D-Serine
•Last Updated: September 28 2022
D-Serine is an amino acid that plays a role in cognitive enhancement and schizophrenia treatment.
D-Serine is most often used for
Last Updated: September 28 2022
D-Serine is an amino acid found in the brain. Derived from glycine, d-serine is a neuromodulator, meaning it regulates the activities of neurons.
D-Serine supplementation can reduce symptoms of cognitive decline. It is also able to reduce symptoms of diseases characterized by reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) signaling, which includes cocaine dependence and schizophrenia.
D-Serine’s effect on schizophrenia is well researched, and though it shows promise, it is also unreliable, since d-serine does not always reach the blood after supplementation. Sarcosine may be a more reliable treatment.
D-Serine is a coagonist at NDMA receptors, which means it improves the effects of other compounds that bind with the receptor. These compounds include glutamate and NMDA itself.
D-Serine is often categorized as a nootropic.
D-Serine should not be confused with:
- Glycine or Sarcosine (similar in mechanisms)
- Phosphatidylserine (a phospholipid containing L-serine)
The usual dose used in D-serine studies is 30mg/kg of bodyweight. This correlates to an approximate dosage range of 2,045 – 2,727mg for people between 150 – 200 lbs. This dose appears to be the minimal effective dose for improving cognition in people suffering from a variety of diseases.
Preliminary evidence suggests that doubling or quadrupling the dosage to 60mg/kg and 120mg/kg, respectively, will cause additional benefits for people suffering from schizophrenia.
What works and what doesn't?
Unlock the full potential of Examine
1.^Martineau M, Baux G, Mothet JPD-serine signalling in the brain: friend and foeTrends Neurosci.(2006 Aug)
2.^Schell MJThe N-methyl D-aspartate receptor glycine site and D-serine metabolism: an evolutionary perspectivePhilos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.(2004 Jun 29)
3.^Monahan JB, Corpus VM, Hood WF, Thomas JW, Compton RPCharacterization of a {3H}glycine recognition site as a modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complexJ Neurochem.(1989 Aug)
4.^D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release.()
5.^Watson GB, Bolanowski MA, Baganoff MP, Deppeler CL, Lanthorn THD-cycloserine acts as a partial agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytesBrain Res.(1990 Feb 26)
6.^Berger AJ, Dieudonné S, Ascher PGlycine uptake governs glycine site occupancy at NMDA receptors of excitatory synapsesJ Neurophysiol.(1998 Dec)
7.^Papouin T, Ladépêche L, Ruel J, Sacchi S, Labasque M, Hanini M, Groc L, Pollegioni L, Mothet JP, Oliet SHSynaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors are gated by different endogenous coagonistsCell.(2012 Aug 3)
8.^Radzishevsky I, Sason H, Wolosker HD-serine: physiology and pathologyCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.(2013 Jan)
9.^Thomas CG, Miller AJ, Westbrook GLSynaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor NR2 subunits in cultured hippocampal neuronsJ Neurophysiol.(2006 Mar)
10.^Groc L, Heine M, Cousins SL, Stephenson FA, Lounis B, Cognet L, Choquet DNMDA receptor surface mobility depends on NR2A-2B subunitsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2006 Dec 5)
11.^Martel MA, Ryan TJ, Bell KF, Fowler JH, McMahon A, Al-Mubarak B, Komiyama NH, Horsburgh K, Kind PC, Grant SG, Wyllie DJ, Hardingham GEThe subtype of GluN2 C-terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insultsNeuron.(2012 May 10)
12.^Yasuda E, Ma N, Semba RImmunohistochemical evidences for localization and production of D-serine in some neurons in the rat brainNeurosci Lett.(2001 Feb 16)
