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Cardiovascular

Affects cardiovascular disease risk or treatment through interactions with the heart, blood vessels, or blood itself.

Our evidence-based analysis on cardiovascular features 61 unique references to scientific papers.

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List of Cardiovascular Supplements

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Other supplements related to Cardiovascular

Frequently Asked Questions about Cardiovascular

Are eggs healthy?
Eggs can be considered healthy. They can have downsides depending how many you consume and your state of health, but in general they are safe to consume.
Read full answer to "Are eggs healthy?"
The (mild) health risks of energy drinks
Energy drinks can make a small, potentially negative impact in certain metabolic measures in young, relatively healthy people. But do these changes really matter?
Read full answer to "The (mild) health risks of energy drinks"
How can I best ensure cardiovascular health and longevity?
Read full answer to "How can I best ensure cardiovascular health and longevity?"

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References

  1. Pryde MM, Kannel WB. Efficacy of dietary behavior modification for preserving cardiovascular health and longevity. Cardiol Res Pract. (2010)
  2. Ohman M, et al. Biochemical effects of consumption of eggs containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ups J Med Sci. (2008)
  3. Bovet P, et al. Decrease in blood triglycerides associated with the consumption of eggs of hens fed with food supplemented with fish oil. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. (2007)
  4. Goodrow EF, et al. Consumption of one egg per day increases serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in older adults without altering serum lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Nutr. (2006)
  5. Vishwanathan R, et al. Consumption of 2 and 4 egg yolks/d for 5 wk increases macular pigment concentrations in older adults with low macular pigment taking cholesterol-lowering statins. Am J Clin Nutr. (2009)
  6. Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev. (2009)
  7. Small DM. George Lyman Duff memorial lecture. Progression and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Insights from lipid physical biochemistry. Arteriosclerosis. (1988)
  8. Rajamäki K, et al. Cholesterol crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages: a novel link between cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. PLoS One. (2010)
  9. Hornung V, et al. Silica crystals and aluminum salts have been shown to activate the inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol. (2008)
  10. Martinon F, et al. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature. (2006)
  11. Duewell P, et al. NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature. (2010)
  12. Nakamura Y, et al. Egg consumption, serum total cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Br J Nutr. (2006)
  13. Zazpe I, et al. Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in the SUN Project. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2011)
  14. Qureshi AI, et al. Regular egg consumption does not increase the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit. (2007)
  15. Scrafford CG, et al. Egg consumption and CHD and stroke mortality: a prospective study of US adults. Public Health Nutr. (2011)
  16. Hu FB, et al. A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. JAMA. (1999)
  17. Djoussé L, Gaziano JM. Egg consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Physicians’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. (2008)
  18. Fuller NR, et al. The effect of a high-egg diet on cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Egg (DIABEGG) study-a 3-mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. (2015)
  19. Ballesteros MN, et al. One Egg per Day Improves Inflammation when Compared to an Oatmeal-Based Breakfast without Increasing Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients. Nutrients. (2015)
  20. Blesso CN, et al. Whole egg consumption improves lipoprotein profiles and insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than yolk-free egg substitute in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. (2013)
  21. Blesso CN, et al. Effects of carbohydrate restriction and dietary cholesterol provided by eggs on clinical risk factors in metabolic syndrome. J Clin Lipidol. (2013)
  22. Njike V, et al. Daily egg consumption in hyperlipidemic adults--effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk. Nutr J. (2010)
  23. Rueda JM, Khosla P. Impact of breakfasts (with or without eggs) on body weight regulation and blood lipids in university students over a 14-week semester. Nutrients. (2013)
  24. Djoussé L, et al. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. (2010)
  25. Ra.dzevičienė L, Ostrauskas R. Egg consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Public Health Nutr. (2012)
  26. Djoussé L, et al. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. (2009)
  27. Shi Z, et al. Egg consumption and the risk of diabetes in adults, Jiangsu, China. Nutrition. (2011)
  28. Pearce KL, Clifton PM, Noakes M. Egg consumption as part of an energy-restricted high-protein diet improves blood lipid and blood glucose profiles in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr. (2011)
  29. Ali F, et al. Energy drinks and their adverse health effects: A systematic review of the current evidence. Postgrad Med. (2015)
  30. Tanne JH. New York attorney general investigates energy drink makers. BMJ. (2012)
  31. Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in the United States.
  32. Bailey RL, Saldanha LG, Dwyer JT. Estimating caffeine intake from energy drinks and dietary supplements in the United States. Nutr Rev. (2014)
  33. Miller KE. Wired: energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking. J Am Coll Health. (2008)
  34. Event-Related Survey of High Consumers of Energy Drinks.
  35. Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks.
  36. Attila S, Çakir B. Energy-drink consumption in college students and associated factors. Nutrition. (2011)
  37. Berger AJ, Alford K. Cardiac arrest in a young man following excess consumption of caffeinated "energy drinks". Med J Aust. (2009)
  38. Goldfarb M, Tellier C, Thanassoulis G. Review of published cases of adverse cardiovascular events after ingestion of energy drinks. Am J Cardiol. (2014)
  39. Gunja N, Brown JA. Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Med J Aust. (2012)
  40. Clinical Trial on the Effects of Caffeine and Taurine From Energy Drinks (EDs) to Parameters of the Cardiovascular System in Humans.
  41. Al-Khatib SM, et al. What clinicians should know about the QT interval. JAMA. (2003)
  42. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Zareba W. QT interval: how to measure it and what is "normal". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. (2006)
  43. Heemskerk CPM, et al. Risk factors for QTc interval prolongation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (2018)
  44. Long QT Syndrome.
  45. Short QT syndrome.
  46. Malinauskas BM, et al. A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutr J. (2007)
  47. Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. (2004)
  48. Grasser EK, et al. Cardio- and cerebrovascular responses to the energy drink Red Bull in young adults: a randomized cross-over study. Eur J Nutr. (2014)
  49. Svatikova A, et al. A Randomized Trial of Cardiovascular Responses to Energy Drink Consumption in Healthy Adults. JAMA. (2015)
  50. Ragsdale FR, et al. Effect of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and renal function. Amino Acids. (2010)
  51. Shearer J, Graham TE. Performance effects and metabolic consequences of caffeine and caffeinated energy drink consumption on glucose disposal. Nutr Rev. (2014)
  52. Loh DA, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and its associations with cardiometabolic risks among adolescents. Pediatr Obes. (2017)
  53. Pomeranz JL, Munsell CR, Harris JL. Energy drinks: an emerging public health hazard for youth. J Public Health Policy. (2013)
  54. Burrows T, et al. What are the health implications associated with the consumption of energy drinks? A systematic review. Nutr Rev. (2013)
  55. Temple JL, et al. The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry. (2017)
  56. Cornelis MC, et al. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. (2006)
  57. Zhou A, Hyppönen E. Long-term coffee consumption, caffeine metabolism genetics, and risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective analysis of up to 347,077 individuals and 8368 cases. Am J Clin Nutr. (2019)
  58. An assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States.
  59. Fact Sheets - Alcohol and Caffeine.
  60. Roemer A, Stockwell T. Alcohol Mixed With Energy Drinks and Risk of Injury: A Systematic Review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. (2017)
  61. Campbell B, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2013)

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This page is regularly updated, to include the most recently available clinical trial evidence.

Each member of our research team is required to have no conflicts of interest, including with supplement manufacturers, food companies, and industry funders. The team includes nutrition researchers, registered dietitians, physicians, and pharmacists. We have a strict editorial process.

This page features 61 references. All factual claims are followed by specifically-applicable references. Click here to see the full set of references for this page.

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