Blood Flow

    Last Updated: September 11, 2019

    Blood flow is a measure of blood circulation, and is independent of blood pressure. It can be increased either by reducing artherosclerotic plaque, or producing nitric oxide.

    examine-databaseExamine Database
    4,999 participants in 115 trials

    Examine Database: Blood Flow

    Cocoa Extract
    A
    Moderate Increase
    Vitamin C
    B
    Small Increase
    Ginkgo Biloba
    B
    Mixed effect
    Arginine
    Curcumin
    Fish Oil
    Citrulline
    Coenzyme Q10
    Ketogenic Diet
    Gotu Kola
    Niacin (Vitamin B3)
    Vitamin E
    Pycnogenol
    L-Carnitine
    Grape Juice
    Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
    Hesperidin
    Grape Seed Extract
    Red Clover Extract
    Astaxanthin
    Garlic
    Alpha-Lipoic Acid
    Black Cohosh
    Whey Protein
    Taurine
    Psyllium
    Nitrate
    Green Tea Extract
    Policosanol
    Resveratrol
    Zinc
    Chromium
    Cannabis
    Caffeine
    Melatonin
    DHEA
    Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Reishi
    Artichoke Extract
    Grapefruit
    Betaine
    Creatine

    Examine Database References

    1. Ginkgo Biloba - Gardner CD, Taylor-Piliae RE, Kiazand A, Nicholus J, Rigby AJ, Farquhar JWEffect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on treadmill walking time among adults with peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trialJ Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev.(2008 Jul-Aug)
    2. Cocoa Extract - Heinrich U, Neukam K, Tronnier H, Sies H, Stahl WLong-term ingestion of high flavanol cocoa provides photoprotection against UV-induced erythema and improves skin condition in womenJ Nutr.(2006 Jun)
    3. Hesperidin - Hiroko Takumi, Hiroyasu Nakamura, Terumi Simizu, Ryoko Harada, Takashi Kometani, Tomonori Nadamoto, Rie Mukai, Kaeko Murota, Yoshichika Kawai, Junji TeraoBioavailability of orally administered water-dispersible hesperetin and its effect on peripheral vasodilatation in human subjects: implication of endothelial functions of plasma conjugated metabolitesFood Funct.(2012 Apr)
    4. Ketogenic Diet - Francois ME, Myette-Cote E, Bammert TD, Durrer C, Neudorf H, DeSouza CA, Little JPCarbohydrate restriction with postmeal walking effectively mitigates postprandial hyperglycemia and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetesAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2018 Jan 1)
    5. Astaxanthin - Miyawaki H, Takahashi J, Tsukahara H, Takehara IEffects of astaxanthin on human blood rheologyJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2008 Sep)
    6. Vitamin C - Sergio De Marchi, Manlio Prior, Anna Rigoni, Sara Zecchetto, Fanny Rulfo, Enrico ArosioAscorbic acid prevents vascular dysfunction induced by oral glucose load in healthy subjectsEur J Intern Med.(2012 Jan)
    7. Vitamin C - Chen H, Karne RJ, Hall G, Campia U, Panza JA, Cannon RO 3rd, Wang Y, Katz A, Levine M, Quon MJHigh-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistanceAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2006 Jan)
    8. Resveratrol - Magyar K, Halmosi R, Palfi A, Feher G, Czopf L, Fulop A, Battyany I, Sumegi B, Toth K, Szabados ECardioprotection by resveratrol: A human clinical trial in patients with stable coronary artery diseaseClin Hemorheol Microcirc.(2012 Jan 1)
    9. Pycnogenol - Nishioka K, Hidaka T, Nakamura S, Umemura T, Jitsuiki D, Soga J, Goto C, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M, Higashi YPycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humansHypertens Res.(2007 Sep)
    10. Cocoa Extract - Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Perri L, Catasca E, Augelletti T, Cangemi R, Albanese F, Piccheri C, Nocella C, Pignatelli P, Violi FNOX2-mediated arterial dysfunction in smokers: acute effect of dark chocolateHeart.(2011 Nov)
    11. Coenzyme Q10 - Tiano L, Belardinelli R, Carnevali P, Principi F, Seddaiu G, Littarru GPEffect of coenzyme Q10 administration on endothelial function and extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with ischaemic heart disease: a double-blind, randomized controlled studyEur Heart J.(2007 Sep)
    12. Melatonin - Arangino S, Cagnacci A, Angiolucci M, Vacca AM, Longu G, Volpe A, Melis GBEffects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy menAm J Cardiol.(1999 May 1)
    13. Cocoa Extract - Andrew B. Petrone, J. Michael Gaziano, Luc DjousséEffects of Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Products on Endothelial Function: A Meta-AnalysisCurrent Nutrition Reports.()