13.^Yang Y, Ge W, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Shen W, Wu C, Poo M, Duan SContribution of astrocytes to hippocampal long-term potentiation through release of D-serineProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2003 Dec 9)
14.^Wolosker H, Blackshaw S, Snyder SHSerine racemase: a glial enzyme synthesizing D-serine to regulate glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotransmissionProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(1999 Nov 9)
15.^Xia M, Liu Y, Figueroa DJ, Chiu CS, Wei N, Lawlor AM, Lu P, Sur C, Koblan KS, Connolly TMCharacterization and localization of a human serine racemaseBrain Res Mol Brain Res.(2004 Jun 18)
16.^Williams SM, Diaz CM, Macnab LT, Sullivan RK, Pow DVImmunocytochemical analysis of D-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neuronsGlia.(2006 Mar)
17.^De Miranda J, Panizzutti R, Foltyn VN, Wolosker HCofactors of serine racemase that physiologically stimulate the synthesis of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor coagonist D-serineProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2002 Oct 29)
19.^Cook SP, Galve-Roperh I, Martínez del Pozo A, Rodríguez-Crespo IDirect calcium binding results in activation of brain serine racemaseJ Biol Chem.(2002 Aug 2)
20.^Strísovský K, Jirásková J, Mikulová A, Rulísek L, Konvalinka JDual substrate and reaction specificity in mouse serine racemase: identification of high-affinity dicarboxylate substrate and inhibitors and analysis of the beta-eliminase activityBiochemistry.(2005 Oct 4)
21.^Dunlop DS, Neidle ARegulation of serine racemase activity by amino acidsBrain Res Mol Brain Res.(2005 Feb 18)
22.^Kim PM, Aizawa H, Kim PS, Huang AS, Wickramasinghe SR, Kashani AH, Barrow RK, Huganir RL, Ghosh A, Snyder SHSerine racemase: activation by glutamate neurotransmission via glutamate receptor interacting protein and mediation of neuronal migrationProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2005 Feb 8)
23.^Strísovský K, Jirásková J, Barinka C, Majer P, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Konvalinka JMouse brain serine racemase catalyzes specific elimination of L-serine to pyruvateFEBS Lett.(2003 Jan 30)
24.^Urai Y, Jinnouchi O, Kwak KT, Suzue A, Nagahiro S, Fukui KGene expression of D-amino acid oxidase in cultured rat astrocytes: regional and cell type specific expressionNeurosci Lett.(2002 May 17)
25.^Molla G, Sacchi S, Bernasconi M, Pilone MS, Fukui K, Polegioni LCharacterization of human D-amino acid oxidaseFEBS Lett.(2006 Apr 17)
26.^Horiike K, Tojo H, Arai R, Nozaki M, Maeda TD-amino-acid oxidase is confined to the lower brain stem and cerebellum in rat brain: regional differentiation of astrocytesBrain Res.(1994 Aug 1)
27.^Moreno S, Nardacci R, Cimini A, Cerù MPImmunocytochemical localization of D-amino acid oxidase in rat brainJ Neurocytol.(1999 Mar)
28.^Hamase K, Konno R, Morikawa A, Zaitsu KSensitive determination of D-amino acids in mammals and the effect of D-amino-acid oxidase activity on their amountsBiol Pharm Bull.(2005 Sep)
29.^Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ebstein R, Vass A, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Catinari S, Ermilov MD-serine efficacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophreniaBiol Psychiatry.(2005 Mar 15)
30.^Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DCHigh-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophreniaBiol Psychiatry.(2004 Jan 15)
31.^Lane HY, Lin CH, Huang YJ, Liao CH, Chang YC, Tsai GEA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison study of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) and D-serine add-on treatment for schizophreniaInt J Neuropsychopharmacol.(2010 May)
