A Pires-DiLorenzo, M Jamami, A Demonte, J S Marchini, D CostaL-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programsBraz J Med Biol Res.(2006 Apr)
  160. Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms - Tomassini V, Pozzilli C, Onesti E, Pasqualetti P, Marinelli F, Pisani A, Fieschi CComparison of the effects of acetyl L-carnitine and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: results of a pilot, randomised, double-blind, crossover trialJ Neurol Sci.(2004 Mar 15)
  161. Fatigue Symptoms - Ciacci C, Peluso G, Iannoni E, Siniscalchi M, Iovino P, Rispo A, Tortora R, Bucci C, Zingone F, Margarucci S, Calvani ML-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot studyDig Liver Dis.(2007 Oct)
  162. Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Rossini M, Di Munno O, Valentini G, Bianchi G, Biasi G, Cacace E, Malesci D, La Montagna G, Viapiana O, Adami SDouble-blind, multicenter trial comparing acetyl l-carnitine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patientsClin Exp Rheumatol.(2007 Mar-Apr)
  163. Brain Injury Symptoms - Ata Mahmoodpoor, Ghaffar Shokouhi, Hadi Hamishehkar, Hassan Soleimanpour, Sarvin Sanaie, Jahan Porhomayon, Fatemeh Rasouli, Nader D NaderA pilot trial of l-carnitine in patients with traumatic brain injury: Effects on biomarkers of injuryJ Crit Care.(2018 Jun)