Sodium Bicarbonate

    Researchedby:
    Thomas Solomon

    Fact-checked

    by:

    Katie Jantz, Conni Covington
    Last Updated: July 25, 2024

    Sodium bicarbonate is a buffer that neutralizes acidity in the human body. It is used in dental products and antacids and sometimes to treat acidosis in critical illness. When taken as a supplement, sodium bicarbonate can enhance exercise performance.

    Sodium Bicarbonate is most often used for .

    54 references on this page
    1,131 participants in 64 trials

    What is sodium bicarbonate?

    Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) primarily acts as a buffer to neutralize acids and is used as a drug in various medical applications including dental care products and antacids (to treat heartburn and indigestion, also known as dyspepsia).[2] Sodium bicarbonate is also sometimes used to treat acidosis in critical illness[3][4] and as a sports supplement for improving performance.[1][5] In the body, bicarbonate is produced by the kidneys and circulates in the blood to buffer changes in pH.[6][7]

    Note that sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as baking soda in the US and Canada (or bicarbonate of soda in the UK, NZ, and Australia). This is not the same as baking powder, which contains sodium bicarbonate mixed with an acidic ingredient.

    What are sodium bicarbonate’s main benefits?

    Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate before exercise has been found to enhance exercise performance, particularly during high-intensity activities lasting between 30 seconds and 12 minutes, during tests assessing muscular endurance (e.g., tests measuring reps to failure or time to maintain a constant isometric force), and in combat sports.[1][8][9][10][11][12][13]

    Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes used intravenously in emergency settings to treat metabolic acidosis, but its use in this context is nuanced.[3] For example, the use of sodium bicarbonate in newborns or people with diabetic ketoacidosis is controversial due to potential adverse effects.[14][15][16]

    In people with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), some evidence shows that treatment with sodium bicarbonate is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events, hospitalization, and mortality.[17][18] Some small studies have also shown that an intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate can prevent kidney problems caused by the dye used during angiography, a procedure used to identify the narrowing of blood vessels in the heart. However, large, well-designed randomized controlled trials[19][20] and meta-analyses[21][22][23][24] do not confirm this benefit. That said, sodium bicarbonate might prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury in people with preexisting kidney disease.[25]

    Some antacids, which are drugs used to treat heartburn, indigestion, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),[26][27] contain sodium bicarbonate. However, the specific effect of sodium bicarbonate on these conditions is unclear because many antacids also contain other ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide, and even other drugs like omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor). Furthermore, additional evidence is needed to determine whether sodium bicarbonate directly reduces acidity in the stomach.[28]

    Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes used in dental care products to help improve dental health by reducing gingivitis and plaque.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] However, because many such products contain additional ingredients, the direct benefit of sodium bicarbonate is unclear. Furthermore, many studies showing a benefit have been conducted by dental product manufacturers.[30][32][33][35] Meanwhile, some[36][37] but not all[38] randomized controlled trials have shown a direct benefit of chewing sodium-bicarbonate-containing gum on dental health. Further high-quality research is needed to clarify these effects.

    Does combining beta-alanine with sodium bicarbonate improve exercise performance?

    What are sodium bicarbonate’s main drawbacks?

    When taken orally, doses of sodium bicarbonate higher than 0.3 grams per kilogram of body weight can increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, including bloating, nausea, and vomiting.[5][1]

    Although some case studies of individual patients have found adverse effects of sodium bicarbonate, these are rare,[39][40][41] and, in general, sodium bicarbonate is considered safe for consumption when taken orally.[1][42]

    How does sodium bicarbonate work?

    Sodium bicarbonate likely improves high-intensity exercise performance by buffering the production of hydrogen ions, preventing a drop in pH in the blood or the muscles.[5][1][43][44][45][46][9]

    The gastrointestinal side effects caused by high doses of sodium bicarbonate (bloating, nausea, vomiting, etc.) are probably caused by a reaction between bicarbonate and stomach acid, which releases CO2 in the stomach.[5][1]

    What are other names for Sodium Bicarbonate

    Note that Sodium Bicarbonate is also known as:
    • Baking Soda
    • Bicarbonate of soda
    • Bicarb
    • Bicarbonate
    • Sodium hydrogen carbonate
    • Carbonic acid monosodium salt
    Sodium Bicarbonate should not be confused with:
    • Baking powder (which contains sodium bicarbonate mixed with an acidic ingredient)

    Dosage information

    Formulations: Sodium bicarbonate (often referred to as sodium bicarb, bicarb, baking soda, or bicarbonate of soda) is taken as tablets or loose powder when used as a supplement. In clinical practice, bicarbonate is administered intravenously as a solution.

