Glucosamine

Last Updated: September 28 2022

Glucosamine is a supplement derived from shellfish that can provide minor pain relief. Glucosamine sulfate slightly delays the progression of knee osteoarthritis.

Glucosamine is most often used for

Summary

Glucosamine is a supplement derived from shellfish.

Glucosamine is primarily sold as a joint health supplement. Studies show that supplementing glucosamine sulfate will reduce the rate of collagen (joint tissue) degradation and symptoms of osteoarthritis. Though glucosamine is comparable to acetaminophen, the reference drug for osteoarthritis, in potency, it is not as reliable.

Studies on athletes supplementing glucosamine are limited, but preliminary evidence suggests doses as high as 3,000mg of glucosamine sulfate may be able to slow joint degradation. This effect is most relevant for athletes participating in high impact sports, like running.

Though preliminary evidence suggested glucosamine supplementation could cause insulin resistance, follow up studies conclude that glucosamine supplementation does not affect glucose metabolism.

Glucosamine is very safe to supplement and its most common side-effect is flatulence. Glucosamine supplementation cannot cure osteoarthritis, but it can slow the progression of the disease.

What else is Glucosamine known as?
Glucosamine should not be confused with:
  • Glucose
  • Chitosan
Dosage information

To supplement glucosamine, take 300 – 500 mg, three times a day, for a total daily dose of 900 – 1,500 mg. The benefits of glucosamine are dose-dependent, and studies use up to 2,000 – 3,000 mg a day, taken in several doses.

Glucosamine sulfate salts are the best way to supplement glucosamine, with glucosamine sulfate as a close second. Glucosamine hydrochloride is ineffective. N-Acetylglucosamine is not glucosamine and should be considered a different supplement.

Glucosamine should be supplemented alongside food.

Join our supplement information course

Examine Database: Glucosamine
What works and what doesn't?