    14. Fish Oil - Dangardt F, Osika W, Chen Y, Nilsson U, Gan LM, Gronowitz E, Strandvik B, Friberg POmega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescentsAtherosclerosis.(2010 Oct)
    15. Vitamin E - Skyrme-Jones RA, O'Brien RC, Berry KL, Meredith ITVitamin E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyJ Am Coll Cardiol.(2000 Jul)
    16. Cocoa Extract - Balzer J, Rassaf T, Heiss C, Kleinbongard P, Lauer T, Merx M, Heussen N, Gross HB, Keen CL, Schroeter H, Kelm MSustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a double-masked, randomized, controlled trialJ Am Coll Cardiol.(2008 Jun 3)
    17. Vitamin C - Fernandes PR, Lira FA, Borba VV, Costa MJ, Trombeta IC, Santos Mdo S, Santos Ada CVitamin C restores blood pressure and vasodilator response during mental stress in obese childrenArq Bras Cardiol.(2011 Jun)
    18. Vitamin E - Gazis A, White DJ, Page SR, Cockcroft JREffect of oral vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabet Med.(1999 Apr)
    19. Psyllium - Pal S, Khossousi A, Binns C, Dhaliwal S, Radavelli-Bagatini SThe effects of 12-week psyllium fibre supplementation or healthy diet on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese individualsBr J Nutr.(2012 Mar)
    20. Coenzyme Q10 - Dai YL, Luk TH, Yiu KH, Wang M, Yip PM, Lee SW, Li SW, Tam S, Fong B, Lau CP, Siu CW, Tse HFReversal of mitochondrial dysfunction by coenzyme Q10 supplement improves endothelial function in patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trialAtherosclerosis.(2011 Jun)
    21. Ketogenic Diet - Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Phillips SAImprovements in vascular health by a low-fat diet, but not a high-fat diet, are mediated by changes in adipocyte biologyNutr J.(2011 Jan 20)
    22. Taurine - Moloney MA, Casey RG, O'Donnell DH, Fitzgerald P, Thompson C, Bouchier-Hayes DJTwo weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabeticsDiab Vasc Dis Res.(2010 Oct)
    23. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Jovanovski E, Jenkins A, Dias AG, Peeva V, Sievenpiper J, Arnason JT, Rahelic D, Josse RG, Vuksan VEffects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) and its isolated ginsenosides and polysaccharides on arterial stiffness in healthy individualsAm J Hypertens.(2010 May)
    24. Caffeine - Shechter M, Shalmon G, Scheinowitz M, Koren-Morag N, Feinberg MS, Harats D, Sela BA, Sharabi Y, Chouraqui PImpact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery diseaseAm J Cardiol.(2011 May 1)
    25. Cannabis - R D Steadward, M SinghThe effects of smoking marihuana on physical performanceMed Sci Sports.(Winter 1975)
    26. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Ahn CM, Hong SJ, Choi SC, Park JH, Kim JS, Lim DSRed ginseng extract improves coronary flow reserve and increases absolute numbers of various circulating angiogenic cells in patients with first ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarctionPhytother Res.(2011 Feb)
    27. Curcumin - Santos-Parker JR, Strahler TR, Bassett CJ, Bispham NZ, Chonchol MB, Seals DRCurcumin supplementation improves vascular endothelial function in healthy middle-aged and older adults by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing oxidative stressAging (Albany NY).(2017 Jan 3)
    28. Red Clover Extract - Howes JB, Tran D, Brillante D, Howes LGEffects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in postmenopausal type 2 diabetesDiabetes Obes Metab.(2003 Sep)
    29. DHEA - Kawano H, Yasue H, Kitagawa A, Hirai N, Yoshida T, Soejima H, Miyamoto S, Nakano M, Ogawa HDehydroepiandrosterone supplementation improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in menJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2003 Jul)
    30. Arginine - Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Thiele W, Creutzig A, Alexander K, Frölich JCRestoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves the symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseaseJ Am Coll Cardiol.(1998 Nov)
    31. Ginkgo Biloba - Li XS, Zheng WY, Lou SX, Lu XW, Ye SHEffect of Ginkgo leaf extract on vascular endothelial function in patients with early stage diabetic nephropathyChin J Integr Med.(2009 Feb)
    32. Cocoa Extract - Mogollon JA, Bujold E, Lemieux S, Bourdages M, Blanchet C, Bazinet L, Couillard C, Noël M, Dodin SBlood pressure and endothelial function in healthy, pregnant women after acute and daily consumption of flavanol-rich chocolate: a pilot, randomized controlled trialNutr J.(2013 Apr 8)