    Range of dosages studied: 0.2 to 0.5 grams of sodium bicarbonate per kilogram of body weight (g/kg). This is equivalent to 12–30 g (2–5 teaspoons) in a 60-kg person.

    Safety information: Sodium bicarbonate interacts with several drugs, including aspirin, iron sulfate, and rosuvastatin (Crestor). If you use any of these drugs, always consult your doctor before using sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate interacts with several conditions, including sodium/water balance and acid/base balance, which can affect people with chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, heart disease, or high blood pressure. If you have these conditions, always consult your doctor before using sodium bicarbonate.

    Dosage recommendation: For exercise performance benefits, the optimal dose is approximately 0.3 grams per kilogram of body weight (g/kg) taken 1 to 3 hours before exercise. Alternatively, a multiday regimen can be used, consisting of 0.4 to 0.5 g/kg per day, distributed in smaller doses throughout the day (e.g., 0.1 to 0.2 g/kg at breakfast, lunch, and dinner) for 3 to 7 days before the day of exercise.[1]

    Take with food: Optional.

    Examine Database: Sodium Bicarbonate

    Cycling Performance
    General Athletic Performance
    Metabolic Health
    Running Performance
    Rowing Performance
    Swimming Performance
    Aerobic Exercise Performance
    Dental Health
    Muscle Size & Strength
    Chronic Kidney Disease
    Menopause
    Anaerobic Exercise Performance
    Boxing Performance
    General Cardiovascular Health
    Martial Arts Performance
    Muscle Recovery
    Rugby Performance
    Tennis Performance

    Research FeedRead all studies

    Frequently asked questions

    What is sodium bicarbonate?

    Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) primarily acts as a buffer to neutralize acids and is used as a drug in various medical applications including dental care products and antacids (to treat heartburn and indigestion, also known as dyspepsia).[2] Sodium bicarbonate is also sometimes used to treat acidosis in critical illness[3][4] and as a sports supplement for improving performance.[1][5] In the body, bicarbonate is produced by the kidneys and circulates in the blood to buffer changes in pH.[6][7]

    Note that sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as baking soda in the US and Canada (or bicarbonate of soda in the UK, NZ, and Australia). This is not the same as baking powder, which contains sodium bicarbonate mixed with an acidic ingredient.

    What are sodium bicarbonate’s main benefits?

    Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate before exercise has been found to enhance exercise performance, particularly during high-intensity activities lasting between 30 seconds and 12 minutes, during tests assessing muscular endurance (e.g., tests measuring reps to failure or time to maintain a constant isometric force), and in combat sports.[1][8][9][10][11][12][13]

    Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes used intravenously in emergency settings to treat metabolic acidosis, but its use in this context is nuanced.[3] For example, the use of sodium bicarbonate in newborns or people with diabetic ketoacidosis is controversial due to potential adverse effects.[14][15][16]

    In people with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), some evidence shows that treatment with sodium bicarbonate is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events, hospitalization, and mortality.[17][18] Some small studies have also shown that an intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate can prevent kidney problems caused by the dye used during angiography, a procedure used to identify the narrowing of blood vessels in the heart. However, large, well-designed randomized controlled trials[19][20] and meta-analyses[21][22][23][24] do not confirm this benefit. That said, sodium bicarbonate might prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury in people with preexisting kidney disease.[25]

    Some antacids, which are drugs used to treat heartburn, indigestion, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),[26][27] contain sodium bicarbonate. However, the specific effect of sodium bicarbonate on these conditions is unclear because many antacids also contain other ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide, and even other drugs like omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor). Furthermore, additional evidence is needed to determine whether sodium bicarbonate directly reduces acidity in the stomach.[28]

    Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes used in dental care products to help improve dental health by reducing gingivitis and plaque.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] However, because many such products contain additional ingredients, the direct benefit of sodium bicarbonate is unclear. Furthermore, many studies showing a benefit have been conducted by dental product manufacturers.[30][32][33][35] Meanwhile, some[36][37] but not all[38] randomized controlled trials have shown a direct benefit of chewing sodium-bicarbonate-containing gum on dental health. Further high-quality research is needed to clarify these effects.