Unlock the full potential of Examine

Get started

Don't miss out on the latest research

References
1.^Dahmer S, Schiller RMGlucosamineAm Fam Physician.(2008 Aug 15)
2.^Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Jamali FThe glucosamine controversy; a pharmacokinetic issueJ Pharm Pharm Sci.(2011)
3.^Lapane KL, Sands MR, Yang S, McAlindon TE, Eaton CBUse of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with radiographic-confirmed knee osteoarthritisOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2012 Jan)
6.^Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Finco MF, Dunlop DD, Bingham CO 3rd, Harris CL, Singer NG, Bradley JD, Silver D, Jackson CG, Lane NE, Oddis CV, Wolfe F, Lisse J, Furst DE, Reda DJ, Moskowitz RW, Williams HJ, Clegg DOThe effect of glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulfate on the progression of knee osteoarthritis: a report from the glucosamine/chondroitin arthritis intervention trialArthritis Rheum.(2008 Oct)
8.^Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Finco MF, Dunlop DD, Harris CL, Singer NG, Bradley JD, Silver D, Jackson CG, Lane NE, Oddis CV, Wolfe F, Lisse J, Furst DE, Bingham CO, Reda DJ, Moskowitz RW, Williams HJ, Clegg DOClinical efficacy and safety of glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, their combination, celecoxib or placebo taken to treat osteoarthritis of the knee: 2-year results from GAITAnn Rheum Dis.(2010 Aug)
9.^Rozendaal RM, Koes BW, van Osch GJ, Uitterlinden EJ, Garling EH, Willemsen SP, Ginai AZ, Verhaar JA, Weinans H, Bierma-Zeinstra SMEffect of glucosamine sulfate on hip osteoarthritis: a randomized trialAnn Intern Med.(2008 Feb 19)
10.^Meulyzer M, Vachon P, Beaudry F, Vinardell T, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty SComparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochlorideOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2008 Sep)
11.^Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, Klein MA, O'Dell JR, Hooper MM, Bradley JD, Bingham CO 3rd, Weisman MH, Jackson CG, Lane NE, Cush JJ, Moreland LW, Schumacher HR Jr, Oddis CV, Wolfe F, Molitor JA, Yocum DE, Schnitzer TJ, Furst DE, Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Brandt KD, Moskowitz RW, Williams HJGlucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritisN Engl J Med.(2006 Feb 23)
12.^Vlad SC, LaValley MP, McAlindon TE, Felson DTGlucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differArthritis Rheum.(2007 Jul)
14.^Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Brandt KD, Croft P, Doherty M, Dougados M, Hochberg M, Hunter DJ, Kwoh K, Lohmander LS, Tugwell POARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part I: critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review of current research evidenceOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2007 Sep)
15.^Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Brandt KD, Croft P, Doherty M, Dougados M, Hochberg M, Hunter DJ, Kwoh K, Lohmander LS, Tugwell POARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelinesOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2008 Feb)
16.^Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, Bannwarth B, Bijlsma J, Gunther KP, Hauselmann HJ, Herrero-Beaumont G, Jordan K, Kaklamanis P, Leeb B, Lequesne M, Lohmander S, Mazieres B, Martin-Mola E, Pavelka K, Pendleton A, Punzi L, Swoboda B, Varatojo R, Verbruggen G, Zimmermann-Gorska I, Dougados M; EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hip osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)Ann Rheum Dis.(2005 May)
17.^Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, Bannwarth B, Bijlsma JW, Dieppe P, Gunther K, Hauselmann H, Herrero-Beaumont G, Kaklamanis P, Lohmander S, Leeb B, Lequesne M, Mazieres B, Martin-Mola E, Pavelka K, Pendleton A, Punzi L, Serni U, Swoboda B, Verbruggen G, Zimmerman-Gorska I, Dougados M; Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials ESCISITEULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT)Ann Rheum Dis.(2003 Dec)
19.^Setnikar I, Palumbo R, Canali S, Zanolo GPharmacokinetics of glucosamine in manArzneimittelforschung.(1993 Oct)
20.^Kirkham SG, Samarasinghe RKReview article: GlucosamineJ Orthop Surg (Hong Kong).(2009 Apr)
22.^Setnikar I, Rovati LCAbsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of glucosamine sulfate. A reviewArzneimittelforschung.(2001 Sep)
24.^Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, Lee RL, Lejeune E, Bruyere O, Giacovelli G, Henrotin Y, Dacre JE, Gossett CLong-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trialLancet.(2001 Jan 27)
28.^Herrero-Beaumont G, Ivorra JA, Del Carmen Trabado M, Blanco FJ, Benito P, Martín-Mola E, Paulino J, Marenco JL, Porto A, Laffon A, Araújo D, Figueroa M, Branco JGlucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using acetaminophen as a side comparatorArthritis Rheum.(2007 Feb)
30.^Persiani S, Roda E, Rovati LC, Locatelli M, Giacovelli G, Roda AGlucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in manOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2005 Dec)