    33. Garlic - Breithaupt-Grögler K, Ling M, Boudoulas H, Belz GGProtective effect of chronic garlic intake on elastic properties of aorta in the elderlyCirculation.(1997 Oct 21)
    34. Grape Seed Extract - Shenoy SF, Keen CL, Kalgaonkar S, Polagruto JAEffects of grape seed extract consumption on platelet function in postmenopausal womenThromb Res.(2007)
    35. Citrulline - Kim van Wijck, Karolina A P Wijnands, Dennis M Meesters, Bas Boonen, Luc J C van Loon, Wim A Buurman, Cornelis H C Dejong, Kaatje Lenaerts, Martijn PoezeL-citrulline improves splanchnic perfusion and reduces gut injury during exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2014 Nov)
    36. Arginine - Fahs CA, Heffernan KS, Fernhall BHemodynamic and vascular response to resistance exercise with L-arginineMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2009 Apr)
    37. Artichoke Extract - Lupattelli G, Marchesi S, Lombardini R, Roscini AR, Trinca F, Gemelli F, Vaudo G, Mannarino EArtichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipemiaLife Sci.(2004 Dec 31)
    38. L-Carnitine - C Corsi, M Pollastri, E Marrapodi, D Leanza, S Giordano, S D'IddioL-propionylcarnitine effect on postexercise and postischemic hyperemia in patients affected by peripheral vascular diseaseAngiology.(1995 Aug)
    39. Citrulline - Jeffrey M Rogers, Joshua Gills, Michelle GrayAcute effects of Nitrosigine® and citrulline malate on vasodilation in young adultsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2020 Feb 24)
    40. Vitamin E - Economides PA, Khaodhiar L, Caselli A, Caballero AE, Keenan H, Bursell SE, King GL, Johnstone MT, Horton ES, Veves AThe effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes.(2005 Jan)
    41. Fish Oil - Wright SA, O'Prey FM, McHenry MT, Leahey WJ, Devine AB, Duffy EM, Johnston DG, Finch MB, Bell AL, McVeigh GEA randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosusAnn Rheum Dis.(2008 Jun)
    42. Hesperidin - Rizza S, Muniyappa R, Iantorno M, Kim JA, Chen H, Pullikotil P, Senese N, Tesauro M, Lauro D, Cardillo C, Quon MJCitrus polyphenol hesperidin stimulates production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells while improving endothelial function and reducing inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2011 May)
    43. Policosanol - Reiner Z, Tedeschi-Reiner ERice policosanol does not have any effects on blood coagulation factors in hypercholesterolemic patientsColl Antropol.(2007 Dec)
    44. Curcumin - Appendino G, Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, Togni S, Dugall M, Cesarone MR, Feragalli B, Ippolito E, Errichi BM, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Ricci A, Bavera P, Hosoi M, Stuard S, Corsi M, Errichi S, Gizzi GPotential role of curcumin phytosome (Meriva) in controlling the evolution of diabetic microangiopathy. A pilot studyPanminerva Med.(2011 Sep)
    45. Pycnogenol - Enseleit F, Sudano I, Périat D, Winnik S, Wolfrum M, Flammer AJ, Fröhlich GM, Kaiser P, Hirt A, Haile SR, Krasniqi N, Matter CM, Uhlenhut K, Högger P, Neidhart M, Lüscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Noll GEffects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over studyEur Heart J.(2012 Jul)
    46. Gotu Kola - M R Cesarone, L Incandela, M T De Sanctis, G Belcaro, G Geroulakos, M Griffin, A Lennox, A D Di Renzo, M Cacchio, M BucciFlight microangiopathy in medium- to long-distance flights: prevention of edema and microcirculation alterations with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiaticaAngiology.(2001 Oct)
    47. Cocoa Extract - Loffredo L, Perri L, Catasca E, Pignatelli P, Brancorsini M, Nocella C, De Falco E, Bartimoccia S, Frati G, Carnevale R, Violi FDark chocolate acutely improves walking autonomy in patients with peripheral artery diseaseJ Am Heart Assoc.(2014 Jul 2)
    48. Citrulline - Ochiai M, Hayashi T, Morita M, Ina K, Maeda M, Watanabe F, Morishita KShort-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged menInt J Cardiol.(2012 Mar 8)
    49. Gotu Kola - Incandela L, Belcaro G, De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Griffin M, Ippolito E, Bucci M, Cacchio MTotal triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in the treatment of venous hypertension: a clinical, prospective, randomized trial using a combined microcirculatory modelAngiology.(2001 Oct)