32.^Lane HY, Chang YC, Liu YC, Chiu CC, Tsai GESarcosine or D-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyArch Gen Psychiatry.(2005 Nov)
33.^Kantrowitz JT, Malhotra AK, Cornblatt B, Silipo G, Balla A, Suckow RF, D'Souza C, Saksa J, Woods SW, Javitt DCHigh dose D-serine in the treatment of schizophreniaSchizophr Res.(2010 Aug)
34.^Gelfin E, Kaufman Y, Korn-Lubetzki I, Bloch B, Kremer I, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy UD-serine adjuvant treatment alleviates behavioural and motor symptoms in Parkinson's diseaseInt J Neuropsychopharmacol.(2012 May)
35.^Heresco-Levy U, Vass A, Bloch B, Wolosker H, Dumin E, Balan L, Deutsch L, Kremer IPilot controlled trial of D-serine for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorderInt J Neuropsychopharmacol.(2009 Oct)
36.^Nagata Y, Borghi M, Fisher GH, D'Aniello AFree D-serine concentration in normal and Alzheimer human brainBrain Res Bull.(1995)
37.^Chouinard ML, Gaitan D, Wood PLPresence of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-associated glycine receptor agonist, D-serine, in human temporal cortex: comparison of normal, Parkinson, and Alzheimer tissuesJ Neurochem.(1993 Oct)
38.^Kumashiro S, Hashimoto A, Nishikawa TFree D-serine in post-mortem brains and spinal cords of individuals with and without neuropsychiatric diseasesBrain Res.(1995 May 29)
39.^Foltyn VN, Bendikov I, De Miranda J, Panizzutti R, Dumin E, Shleper M, Li P, Toney MD, Kartvelishvily E, Wolosker HSerine racemase modulates intracellular D-serine levels through an alpha,beta-elimination activityJ Biol Chem.(2005 Jan 21)
40.^Otte DM, Barcena de Arellano ML, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Albayram O, Imbeault S, Jeung H, Alferink J, Zimmer AEffects of Chronic D-Serine Elevation on Animal Models of Depression and Anxiety-Related BehaviorPLoS One.(2013 Jun 21)
41.^Sethuraman R, Krishnamoorthy MG, Lee TL, Liu EH, Chiang S, Nishimura W, Sakai M, Minami T, Tachibana SSimultaneous analysis of D- and L-serine in cerebrospinal fluid by use of HPLCClin Chem.(2007 Aug)
42.^Hashimoto K, Engberg G, Shimizu E, Nordin C, Lindström LH, Iyo MReduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patientsProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2005 Jun)
43.^Bezzi P, Gundersen V, Galbete JL, Seifert G, Steinhäuser C, Pilati E, Volterra AAstrocytes contain a vesicular compartment that is competent for regulated exocytosis of glutamateNat Neurosci.(2004 Jun)
44.^Mothet JP, Pollegioni L, Ouanounou G, Martineau M, Fossier P, Baux GGlutamate receptor activation triggers a calcium-dependent and SNARE protein-dependent release of the gliotransmitter D-serineProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2005 Apr 12)
45.^Schell MJ, Brady RO Jr, Molliver ME, Snyder SHD-serine as a neuromodulator: regional and developmental localizations in rat brain glia resemble NMDA receptorsJ Neurosci.(1997 Mar 1)
46.^Van Horn MR, Sild M, Ruthazer ESD-serine as a gliotransmitter and its roles in brain development and diseaseFront Cell Neurosci.(2013 Apr 23)
47.^Sild M, Van Horn MRAstrocytes use a novel transporter to fill gliotransmitter vesicles with d-serine: evidence for vesicular synergyJ Neurosci.(2013 Jun 19)
48.^Bergersen LH, Morland C, Ormel L, Rinholm JE, Larsson M, Wold JF, Røe AT, Stranna A, Santello M, Bouvier D, Ottersen OP, Volterra A, Gundersen VImmunogold detection of L-glutamate and D-serine in small synaptic-like microvesicles in adult hippocampal astrocytesCereb Cortex.(2012 Jul)
49.^Storage and Uptake of D-Serine into Astrocytic Synaptic-Like Vesicles Specify Gliotransmission.()
50.^Rosenberg D, Kartvelishvily E, Shleper M, Klinker CM, Bowser MT, Wolosker HNeuronal release of D-serine: a physiological pathway controlling extracellular D-serine concentrationFASEB J.(2010 Aug)