    Does combining beta-alanine with sodium bicarbonate improve exercise performance?

    The amino acid beta-alanine is a precursor for synthesizing carnosine, a molecule that helps buffer acid in muscles. Daily supplementation with beta-alanine can increase muscle carnosine levels[47] and boost exercise performance during high-intensity, short-duration activities which last between 30 seconds and 10 minutes.[48][49][50][51][52] Current evidence suggests that combining beta-alanine with sodium bicarbonate can further enhance exercise performance during high-intensity, short-duration activities.[53][54]

    What are sodium bicarbonate’s main drawbacks?

    When taken orally, doses of sodium bicarbonate higher than 0.3 grams per kilogram of body weight can increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, including bloating, nausea, and vomiting.[5][1]

    Although some case studies of individual patients have found adverse effects of sodium bicarbonate, these are rare,[39][40][41] and, in general, sodium bicarbonate is considered safe for consumption when taken orally.[1][42]

    How does sodium bicarbonate work?

    Sodium bicarbonate likely improves high-intensity exercise performance by buffering the production of hydrogen ions, preventing a drop in pH in the blood or the muscles.[5][1][43][44][45][46][9]

    The gastrointestinal side effects caused by high doses of sodium bicarbonate (bloating, nausea, vomiting, etc.) are probably caused by a reaction between bicarbonate and stomach acid, which releases CO2 in the stomach.[5][1]