31.^Akarasereenont P, Chatsiricharoenkul S, Pongnarin P, Sathirakul K, Kongpatanakul SBioequivalence study of 500 mg glucosamine sulfate in Thai healthy volunteersJ Med Assoc Thai.(2009 Sep)
33.^Altman RD, Abramson S, Bruyere O, Clegg D, Herrero-Beaumont G, Maheu E, Moskowitz R, Pavelka K, Reginster JYCommentary: osteoarthritis of the knee and glucosamineOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2006 Oct)
34.^Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Robinson V, Hochberg MC, Wells GGlucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritisCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2005 Apr 18)
35.^D'Ambrosio E, Casa B, Bompani R, Scali G, Scali MGlucosamine sulphate: a controlled clinical investigation in arthrosisPharmatherapeutica.(1981)
39.^Pavelká K, Gatterová J, Olejarová M, Machacek S, Giacovelli G, Rovati LCGlucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyArch Intern Med.(2002 Oct 14)
40.^Noack W, Fischer M, Förster KK, Rovati LC, Setnikar IGlucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis of the kneeOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(1994 Mar)
43.^Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, Cucherat M, Henrotin Y, Reginster JYStructural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive meta-analysisArch Intern Med.(2003 Jul 14)
46.^QUASTEL JHIntestinal absorption of sugars and amino acidsAm J Clin Nutr.(1960 Mar-Apr)
47.^WILSON TH, LANDAU BRSpecificity of sugar transport by the intestine of the hamsterAm J Physiol.(1960 Jan)
49.^Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Ibrahim A, Carran J, Anastassiades T, Jamali FSingle dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of butyryl glucosamine in the ratJ Pharm Pharm Sci.(2006)
50.^Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Sattari S, Pasutto F, Jamali FSingle dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of glucosamine in the ratJ Pharm Pharm Sci.(2002 May-Aug)
51.^Crociani F, Alessandrini A, Mucci MM, Biavati BDegradation of complex carbohydrates by Bifidobacterium sppInt J Food Microbiol.(1994 Dec)
52.^Salyers AA, Vercellotti JR, West SE, Wilkins TDFermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colonAppl Environ Microbiol.(1977 Feb)
53.^Hirayama BA, Loo DD, Díez-Sampedro A, Leung DW, Meinild AK, Lai-Bing M, Turk E, Wright EMSodium-dependent reorganization of the sugar-binding site of SGLT1Biochemistry.(2007 Nov 20)
54.^Persiani S, Rotini R, Trisolino G, Rovati LC, Locatelli M, Paganini D, Antonioli D, Roda ASynovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic doseOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2007 Jul)
57.^Rosenborg S, Stenberg M, Otto S, Ostervall J, Masquelier M, Yue QY, Bertilsson L, Eliasson EClinically significant CYP2C inhibition by noscapine but not by glucosamineClin Pharmacol Ther.(2010 Sep)
58.^Noyszewski EA, Wroblewski K, Dodge GR, Kudchodkar S, Beers J, Sarma AV, Reddy RPreferential incorporation of glucosamine into the galactosamine moieties of chondroitin sulfates in articular cartilage explantsArthritis Rheum.(2001 May)
60.^Bassleer C, Henrotin Y, Franchimont PIn-vitro evaluation of drugs proposed as chondroprotective agentsInt J Tissue React.(1992)
61.^Kim MM, Mendis E, Rajapakse N, Kim SKGlucosamine sulfate promotes osteoblastic differentiation of MG-63 cells via anti-inflammatory effectBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2007 Apr 1)
62.^Block JA, Oegema TR, Sandy JD, Plaas AThe effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: is a change in research approach neededOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2010 Jan)
65.^Momomura R, Naito K, Igarashi M, Watari T, Terakado A, Oike S, Sakamoto K, Nagaoka I, Kaneko KEvaluation of the effect of glucosamine administration on biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism in bicycle racersMol Med Report.(2013 Jan 25)
66.^Yoshimura M, Sakamoto K, Tsuruta A, Yamamoto T, Ishida K, Yamaguchi H, Nagaoka IEvaluation of the effect of glucosamine administration on biomarkers for cartilage and bone metabolism in soccer playersInt J Mol Med.(2009 Oct)
68.^Herrero-Beaumont G, Rovati LC, Castañeda S, Alvarez-Soria MA, Largo RThe reverse glucosamine sulfate pathway: application in knee osteoarthritisExpert Opin Pharmacother.(2007 Feb)
69.^Rajapakse N, Mendis E, Kim MM, Kim SKSulfated glucosamine inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in human fibrosarcoma cellsBioorg Med Chem.(2007 Jul 15)
75.^Kjaer P, Leboeuf-Yde C, Korsholm L, Sorensen JS, Bendix TMagnetic resonance imaging and low back pain in adults: a diagnostic imaging study of 40-year-old men and womenSpine (Phila Pa 1976).(2005 May 15)
76.^Albert HB, Manniche CModic changes following lumbar disc herniationEur Spine J.(2007 Jul)
84.^Cahlin BJ, Dahlström LNo effect of glucosamine sulfate on osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joints--a randomized, controlled, short-term studyOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.(2011 Dec)
85.^Dascombe BJ, Karunaratna M, Cartoon J, Fergie B, Goodman CNutritional supplementation habits and perceptions of elite athletes within a state-based sporting instituteJ Sci Med Sport.(2010 Mar)