51.^Rosenberg D, Artoul S, Segal AC, Kolodney G, Radzishevsky I, Dikopoltsev E, Foltyn VN, Inoue R, Mori H, Billard JM, Wolosker HNeuronal D-serine and glycine release via the Asc-1 transporter regulates NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic activityJ Neurosci.(2013 Feb 20)
52.^Kang N, Peng H, Yu Y, Stanton PK, Guilarte TR, Kang JAstrocytes release D-serine by a large vesicleNeuroscience.(2013 Jun 14)
53.^Shigetomi E, Jackson-Weaver O, Huckstepp RT, O'Dell TJ, Khakh BSTRPA1 Channels Are Regulators of Astrocyte Basal Calcium Levels and Long-Term Potentiation via Constitutive D-Serine ReleaseJ Neurosci.(2013 Jun 12)
55.^Shoji K, Mariotto S, Ciampa AR, Suzuki HRegulation of serine racemase activity by D-serine and nitric oxide in human glioblastoma cellsNeurosci Lett.(2006 Jan 9)
56.^Shoji K, Mariotto S, Ciampa AR, Suzuki HMutual regulation between serine and nitric oxide metabolism in human glioblastoma cellsNeurosci Lett.(2006 Feb 20)
57.^Alagarsamy S, Johnson KMVoltage-dependent calcium channel involvement in NMDA-induced activation of NOSNeuroreport.(1995 Nov 13)
58.^Bado P, Madeira C, Vargas-Lopes C, Moulin TC, Wasilewska-Sampaio AP, Maretti L, de Oliveira RV, Amaral OB, Panizzutti REffects of low-dose D-serine on recognition and working memory in micePsychopharmacology (Berl).(2011 Dec)
59.^Chen L, Muhlhauser M, Yang CRGlycine tranporter-1 blockade potentiates NMDA-mediated responses in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro and in vivoJ Neurophysiol.(2003 Feb)
60.^Lim R, Hoang P, Berger AJBlockade of glycine transporter-1 (GLYT-1) potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in hypoglossal motorneuronsJ Neurophysiol.(2004 Oct)
61.^Hashimoto A, Nishikawa T, Hayashi T, Fujii N, Harada K, Oka T, Takahashi KThe presence of free D-serine in rat brainFEBS Lett.(1992 Jan 13)
62.^Endogenous d-Serine in Rat Brain: N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor-Related Distribution and Aging.()
63.^Johnson JW, Ascher PGlycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neuronsNature.(1987 Feb 5-11)
64.^Clements JD, Westbrook GLActivation kinetics reveal the number of glutamate and glycine binding sites on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptorNeuron.(1991 Oct)
65.^Kalia LV, Kalia SK, Salter MWNMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times aheadLancet Neurol.(2008 Aug)
66.^Mothet JP, Parent AT, Wolosker H, Brady RO Jr, Linden DJ, Ferris CD, Rogawski MA, Snyder SHD-serine is an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptorProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2000 Apr 25)
67.^Supplisson S, Bergman CControl of NMDA receptor activation by a glycine transporter co-expressed in Xenopus oocytesJ Neurosci.(1997 Jun 15)
68.^Wilcox KS, Fitzsimonds RM, Johnson B, Dichter MAGlycine regulation of synaptic NMDA receptors in hippocampal neuronsJ Neurophysiol.(1996 Nov)
69.^Depoortère R, Dargazanli G, Estenne-Bouhtou G, Coste A, Lanneau C, Desvignes C, Poncelet M, Heaulme M, Santucci V, Decobert M, Cudennec A, Voltz C, Boulay D, Terranova JP, Stemmelin J, Roger P, Marabout B, Sevrin M, Vigé X, Biton B, Steinberg R, Françon D, Alonso R, Avenet P, Oury-Donat F, Perrault G, Griebel G, George P, Soubrié P, Scatton BNeurochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological profiles of the selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter-1 SSR504734, a potential new type of antipsychoticNeuropsychopharmacology.(2005 Nov)
70.^Martina M, Krasteniakov NV, Bergeron RD-Serine differently modulates NMDA receptor function in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneuronsJ Physiol.(2003 Apr 15)