    References

    1. ^Jozo Grgic, Zeljko Pedisic, Bryan Saunders, Guilherme G Artioli, Brad J Schoenfeld, Michael J McKenna, David J Bishop, Richard B Kreider, Jeffrey R Stout, Douglas S Kalman, Shawn M Arent, Trisha A VanDusseldorp, Hector L Lopez, Tim N Ziegenfuss, Louise M Burke, Jose Antonio, Bill I CampbellInternational Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performanceJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2021 Sep 9)
    2. ^Enck P, Azpiroz F, Boeckxstaens G, Elsenbruch S, Feinle-Bisset C, Holtmann G, Lackner JM, Ronkainen J, Schemann M, Stengel A, Tack J, Zipfel S, Talley NJFunctional dyspepsia.Nat Rev Dis Primers.(2017 Nov 3)
    3. ^Coppola S, Caccioppola A, Froio S, Chiumello DSodium Bicarbonate in Different Critically Ill Conditions: From Physiology to Clinical Practice.Anesthesiology.(2021 May 1)
    4. ^Chand R, Swenson ER, Goldfarb DSSodium bicarbonate therapy for acute respiratory acidosis.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens.(2021 Mar 1)
    5. ^Siegler JC, Marshall PW, Bishop D, Shaw G, Green SMechanistic Insights into the Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation to Improve Athletic Performance.Sports Med Open.(2016 Dec)
    6. ^Bernardo AA, Bernardo CM, Espiritu DJ, Arruda JAThe sodium bicarbonate cotransporter: structure, function, and regulation.Semin Nephrol.(2006 Sep)
    7. ^Aalkjaer C, Frische S, Leipziger J, Nielsen S, Praetorius JSodium coupled bicarbonate transporters in the kidney, an update.Acta Physiol Scand.(2004 Aug)
    8. ^Grgic J, Grgic I, Del Coso J, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic ZEffects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance: an umbrella review.J Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2021 Nov 18)
    9. ^Calvo JL, Xu H, Mon-López D, Pareja-Galeano H, Jiménez SLEffect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2021-Feb-05)
    10. ^Jozo GrgicEffects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on Measures of Wingate Test Performance: A Meta-AnalysisJ Am Nutr Assoc.(2022 Jan)
    11. ^Grgic J, Rodriguez RF, Garofolini A, Saunders B, Bishop DJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic ZEffects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports Med.(2020-Jul)
    12. ^Hadzic M, Eckstein ML, Schugardt MThe Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance in Response to Exercise Duration in Athletes: A Systematic Review.J Sports Sci Med.(2019-Jun)
    13. ^Lopes-Silva JP, Reale R, Franchini EAcute and chronic effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on Wingate test performance: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Sports Sci.(2019 Apr)
    14. ^Collins A, Sahni RUses and misuses of sodium bicarbonate in the neonatal intensive care unit.Semin Fetal Neonatal Med.(2017 Oct)
    15. ^Liu H, Cao Y, Xue X, Bai Z, Wu SClinical efficacy of sodium bicarbonate in treating pediatric metabolic acidosis with varying level of acid-base balance parameters: a real-world study.BMC Med.(2023 Nov 29)
    16. ^Kamel KS, Halperin MLAcid-base problems in diabetic ketoacidosis.N Engl J Med.(2015 Feb 5)
    17. ^Cheng YL, Huang SC, Ho MY, Li YR, Yen CL, Chen KH, Sun WC, Fan PY, Chen JS, Lin C, Hsiao CCEffect of sodium bicarbonate on cardiovascular outcome and mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.Front Pharmacol.(2023)
    18. ^Brown JR, Pearlman DM, Marshall EJ, Alam SS, MacKenzie TA, Recio-Mayoral A, Gomes VO, Kim B, Jensen LO, Mueller C, Maioli M, Solomon RJMeta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data of Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Chloride for All-Cause Mortality After Coronary Angiography.Am J Cardiol.(2016 Nov 15)
    19. ^Weisbord SD, Gallagher M, Jneid H, Garcia S, Cass A, Thwin SS, Conner TA, Chertow GM, Bhatt DL, Shunk K, Parikh CR, McFalls EO, Brophy M, Ferguson R, Wu H, Androsenko M, Myles J, Kaufman J, Palevsky PM, PRESERVE Trial GroupOutcomes after Angiography with Sodium Bicarbonate and Acetylcysteine.N Engl J Med.(2018 Feb 15)
    20. ^Boccalandro F, Shreyder K, Harmon L, Dhindsa M, Fahim T, Sheikh SFive-Year Follow-Up of Patients With Radio-Contrast-Induced Acute Renal Injury: Can Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate Improve Long-Term Outcomes?Cardiovasc Revasc Med.(2021 Oct)
    21. ^Zapata-Chica CA, Bello Marquez D, Serna-Higuita LM, Nieto-Ríos JF, Casas-Arroyave FD, Donado-Gómez JHSodium bicarbonate versus isotonic saline solution to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy : a systematic review and meta-analysis.Colomb Med (Cali).(2015 Sep 30)
    22. ^Tian ML, Hu Y, Yuan J, Zha YEfficacy and safety of perioperative sodium bicarbonate therapy for cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol.(2015 Feb)
    23. ^Kim JH, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Ahn Hs, Ahn IM, Choe WJ, Lim CHMeta-Analysis of Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy for Prevention of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth.(2015 Oct)
    24. ^Tie HT, Luo MZ, Luo MJ, Zhang M, Wu QC, Wan JYSodium bicarbonate in the prevention of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crit Care.(2014 Sep 12)
    25. ^Zhang B, Liang L, Chen W, Liang C, Zhang SThe efficacy of sodium bicarbonate in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency: a meta-analysis.BMJ Open.(2015 Mar 17)
    26. ^Phupong V, Hanprasertpong TInterventions for heartburn in pregnancy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2015 Sep 19)