87.^Vad V, Hong HM, Zazzali M, Agi N, Basrai DExercise recommendations in athletes with early osteoarthritis of the kneeSports Med.(2002)
88.^Duclos ME, Roualdes O, Cararo R, Rousseau JC, Roger T, Hartmann DJSignificance of the serum CTX-II level in an osteoarthritis animal model: a 5-month longitudinal studyOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2010 Nov)
89.^Ostojic SM, Arsic M, Prodanovic S, Vukovic J, Zlatanovic MGlucosamine administration in athletes: effects on recovery of acute knee injuryRes Sports Med.(2007 Apr-Jun)
96.^Vassiliou VSGlucosamine and chondroitin sulfate for knee osteoarthritisN Engl J Med.(2006 May 18)
97.^Lehmann R, Brzosko M, Kopsa P, Nischik R, Kreisse A, Thurston H, Litschig S, Sloan VSEfficacy and tolerability of lumiracoxib 100 mg once daily in knee osteoarthritis: a 13-week, randomized, double-blind study vs. placebo and celecoxibCurr Med Res Opin.(2005 Apr)
103.^Houpt JB, McMillan R, Wein C, Paget-Dellio SDEffect of glucosamine hydrochloride in the treatment of pain of osteoarthritis of the kneeJ Rheumatol.(1999 Nov)
104.^Rindone JP, Hiller D, Collacott E, Nordhaugen N, Arriola GRandomized, controlled trial of glucosamine for treating osteoarthritis of the kneeWest J Med.(2000 Feb)
106.^Altman R, Brandt K, Hochberg M, Moskowitz R, Bellamy N, Bloch DA, Buckwalter J, Dougados M, Ehrlich G, Lequesne M, Lohmander S, Murphy WA Jr, Rosario-Jansen T, Schwartz B, Trippel SDesign and conduct of clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis: recommendations from a task force of the Osteoarthritis Research Society. Results from a workshopOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(1996 Dec)
107.^Kerzberg EM, Roldán EJ, Castelli G, Huberman EDCombination of glycosaminoglycans and acetylsalicylic acid in knee osteoarthrosisScand J Rheumatol.(1987)
108.^Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder CBias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical testBMJ.(1997 Sep 13)
110.^Towheed TE, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Welch V, Hochberg MCGlucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritisCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2001)
111.^Qiu GX, Gao SN, Giacovelli G, Rovati L, Setnikar IEfficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate versus ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritisArzneimittelforschung.(1998 May)
112.^Müller-Fassbender H, Bach GL, Haase W, Rovati LC, Setnikar IGlucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen in osteoarthritis of the kneeOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(1994 Mar)
115.^Cibere J, Kopec JA, Thorne A, Singer J, Canvin J, Robinson DB, Pope J, Hong P, Grant E, Esdaile JMRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled glucosamine discontinuation trial in knee osteoarthritisArthritis Rheum.(2004 Oct 15)
117.^Wandel S, Jüni P, Tendal B, Nüesch E, Villiger PM, Welton NJ, Reichenbach S, Trelle SEffects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysisBMJ.(2010 Sep 16)
121.^Copeland RJ, Bullen JW, Hart GWCross-talk between GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation: roles in insulin resistance and glucose toxicityAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
124.^Hart GW, Housley MP, Slawson CCycling of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine on nucleocytoplasmic proteinsNature.(2007 Apr 26)
125.^Dias WB, Hart GWO-GlcNAc modification in diabetes and Alzheimer's diseaseMol Biosyst.(2007 Nov)
128.^Heart E, Choi WS, Sung CKGlucosamine-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytesAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2000 Jan)
129.^Bouché C, Serdy S, Kahn CR, Goldfine ABThe cellular fate of glucose and its relevance in type 2 diabetesEndocr Rev.(2004 Oct)
133.^Buse MG, Robinson KA, Marshall BA, Hresko RC, Mueckler MMEnhanced O-GlcNAc protein modification is associated with insulin resistance in GLUT1-overexpressing musclesAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2002 Aug)
134.^Housley MP, Rodgers JT, Udeshi ND, Kelly TJ, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Puigserver P, Hart GWO-GlcNAc regulates FoxO activation in response to glucoseJ Biol Chem.(2008 Jun 13)
138.^Ross SA, Chen X, Hope HR, Sun S, McMahon EG, Broschat K, Gulve EADevelopment and comparison of two 3T3-L1 adipocyte models of insulin resistance: increased glucose flux vs glucosamine treatmentBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2000 Jul 14)
143.^Giaccari A, Morviducci L, Zorretta D, Sbraccia P, Leonetti F, Caiola S, Buongiorno A, Bonadonna RC, Tamburrano GIn vivo effects of glucosamine on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in the rat: possible relevance to the maladaptive responses to chronic hyperglycaemiaDiabetologia.(1995 May)
145.^Monauni T, Zenti MG, Cretti A, Daniels MC, Targher G, Caruso B, Caputo M, McClain D, Del Prato S, Giaccari A, Muggeo M, Bonora E, Bonadonna RCEffects of glucosamine infusion on insulin secretion and insulin action in humansDiabetes.(2000 Jun)