71.^Thomson AM, Walker VE, Flynn DMGlycine enhances NMDA-receptor mediated synaptic potentials in neocortical slicesNature.(1989 Mar 30)
72.^Stevens ER, Esguerra M, Kim PM, Newman EA, Snyder SH, Zahs KR, Miller RFD-serine and serine racemase are present in the vertebrate retina and contribute to the physiological activation of NMDA receptorsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2003 May 27)
73.^Gong XQ, Zabek RL, Bai DD-Serine inhibits AMPA receptor-mediated current in rat hippocampal neuronsCan J Physiol Pharmacol.(2007 May)
74.^McNamara D, Dingledine RDual effect of glycine on NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in rat cortical culturesJ Neurosci.(1990 Dec)
76.^Betz H, Gomeza J, Armsen W, Scholze P, Eulenburg VGlycine transporters: essential regulators of synaptic transmissionBiochem Soc Trans.(2006 Feb)
77.^Aragón C, López-Corcuera BGlycine transporters: crucial roles of pharmacological interest revealed by gene deletionTrends Pharmacol Sci.(2005 Jun)
78.^Hayashi F, Takahashi K, Nishikawa TUptake of D- and L-serine in C6 glioma cellsNeurosci Lett.(1997 Dec 19)
79.^Ribeiro CS, Reis M, Panizzutti R, de Miranda J, Wolosker HGlial transport of the neuromodulator D-serineBrain Res.(2002 Mar 8)
80.^Coyle JT, Puttfarcken POxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disordersScience.(1993 Oct 29)
81.^Armagan G, Kanit L, Yalcin AEffects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on D-serine-induced oxidative stress in vitroDrug Chem Toxicol.(2012 Oct)
82.^Armagan G, Kanit L, Yalcin AD-serine treatment induces oxidative stress in rat brainDrug Chem Toxicol.(2011 Apr)
83.^Leipnitz G, da Silva Lde B, Fernandes CG, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Dutra-Filho CS, Wajner Md-Serine administration provokes lipid oxidation and decreases the antioxidant defenses in rat striatumInt J Dev Neurosci.(2010 Jun)
84.^Kinouchi H, Huang H, Arai S, Mizoi K, Yoshimoto TInduction of cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA after transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats: comparison with c-fos messenger RNA by using in situ hybridizationJ Neurosurg.(1999 Dec)
85.^Collaço-Moraes Y, Aspey B, Harrison M, de Belleroche JCyclo-oxygenase-2 messenger RNA induction in focal cerebral ischemiaJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab.(1996 Nov)
86.^Dash PK, Mach SA, Moore ANRegional expression and role of cyclooxygenase-2 following experimental traumatic brain injuryJ Neurotrauma.(2000 Jan)
87.^Pasinetti GMCyclooxygenase and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease: experimental approaches and clinical interventionsJ Neurosci Res.(1998 Oct 1)
88.^Hewett SJ, Uliasz TF, Vidwans AS, Hewett JACyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell cultureJ Pharmacol Exp Ther.(2000 May)
89.^Silva AJMolecular and cellular cognitive studies of the role of synaptic plasticity in memoryJ Neurobiol.(2003 Jan)
90.^Matynia A, Kushner SA, Silva AJGenetic approaches to molecular and cellular cognition: a focus on LTP and learning and memoryAnnu Rev Genet.(2002)
91.^Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR, Rampon C, Kerchner GA, Zhuo M, Liu G, Tsien JZGenetic enhancement of learning and memory in miceNature.(1999 Sep 2)
92.^Hawasli AH, Benavides DR, Nguyen C, Kansy JW, Hayashi K, Chambon P, Greengard P, Powell CM, Cooper DC, Bibb JACyclin-dependent kinase 5 governs learning and synaptic plasticity via control of NMDAR degradationNat Neurosci.(2007 Jul)
93.^Panatier A, Theodosis DT, Mothet JP, Touquet B, Pollegioni L, Poulain DA, Oliet SHGlia-derived D-serine controls NMDA receptor activity and synaptic memoryCell.(2006 May 19)