    27. ^Gurusamy KS, Pallari EMedical versus surgical treatment for refractory or recurrent peptic ulcer.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2016 Mar 29)
    28. ^EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to sodium bicarbonate and reducing gastric acid levels (ID 1653) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006EFSA Journal.(2010-02-25)
    29. ^Madeswaran S, Jayachandran SSodium bicarbonate: A review and its uses in dentistry.Indian J Dent Res.(2018 Sep-Oct)
    30. ^Parkinson CR, Butler A, Ling MRAntigingivitis efficacy of a sodium bicarbonate toothpaste: Pooled analysis.Int J Dent Hyg.(2023 Feb)
    31. ^Abrahamsen S, Koldsland OC, Preus HRThe anti-plaque effect of high concentration sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on plaque formation and gingival inflammation, irrespective to individual polishing technique and plaque quality.BMC Oral Health.(2023 May 11)
    32. ^Akwagyiram I, Amini P, Bosma ML, Wang N, Gallob JEfficacy and Tolerability of Sodium Bicarbonate Toothpaste in Subjects with Gingivitis: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Study.Oral Health Prev Dent.(2018)
    33. ^Jose A, Pratten J, Bosma ML, Milleman KR, Milleman JL, Wang NSix-Month Evaluation of a Sodium Bicarbonate-Containing Toothpaste for Reduction of Established Gingivitis: A Randomized USA-Based Clinical Trial.J Clin Dent.(2018 Mar)
    34. ^Mason S, Patil P, Karad VA Randomised Clinical Study to Evaluate Efficacy on Gingival Health of 62% and 67% Sodium Bicarbonate Toothpastes.Oral Health Prev Dent.(2021 Dec 8)
    35. ^Lomax A, Patel S, Wang N, Kakar K, Kakar A, Bosma MLA randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste on gingivitis.Int J Dent Hyg.(2017 Nov)
    36. ^Kleber CJ, Davidson KR, Rhoades MLAn evaluation of sodium bicarbonate chewing gum as a supplement to toothbrushing for removal of dental plaque from children's teeth.Compend Contin Educ Dent.(2001 Jul)
    37. ^Kleber CJ, Putt MS, Milleman JL, Davidson KR, Proskin HMAn evaluation of sodium bicarbonate chewing gum in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis in conjunction with regular toothbrushing.Compend Contin Educ Dent.(2001 Jul)
    38. ^McCombs GB, Green ML, Root JEffects of a chewable sodium bicarbonate oral composition on plaque and gingivitis.J Contemp Dent Pract.(2001 Feb 15)
    39. ^Vásquez A, Domínguez C, Perdomo CFSpontaneous gastric rupture after Sodium Bicarbonate consumption: A case report.Radiography (Lond).(2017 Aug)
    40. ^Linford SM, James HDSodium bicarbonate abuse: a case report.Br J Psychiatry.(1986 Oct)
    41. ^Hsieh HC, Wu SH, Chiu CC, Ko KCExcessive Sodium Bicarbonate Infusion May Result in Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome During Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Case Report.Diabetes Ther.(2019 Apr)
    42. ^Raphael KL, Isakova T, Ix JH, Raj DS, Wolf M, Fried LF, Gassman JJ, Kendrick C, Larive B, Flessner MF, Mendley SR, Hostetter TH, Block GA, Li P, Middleton JP, Sprague SM, Wesson DE, Cheung AKA Randomized Trial Comparing the Safety, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics Profiles of Two Doses of Sodium Bicarbonate in CKD: the BASE Pilot Trial.J Am Soc Nephrol.(2020 Jan)
    43. ^Carr AJ, Hopkins WG, Gore CJEffects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis.Sports Med.(2011 Oct 1)
    44. ^Renfree AThe time course for changes in plasma h+ after sodium bicarbonate ingestion.Int J Sports Physiol Perform.(2007 Sep)
    45. ^Matson LG, Tran ZVEffects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic reviewInt J Sport Nutr.(1993 Mar)
    46. ^de Oliveira LF, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Durkalec-Michalski K, Artioli GG, McNaughton LR, Saunders BExtracellular Buffering Supplements to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports Med.(2022 Mar)
    47. ^Rezende NS, Swinton P, de Oliveira LF, da Silva RP, da Eira Silva V, Nemezio K, Yamaguchi G, Artioli GG, Gualano B, Saunders B, Dolan EThe Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Individual and Aggregate Data E-Max Model and Meta-Analysis.Front Physiol.(2020)
    48. ^Huerta Ojeda Á, Tapia Cerda C, Poblete Salvatierra MF, Barahona-Fuentes G, Jorquera Aguilera CEffects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2020-Aug-19)
    49. ^Saunders B, Elliott-Sale K, Artioli GG, Swinton PA, Dolan E, Roschel H, Sale C, Gualano Bβ-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysisBr J Sports Med.(2017 Apr)
    50. ^Berti Zanella P, Donner Alves F, Guerini de Souza CEffects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and muscle fatigue in athletes and non-athletes of different sports: a systematic review.J Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2017-Sep)
    51. ^Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale CEffects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysisAmino Acids.(2012 Jul)
    52. ^Grgic JEffects of beta-alanine supplementation on Yo-Yo test performance: A meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2021-Jun)
    53. ^Curran-Bowen T, Guedes da Silva A, Barreto G, Buckley J, Saunders BSodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine supplementation: Is combining both better than either alone? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Biol Sport.(2024 Jul)
    54. ^Gilsanz L, López-Seoane J, Jiménez SL, Pareja-Galeano HEffect of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate co-supplementation on the body's buffering capacity and sports performance: A systematic review.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2023)