    50. Cocoa Extract - West SG, McIntyre MD, Piotrowski MJ, Poupin N, Miller DL, Preston AG, Wagner P, Groves LF, Skulas-Ray ACEffects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in overweight adultsBr J Nutr.(2014 Feb)
    51. Curcumin - Oliver JM, Stoner L, Rowlands DS, Caldwell AR, Sanders E, Kreutzer A, Mitchell JB, Purpura M, Jäger RNovel Form of Curcumin Improves Endothelial Function in Young, Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled StudyJ Nutr Metab.(2016)
    52. Black Cohosh - Ahmed Nasr, Hanan NafehInfluence of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) use by postmenopausal women on total hepatic perfusion and liver functionsFertil Steril.(2009 Nov)
    53. Arginine - Monti LD, Setola E, Lucotti PC, Marrocco-Trischitta MM, Comola M, Galluccio E, Poggi A, Mammì S, Catapano AL, Comi G, Chiesa R, Bosi E, Piatti PMEffect of a long-term oral l-arginine supplementation on glucose metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2012 Oct)
    54. Fish Oil - Rizza S, Tesauro M, Cardillo C, Galli A, Iantorno M, Gigli F, Sbraccia P, Federici M, Quon MJ, Lauro DFish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetesAtherosclerosis.(2009 Oct)
    55. Alpha-Lipoic Acid - Heinisch BB, Francesconi M, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, Gouya G, Wolzt M, Pleiner JAlpha-lipoic acid improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized trialEur J Clin Invest.(2010 Feb)
    56. Pycnogenol - Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Würthwein G, Rohdewald PPycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patientsLife Sci.(2004 Jan 2)
    57. Cocoa Extract - Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Konstantinos Aznaouridis, Nikolaos Alexopoulos, Emmanuel Economou, Ioanna Andreadou, Christodoulos StefanadisEffect of dark chocolate on arterial function in healthy individualsAm J Hypertens.(2005 Jun)
    58. Cocoa Extract - Lívia de Paula Nogueira, Marcela Paranhos Knibel, Márcia Regina Simas Gonçalves Torres, José Firmino Nogueira Neto, Antonio Felipe SanjulianiConsumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weightInt J Hypertens.(2012)
    59. Ketogenic Diet - Phillips SA, Jurva JW, Syed AQ, Syed AQ, Kulinski JP, Pleuss J, Hoffmann RG, Gutterman DDBenefit of low-fat over low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial health in obesityHypertension.(2008 Feb)
    60. Alpha-Lipoic Acid - G D X, J H P, H L S, L S ZAlpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidismExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2010 Oct)
    61. Cocoa Extract - Muniyappa R, Hall G, Kolodziej TL, Karne RJ, Crandon SK, Quon MJCocoa consumption for 2 wk enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertensionAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Dec)
    62. Curcumin - Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, Tanabe Y, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Maeda SCurcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal womenNutr Res.(2012 Oct)
    63. Astaxanthin - Coombes JS, Sharman JE, Fassett RGAstaxanthin has no effect on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, or inflammation in renal transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial (the XANTHIN trial)Am J Clin Nutr.(2016 Jan)
    64. Cocoa Extract - Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB, Ferri CCocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensivesHypertension.(2005 Aug)
    65. Vitamin C - Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Vasiliadou C, Kourtellaris P, Koniari K, Marinou K, Charakida M, Ntarladimas I, Siasos G, Stefanadis CEffects of atorvastatin and vitamin C on forearm hyperaemic blood flow, asymmentrical dimethylarginine levels and the inflammatory process in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusHeart.(2007 Feb)
    66. Ginkgo Biloba - Boelsma E, Lamers RJ, Hendriks HF, van Nesselrooij JH, Roza LEvidence of the regulatory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on skin blood flow and study of its effects on urinary metabolites in healthy humansPlanta Med.(2004 Nov)
    67. Creatine - Arciero PJ, Hannibal NS 3rd, Nindl BC, Gentile CL, Hamed J, Vukovich MDComparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flowMetabolism.(2001 Dec)
    68. Coenzyme Q10 - Belardinelli R, Muçaj A, Lacalaprice F, Solenghi M, Seddaiu G, Principi F, Tiano L, Littarru GPCoenzyme Q10 and exercise training in chronic heart failureEur Heart J.(2006 Nov)
