Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) Research Analysis

Q: Is age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline the same as dementia?

Although people with both AAMCD and dementia may struggle with memory and executive function, people with dementia experience a significant negative impact on their daily functioning, whereas people with AAMCD do not. People with AAMCD may experience momentary lapses in memory, such as misplacing car keys, or reduced processing speed, such as taking a bit longer to perform basic math calculations. However, these deficiencies do not affect their day-to-day functioning, and the impairments are self-perceived.[1][2] People with dementia experience more severe symptoms, such as getting lost in a familiar place or having trouble performing activities of daily living (e.g., bathing and paying bills). Specific diagnostic criteria for dementia (referred to as Major Neurocognitive Disorder) have also been established by the American Psychiatric Association. These criteria, as specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), are: A significant cognitive decline from a previous measure of cognitive performance in one or more cognitive domains (e.g., executive function, language, memory). An impairment in the ability to function independently in daily life. The cognitive deficits are not caused by delirium, and another mental disorder (e.g., depression, schizophrenia) cannot provide a better explanation for the symptoms.

Q: What’s the difference between Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

AAMCD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are similar in that people with both conditions can still carry out daily tasks while also experiencing difficulties in memory and cognitive function. However, the severity of these difficulties varies between the two. People with AAMCD experience memory and executive functioning deficits, but their overall functioning is unaffected and is usually self-perceived. They can still perform everyday tasks with ease. People with MCI experience the same deficits; however, these deficits are more severe, resulting in a mild impact on activities of daily living that they were quickly able to perform. For instance, people may be less efficient at preparing a meal or forgetting to pay a bill.[1][2]

Louie Neri

Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD)

•Last Updated: October 24, 2022

Age-associated memory impairment and cognitive decline (AAMCD) describes the mild forgetfulness and decreased cognitive function that are considered part of “normal” aging. AAMCD differs from dementia and other more severe forms of cognitive decline in that it has no impact on daily functioning.

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Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) falls under theBrain HealthandHealthy Aging & Longevitycategories.

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Louie Neri, BSN, RN

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Morgan Pfiffner, MS

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Graham Walker, MD

Last Updated:October 24, 2022

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What is age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

AAMCD is a term used to describe the decline in cognitive function that accompanies normal aging. It is different from pathologic types of cognitive decline – such as Alzheimer’s disease – in that it does not reduce quality of life.

Is age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline the same as dementia?

What’s the difference between Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

What are the main signs and symptoms of age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

People with AAMCD experience a decrease in fluid intelligence (the ability to solve new problems without prior knowledge), such as processing speed or working memory, but no changes in crystallized intelligence (skills and abilities learned over time), such as vocabulary or historical information. The symptoms are mild and often self-reported.^[1]^[2]

Will age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline keep getting worse?

How is age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline diagnosed?

Because AAMCD is a normal part of aging, there are no standard diagnostic criteria or blood tests. A full clinical evaluation is required to rule out other causes of cognitive symptoms, such as dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). During an examination, a cognitive assessment tool such as the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) may also be used.

What are some of the main medical treatments for age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

Medication is not required for AAMCD because it is not a pathological condition. If symptoms start to interfere with activities of daily living, such as bathing, getting dressed, and eating, it is best to seek further evaluation by a healthcare provider for more serious causes of cognitive decline, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Have any supplements been studied for age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

Many supplements have been studied for AAMCD. Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monnieri are helpful for improving memory in people with AAMCD.

How could diet affect age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

A variety of dietary patterns have been studied for AAMCD. The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets have the strongest evidence for maintaining cognitive function. Increased intake of specific foods, such as berries, fish, and extra virgin olive oil may be protective against cognitive decline.^[3]

Are there any other treatments for age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

Aerobic and resistance training both help improve overall cognitive function.^[4] Additionally, engaging in intellectually stimulating activities, such as solving puzzles, reading, and playing instruments, is associated with higher cognitive function in older adults (>65 years).^[2]

What causes age-associated memory impairment & cognitive decline?

The exact cause of AAMCD is unknown. One hypothesis is that the decline in cognitive function is related to reduced brain matter, specifically white matter. After the age of 70, there is a pronounced reduction in white matter volume. Other potential mechanisms that may play a role in the development of AAMCD are mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotransmitter alterations, chronic inflammation, high levels of stress-related corticosteroids, high blood pressure, vascular changes associated with aging, and oxidative stress.^[5]^[2]^[6]

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