    Examine Database References

    1. Serum Bicarbonate - Siegler JC, Midgley AW, Polman RC, Lever REffects of various sodium bicarbonate loading protocols on the time-dependent extracellular buffering profileJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Sep)
    2. Serum Bicarbonate - Costill DL, Verstappen F, Kuipers H, Janssen E, Fink WAcid-base balance during repeated bouts of exercise: influence of HCO3Int J Sports Med.(1984 Oct)
    3. Serum Bicarbonate - Price M, Moss P, Rance SEffects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2003 Aug)
    4. Serum Bicarbonate - D Ball, P L Greenhaff, R J MaughanThe acute reversal of a diet-induced metabolic acidosis does not restore endurance capacity during high-intensity exercise in manEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1996)
    5. Serum Bicarbonate - Bouissou P, Defer G, Guezennec CY, Estrade PY, Serrurier BMetabolic and blood catecholamine responses to exercise during alkalosisMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1988 Jun)
    6. Serum Bicarbonate - Portington KJ, Pascoe DD, Webster MJ, Anderson LH, Rutland RR, Gladden LBEffect of induced alkalosis on exhaustive leg press performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1998 Apr)
    7. Serum Bicarbonate - Bishop D, Edge J, Davis C, Goodman CInduced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint abilityMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2004 May)
    8. Serum Bicarbonate - Potteiger JA, Webster MJ, Nickel GL, Haub MD, Palmer RJThe effects of buffer ingestion on metabolic factors related to distance running performanceEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1996)
    9. Serum Bicarbonate - Lambert CP, Greenhaff PL, Ball D, Maughan RJInfluence of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on plasma ammonia accumulation during incremental exercise in manEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1993)
    10. Serum Bicarbonate - McNaughton L, Backx K, Palmer G, Strange NEffects of chronic bicarbonate ingestion on the performance of high-intensity workEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1999 Sep)
    11. Serum Bicarbonate - L Mc Naughton, D ThompsonAcute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power outputJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2001 Dec)
    12. Serum Bicarbonate - Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman CEffects of chronic NaHCO3 ingestion during interval training on changes to muscle buffer capacity, metabolism, and short-term endurance performanceJ Appl Physiol.(2006 Sep)
    13. Serum Bicarbonate - Cameron SL, McLay-Cooke RT, Brown RC, Gray AR, Fairbairn KAIncreased blood pH but not performance with sodium bicarbonate supplementation in elite rugby union playersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2010 Aug)
    14. Serum Bicarbonate - Webster MJ, Webster MN, Crawford RE, Gladden LBEffect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1993 Aug)
    15. Blood Acidity - Taylor DV, Boyajian JG, James N, Woods D, Chicz-Demet A, Wilson AF, Sandman CAAcidosis stimulates beta-endorphin release during exerciseJ Appl Physiol.(1994 Oct)
    16. Anaerobic Capacity - Lindh AM, Peyrebrune MC, Ingham SA, Bailey DM, Folland JPSodium bicarbonate improves swimming performanceInt J Sports Med.(2008 Jun)
    17. Anaerobic Capacity - Jason C Siegler, Damien O Gleadall-SiddallSodium bicarbonate ingestion and repeated swim sprint performanceJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Nov)
    18. Anaerobic Capacity - Gao JP, Costill DL, Horswill CA, Park SHSodium bicarbonate ingestion improves performance in interval swimmingEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1988)
    19. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Pruscino CL, Ross ML, Gregory JR, Savage B, Flanagan TREffects of sodium bicarbonate, caffeine, and their combination on repeated 200-m freestyle performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2008 Apr)
    20. Net Acid Excretion - Nimrit Goraya, Jan Simoni, Chan-Hee Jo, Donald E WessonTreatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rateKidney Int.(2014 Nov)
    21. Anaerobic Capacity - Bird SR, Wiles J, Robbins JThe effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on 1500-m racing timeJ Sports Sci.(1995 Oct)
    22. Anaerobic Capacity - Tan F, Polglaze T, Cox G, Dawson B, Mujika I, Clark SEffects of induced alkalosis on simulated match performance in elite female water polo playersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2010 Jun)