    69. Citrulline - Powers R, et al[7-OR]: L-Citrulline administration increases the arginine/ADMA ratio, decreases blood pressure and improves vascular function in obese pregnant womenPregnancy Hypertens.()
    70. Arginine - Willoughby DS, Boucher T, Reid J, Skelton G, Clark MEffects of 7 days of arginine-alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation on blood flow, plasma L-arginine, nitric oxide metabolites, and asymmetric dimethyl arginine after resistance exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2011 Aug)
    71. L-Carnitine - G Brevetti, M Chiariello, G Ferulano, A Policicchio, E Nevola, A Rossini, T Attisano, G Ambrosio, N Siliprandi, C AngeliniIncreases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease treated with L-carnitine: a double-blind, cross-over studyCirculation.(1988 Apr)
    72. Red Clover Extract - Teede HJ, McGrath BP, DeSilva L, Cehun M, Fassoulakis A, Nestel PJIsoflavones reduce arterial stiffness: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal womenArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.(2003 Jun 1)
    73. Cocoa Extract - Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PREffect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjectsInt J Obes (Lond).(2008 Aug)
    74. Ginkgo Biloba - Mehlsen J, Drabaek H, Wiinberg N, Winther KEffects of a Ginkgo biloba extract on forearm haemodynamics in healthy volunteersClin Physiol Funct Imaging.(2002 Nov)
    75. Ketogenic Diet - Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Belobrajdic DP, Buckley JD, Clifton PMEffects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesityAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Mar)
    76. Vitamin C - Mullan BA, Ennis CN, Fee HJ, Young IS, McCance DRPretreatment with intravenous ascorbic acid preserves endothelial function during acute hyperglycaemia (R1)Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2005 May-Jun)
    77. Fish Oil - Alison M Hill, Jonathan D Buckley, Karen J Murphy, and Peter RC HoweCombining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factorsThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.()
    78. Citrulline - Joaquin U Gonzales, Andrea Raymond, John Ashley, Youngdeok KimDoes l-citrulline supplementation improve exercise blood flow in older adults?Exp Physiol.(2017 Dec 1)
    79. Zinc - Seet RC, Lee CY, Lim EC, Quek AM, Huang H, Huang SH, Looi WF, Long LH, Halliwell BOral zinc supplementation does not improve oxidative stress or vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes with normal zinc levelsAtherosclerosis.(2011 Nov)
    80. Coenzyme Q10 - Lee YJ, Cho WJ, Kim JK, Lee DCEffects of coenzyme Q10 on arterial stiffness, metabolic parameters, and fatigue in obese subjects: a double-blind randomized controlled studyJ Med Food.(2011 Apr)
    81. Cocoa Extract - Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, Lippi C, Casale R, Properzi G, Blumberg JB, Ferri CBlood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolateJ Nutr.(2008 Sep)
    82. Grape Seed Extract - Clifton PMEffect of Grape Seed Extract and Quercetin on Cardiovascular and Endothelial Parameters in High-Risk SubjectsJ Biomed Biotechnol.(2004)
    83. Nitrate - Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Aizawa K, Anning C, Shore A, Benjamin NEffect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetesFree Radic Biol Med.(2013 Feb 7)
    84. Betaine - Margreet R Olthof, Michiel L Bots, Martijn B Katan, and Petra VerhoefEffect of Folic Acid and Betaine Supplementation on Flow-Mediated Dilation: A Randomized, Controlled Study in Healthy VolunteersPLoS.()
    85. Niacin (Vitamin B3) - Westphal S, Borucki K, Taneva E, Makarova R, Luley CExtended-release niacin raises adiponectin and leptinAtherosclerosis.(2007 Aug)
    86. Arginine - Wilson AM, Harada R, Nair N, Balasubramanian N, Cooke JPL-arginine supplementation in peripheral arterial disease: no benefit and possible harmCirculation.(2007 Jul 10)
    87. Niacin (Vitamin B3) - Kelly JJ, Lawson JA, Campbell LV, Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Whitworth JA, O'Sullivan AJEffects of nicotinic acid on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in healthy subjectsJ Hum Hypertens.(2000 Sep)
    88. Green Tea Extract - Ras RT, Zock PL, Draijer RTea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a meta-analysisPLoS One.(2011 Mar 4)