146.^Roda A, Sabatini L, Barbieri A, Guardigli M, Locatelli M, Violante FS, Rovati LC, Persiani SDevelopment and validation of a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the direct determination of glucosamine in human plasmaJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2006 Nov 21)
147.^Pham T, Cornea A, Blick KE, Jenkins A, Scofield RHOral glucosamine in doses used to treat osteoarthritis worsens insulin resistanceAm J Med Sci.(2007 Jun)
149.^Albert SG, Oiknine RF, Parseghian S, Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, McPherson TThe effect of glucosamine on Serum HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI levels in people with diabetesDiabetes Care.(2007 Nov)
151.^Muniyappa R, Karne RJ, Hall G, Crandon SK, Bronstein JA, Ver MR, Hortin GL, Quon MJOral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjectsDiabetes.(2006 Nov)
152.^Yu JG, Boies SM, Olefsky JMThe effect of oral glucosamine sulfate on insulin sensitivity in human subjectsDiabetes Care.(2003 Jun)
153.^Laferrère B, García-Lorda P, Russell CD, Pi-Sunyer FXEffect of oral glucosamine sulfate on serum leptin levels in human subjectsNutrition.(2004 Mar)
155.^Giordano N, Nardi P, Senesi M, Palumbo F, Battisti E, Gonnelli S, Franci B, Campagna MS, Gennari CThe efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of gonarthritisClin Ter.(1996 Mar)
159.^Yue J, Yang M, Yi S, Dong B, Li W, Yang Z, Lu J, Zhang R, Yong JChondroitin sulfate and/or glucosamine hydrochloride for Kashin-Beck disease: a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled studyOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2012 Jul)
160.^Zhang YX, Dong W, Liu H, Cicuttini F, de Courten M, Yang JBEffects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in adult patients with Kaschin-Beck diseaseClin Rheumatol.(2010 Apr)
161.^Liu W, Liu G, Pei F, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Li J, Shen B, Kang P, Xie Q, Ma XKashin-Beck disease in Sichuan, China: report of a pilot open therapeutic trialJ Clin Rheumatol.(2012 Jan)
163.^Chopra A, Saluja M, Tillu G, Sarmukkaddam S, Venugopalan A, Narsimulu G, Handa R, Sumantran V, Raut A, Bichile L, Joshi K, Patwardhan BAyurvedic medicine offers a good alternative to glucosamine and celecoxib in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled equivalence drug trialRheumatology (Oxford).(2013 Jan 30)
167.^Lippiello L, Woodward J, Karpman R, Hammad TAIn vivo chondroprotection and metabolic synergy of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfateClin Orthop Relat Res.(2000 Dec)
168.^Orth MW, Peters TL, Hawkins JNInhibition of articular cartilage degradation by glucosamine-HCl and chondroitin sulphateEquine Vet J Suppl.(2002 Sep)
169.^Jackson CG1, Plaas AH, Sandy JD, Hua C, Kim-Rolands S, Barnhill JG, Harris CL, Clegg DOThe human pharmacokinetics of oral ingestion of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate taken separately or in combinationOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2010 Mar)
170.^Hochberg MC, Clegg DOPotential effects of chondroitin sulfate on joint swelling: a GAIT reportOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2008)
173.^Parcell SSulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicineAltern Med Rev.(2002 Feb)
174.^Sack KEIs glucosamine MSM effective for osteoarthritisPostgrad Med.(2006 Jul-Aug)
175.^Magrans-Courtney T, Wilborn C, Rasmussen C, Ferreira M, Greenwood L, Campbell B, Kerksick CM, Nassar E, Li R, Iosia M, Cooke M, Dugan K, Willoughby D, Soliah L, Kreider RBEffects of diet type and supplementation of glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM on body composition, functional status, and markers of health in women with knee osteoarthritis initiating a resistance-based exercise and weight loss programJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2011 Jun 20)
178.^Mamani-Matsuda M, Kauss T, Al-Kharrat A, Rambert J, Fawaz F, Thiolat D, Moynet D, Coves S, Malvy D, Mossalayi MDTherapeutic and preventive properties of quercetin in experimental arthritis correlate with decreased macrophage inflammatory mediatorsBiochem Pharmacol.(2006 Nov 15)
183.^Gruenwald J, Petzold E, Busch R, Petzold HP, Graubaum HJEffect of glucosamine sulfate with or without omega-3 fatty acids in patients with osteoarthritisAdv Ther.(2009 Sep)
184.^Kim JC, Shin JY, Shin DH, Kim SH, Park SH, Park RD, Park SC, Kim YB, Shin YCSynergistic antiinflammatory effects of pinitol and glucosamine in ratsPhytother Res.(2005 Dec)
185.^Singh S, Khajuria A, Taneja SC, Khajuria RK, Singh J, Qazi GNBoswellic acids and glucosamine show synergistic effect in preclinical anti-inflammatory study in ratsBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2007 Jul 1)
186.^van Baar ME, Assendelft WJ, Dekker J, Oostendorp RA, Bijlsma JWEffectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a systematic review of randomized clinical trialsArthritis Rheum.(1999 Jul)
188.^Hathcock JN, Shao ARisk assessment for glucosamine and chondroitin sulfateRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2007 Feb)
189.^Ebrahim V, Albeldawi M, Chiang DJAcute liver injury associated with glucosamine dietary supplementBMJ Case Rep.(2012 Dec 13)