    23. Anaerobic Capacity - Price MJ, Simons CThe effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on high-intensity intermittent running and subsequent performanceJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Jul)
    24. Anaerobic Capacity - Tiryaki GR, Atterbom HAThe effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate on 600 m running time of trained femalesJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(1995 Sep)
    25. Anaerobic Capacity - Siegler JC, McNaughton LR, Midgley AW, Keatley S, Hillman AMetabolic alkalosis, recovery and sprint performanceInt J Sports Med.(2010 Nov)
    26. Anaerobic Capacity - Price MJ, Cripps DThe effects of combined glucose-electrolyte and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise performanceJ Sports Sci.(2012)
    27. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Gaitanos GC, Nevill ME, Brooks S, Williams CRepeated bouts of sprint running after induced alkalosisJ Sports Sci.(1991 Winter)
    28. Anaerobic Capacity - Robergs R, Hutchinson K, Hendee S, Madden S, Siegler JInfluence of pre-exercise acidosis and alkalosis on the kinetics of acid-base recovery following intense exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Feb)
    29. Insulin - Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes BNo effect of bicarbonate treatment on insulin sensitivity and glucose control in non-diabetic older adultsEndocrine.(2010 Oct)
    30. Insulin - Smellie WS, O'Donnell J, Davidson H, Couper J, Logue FCEffects of changes in acid base and calcium concentration on fasting serum insulin, proinsulin, and glucose concentrationsJ Clin Pathol.(1994 Nov)
    31. Blood Acidity - Price MJ, Singh MTime course of blood bicarbonate and pH three hours after sodium bicarbonate ingestionInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2008 Jun)
    32. Blood Acidity - R Gougeon-Reyburn, E B MarlissEffects of sodium bicarbonate on nitrogen metabolism and ketone bodies during very low energy protein diets in obese subjectsMetabolism.(1989 Dec)
    33. Blood Acidity - V L Hood, U Keller, M W Haymond, D KürySystemic pH modifies ketone body production rates and lipolysis in humansAm J Physiol.(1990 Sep)
    34. Fat Oxidation - Smith GI, Jeukendrup AE, Ball DSodium acetate induces a metabolic alkalosis but not the increase in fatty acid oxidation observed following bicarbonate ingestion in humansJ Nutr.(2007 Jul)
    35. Glycemic Control - Schoppen S, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Pérez-Granados M, Gómez-Gerique JA, Sarriá B, Navas-Carretero S, Pilar Vaquero MDoes bicarbonated mineral water rich in sodium change insulin sensitivity of postmenopausal womenNutr Hosp.(2007 Sep-Oct)
    36. Rate of Perceived Exertion - Zabala M, Requena B, Sánchez-Muñoz C, González-Badillo JJ, García I, Oöpik V, Pääsuke MEffects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance and perceptual responses in a laboratory-simulated BMX cycling qualification seriesJ Strength Cond Res.(2008 Sep)
    37. Rate of Perceived Exertion - Stephens TJ, McKenna MJ, Canny BJ, Snow RJ, McConell GKEffect of sodium bicarbonate on muscle metabolism during intense endurance cyclingMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Apr)
    38. Rate of Perceived Exertion - Zabala M, Peinado AB, Calderón FJ, Sampedro J, Castillo MJ, Benito PJBicarbonate ingestion has no ergogenic effect on consecutive all out sprint tests in BMX elite cyclistsEur J Appl Physiol.(2011 Dec)
    39. Rate of Perceived Exertion - Hunter AM, De Vito G, Bolger C, Mullany H, Galloway SDThe effect of induced alkalosis and submaximal cycling on neuromuscular response during sustained isometric contractionJ Sports Sci.(2009 Oct)
    40. Serum Bicarbonate - Marx JO, Gordon SE, Vos NH, Nindl BC, Gómez AL, Volek JS, Pedro J, Ratamess N, Newton RU, French DN, Rubin MR, Häkkinen K, Kraemer WJEffect of alkalosis on plasma epinephrine responses to high intensity cycle exercise in humansEur J Appl Physiol.(2002 May)
    41. Serum Bicarbonate - Vanhatalo A, McNaughton LR, Siegler J, Jones AMEffect of induced alkalosis on the power-duration relationship of "all-out" exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2010 Mar)
    42. Serum Bicarbonate - Driller MW, Gregory JR, Williams AD, Fell JWThe effects of serial and acute NaHCO3 loading in well-trained cyclistsJ Strength Cond Res.(2012 Oct)
    43. Serum Bicarbonate - Bishop D, Claudius BEffects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 May)