    89. Grape Juice - Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Kokkou E, Oikonomou E, Kollia ME, Verveniotis A, Gouliopoulos N, Zisimos K, Plastiras A, Maniatis K, Stefanadis CFavorable effects of concord grape juice on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in healthy smokersAm J Hypertens.(2014 Jan)
    90. Gotu Kola - Incandela L, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Nargi E, Patricelli P, Bucci MTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a prospective, placebo-controlled randomized studyAngiology.(2001 Oct)
    91. Cocoa Extract - Esser D, Mars M, Oosterink E, Stalmach A, Müller M, Afman LADark chocolate consumption improves leukocyte adhesion factors and vascular function in overweight menFASEB J.(2014 Mar)
    92. Whey Protein - Pal S, Ellis VAcute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal womenBr J Nutr.(2011 May)
    93. Coenzyme Q10 - Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Burke VCoenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitusDiabetologia.(2002 Mar)
    94. Ginkgo Biloba - Gillian Keheyan, Lauren A Dunn, Wendy Louise HallAcute effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular function and blood pressurePlant Foods Hum Nutr.(2011 Sep)
    95. Vitamin C - Stewart JM, Ocon AJ, Medow MSAscorbate improves circulation in postural tachycardia syndromeAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2011 Sep)
    96. Ginkgo Biloba - Santos RF, Galduróz JC, Barbieri A, Castiglioni ML, Ytaya LY, Bueno OFCognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Ginkgo bilobaPharmacopsychiatry.(2003 Jul)
    97. Grape Juice - Chou EJ, Keevil JG, Aeschlimann S, Wiebe DA, Folts JD, Stein JHEffect of ingestion of purple grape juice on endothelial function in patients with coronary heart diseaseAm J Cardiol.(2001 Sep 1)
    98. Cocoa Extract - Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Murayama T, Nakamura K, Wakatsuki Y, Daimon M, Komuro IAcute effect of oral flavonoid-rich dark chocolate intake on coronary circulation, as compared with non-flavonoid white chocolate, by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in healthy adultsInt J Cardiol.(2009 Jan 24)
    99. Grapefruit - Keevil JG, Osman HE, Reed JD, Folts JDGrape juice, but not orange juice or grapefruit juice, inhibits human platelet aggregationJ Nutr.(2000 Jan)
    100. Cocoa Extract - Monahan KD, Feehan RP, Kunselman AR, Preston AG, Miller DL, Lott MEDose-dependent increases in flow-mediated dilation following acute cocoa ingestion in healthy older adultsJ Appl Physiol.(2011 Dec)
    101. Cocoa Extract - Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Browne A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milbury P, Paul SM, Blumberg J, Mietus-Snyder MLFlavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adultsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Jun)
    102. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Sluijs I, Plantinga Y, de Roos B, Mennen LI, Bots MLDietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adultsAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Jan)
    103. Fish Oil - Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Wagner PR, West SGDose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemiaAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Feb)
    104. Chromium - Ali A, Ma Y, Reynolds J, Wise JP Sr, Inzucchi SE, Katz DLChromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitusEndocr Pract.(2011 Jan-Feb)
    105. Garlic - Gómez-Arbeláez D, Lahera V, Oubiña P, Valero-Muñoz M, de Las Heras N, Rodríguez Y, García RG, Camacho PA, López-Jaramillo PAged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover studyMediators Inflamm.(2013)
    106. Curcumin - Barber-Chamoux N, Milenkovic D, Verny MA, Habauzit V, Pereira B, Lambert C, Richard D, Boby C, Mazur A, Lusson JR, Dubray C, Morand CSubstantial Variability Across Individuals in the Vascular and Nutrigenomic Response to an Acute Intake of Curcumin: A Randomized Controlled TrialMol Nutr Food Res.(2018 Mar)
    107. Cocoa Extract - Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, Ruggieri F, Blumberg JB, Stornello M, Ferri CProtective effects of flavanol-rich dark chocolate on endothelial function and wave reflection during acute hyperglycemiaHypertension.(2012 Sep)
    108. Cocoa Extract - d'El-Rei J, Cunha AR, Burlá A, Burlá M, Oigman W, Neves MF, Virdis A, Medeiros FCharacterisation of hypertensive patients with improved endothelial function after dark chocolate consumptionInt J Hypertens.(2013)
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