    44. Serum Bicarbonate - Douroudos II, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, Jamurtas AZ, Tsitsios T, Hatzinikolaou A, Margonis K, Mavromatidis K, Taxildaris KDose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Oct)
    45. Serum Bicarbonate - Kilding AE, Overton C, Gleave JEffects of caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, and their combined ingestion on high-intensity cycling performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2012 Jun)
    46. Serum Bicarbonate - Kozak-Collins K, Burke ER, Schoene RBSodium bicarbonate ingestion does not improve performance in women cyclistsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1994 Dec)
    47. Serum Bicarbonate - Mueller SM, Gehrig SM, Frese S, Wagner CA, Boutellier U, Toigo MMultiday acute sodium bicarbonate intake improves endurance capacity and reduces acidosis in menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2013 Mar 26)
    48. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Sale C, Saunders B, Hudson S, Wise JA, Harris RC, Sunderland CDEffect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacityMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2011 Oct)
    49. Anaerobic Capacity - Lavender G, Bird SREffect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion upon repeated sprintsBr J Sports Med.(1989 Mar)
    50. Serum Bicarbonate - McNaughton L, Dalton B, Palmer GSodium bicarbonate can be used as an ergogenic aid in high-intensity, competitive cycle ergometry of 1 h durationEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1999 Jun)
    51. Power Output - Carr AJ, Gore CJ, Dawson BInduced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: effects on 2,000-m rowing performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2011 Oct)
    52. Power Output - Carr AJ, Slater GJ, Gore CJ, Dawson B, Burke LMReliability and effect of sodium bicarbonate: buffering and 2000-m rowing performanceInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2012 Jun)
    53. Power Output - Kupcis PD, Slater GJ, Pruscino CL, Kemp JGInfluence of sodium bicarbonate on performance and hydration in lightweight rowingInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2012 Mar)
    54. Power Output - Brien DM, McKenzie DCThe effect of induced alkalosis and acidosis on plasma lactate and work output in elite oarsmenEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1989)
    55. Power Output - Nielsen HB, Bredmose PP, Strømstad M, Volianitis S, Quistorff B, Secher NHBicarbonate attenuates arterial desaturation during maximal exercise in humansJ Appl Physiol.(2002 Aug)
    56. Serum Bicarbonate - Volianitis S, Rasmussen P, Seifert T, Nielsen HB, Secher NHPlasma pH does not influence the cerebral metabolic ratio during maximal whole body exerciseJ Physiol.(2011 Jan 15)
    57. Training Volume - Artioli GG, Gualano B, Coelho DF, Benatti FB, Gailey AW, Lancha AH JrDoes sodium-bicarbonate ingestion improve simulated judo performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2007 Apr)
    58. Teeth Whitening - Mankodi SM, Conforti N, Berkowitz HEfficacy of baking soda-containing chewing gum in removing natural tooth stainCompend Contin Educ Dent.(2001 Jul)
    59. Teeth Whitening - Soparkar P, Newman MBEffects of a Baking Soda Gum on extrinsic dental stain: results of a longitudinal 4-week assessmentCompend Contin Educ Dent.(2001 Jul)
    60. Teeth Whitening - Soparkar P, Newman MBA clinical investigation to evaluate reduction in dental stain provided by the once-daily use of a breath mint or chewing gumCompend Contin Educ Dent.(2001 Jul)
    61. Neuromuscular Function - Siegler JC, Hirscher KSodium bicarbonate ingestion and boxing performanceJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Jan)
    62. Lipid Absorption - Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Carbajal A, Sarriá B, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Gómez-Gerique JA, Pilar Vaquero MSodium bicarbonated mineral water decreases postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women compared to a low mineral waterBr J Nutr.(2005 Oct)
    63. Serum Bicarbonate - Siegler JC, Keatley S, Midgley AW, Nevill AM, McNaughton LRPre-exercise alkalosis and acid-base recoveryInt J Sports Med.(2008 Jul)
    64. Neuromuscular Function - Wu CL, Shih MC, Yang CC, Huang MH, Chang CKSodium bicarbonate supplementation prevents skilled tennis performance decline after a simulated matchJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 Oct 26)