94.^Braunewell KH, Manahan-Vaughan DLong-term depression: a cellular basis for learningRev Neurosci.(2001)
95.^Duffy S, Labrie V, Roder JCD-serine augments NMDA-NR2B receptor-dependent hippocampal long-term depression and spatial reversal learningNeuropsychopharmacology.(2008 Apr)
96.^Zhang Z, Gong N, Wang W, Xu L, Xu TLBell-shaped D-serine actions on hippocampal long-term depression and spatial memory retrievalCereb Cortex.(2008 Oct)
97.^Landfield PW, Pitler TA, Applegate MDThe effects of high Mg2+-to-Ca2+ ratios on frequency potentiation in hippocampal slices of young and aged ratsJ Neurophysiol.(1986 Sep)
98.^Landfield PW, Lynch GImpaired monosynaptic potentiation in in vitro hippocampal slices from aged, memory-deficient ratsJ Gerontol.(1977 Sep)
99.^Foster TCCalcium homeostasis and modulation of synaptic plasticity in the aged brainAging Cell.(2007 Jun)
100.^Thibault O, Gant JC, Landfield PWExpansion of the calcium hypothesis of brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: minding the storeAging Cell.(2007 Jun)
101.^Billard JMSerine racemase as a prime target for age-related memory deficitsEur J Neurosci.(2013 Jun)
102.^Turpin FR, Potier B, Dulong JR, Sinet PM, Alliot J, Oliet SH, Dutar P, Epelbaum J, Mothet JP, Billard JMReduced serine racemase expression contributes to age-related deficits in hippocampal cognitive functionNeurobiol Aging.(2011 Aug)
103.^Magnusson KR, Nelson SE, Young ABAge-related changes in the protein expression of subunits of the NMDA receptorBrain Res Mol Brain Res.(2002 Feb 28)
104.^Adams MM, Smith TD, Moga D, Gallagher M, Wang Y, Wolfe BB, Rapp PR, Morrison JHHippocampal dependent learning ability correlates with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor levels in CA3 neurons of young and aged ratsJ Comp Neurol.(2001 Apr 2)
105.^Alliot J, Boghossian S, Jourdan D, Veyrat-Durebex C, Pickering G, Meynial-Denis D, Gaumet NThe LOU/c/jall rat as an animal model of healthy agingJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2002 Aug)
106.^Mothet JP, Rouaud E, Sinet PM, Potier B, Jouvenceau A, Dutar P, Videau C, Epelbaum J, Billard JMA critical role for the glial-derived neuromodulator D-serine in the age-related deficits of cellular mechanisms of learning and memoryAging Cell.(2006 Jun)
107.^Junjaud G, Rouaud E, Turpin F, Mothet JP, Billard JMAge-related effects of the neuromodulator D-serine on neurotransmission and synaptic potentiation in the CA1 hippocampal area of the ratJ Neurochem.(2006 Aug)
108.^Assini FL, Duzzioni M, Takahashi RNObject location memory in mice: pharmacological validation and further evidence of hippocampal CA1 participationBehav Brain Res.(2009 Dec 1)
109.^Zlomuzica A, De Souza Silva MA, Huston JP, Dere ENMDA receptor modulation by D-cycloserine promotes episodic-like memory in micePsychopharmacology (Berl).(2007 Sep)
110.^Levin R1, Dor-Abarbanel AE2, Edelman S2, Durrant AR1, Hashimoto K3, Javitt DC4, Heresco-Levy U5Behavioral and cognitive effects of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor co-agonist d-serine in healthy humans: Initial findingsJ Psychiatr Res.(2014 Dec 24)
111.^Lipton SA, Rosenberg PAExcitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disordersN Engl J Med.(1994 Mar 3)
112.^Farber NB, Newcomer JW, Olney JWThe glutamate synapse in neuropsychiatric disorders. Focus on schizophrenia and Alzheimer's diseaseProg Brain Res.(1998)
113.^Paula-Lima AC, Brito-Moreira J, Ferreira STDeregulation of excitatory neurotransmission underlying synapse failure in Alzheimer's diseaseJ Neurochem.(2013 May 13)
114.^Huang YJ, Lin CH, Lane HY, Tsai GENMDA Neurotransmission Dysfunction in Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Alzheimer's DiseaseCurr Neuropharmacol.(2012 Sep)
115.^Brito-Moreira J, Paula-Lima AC, Bomfim TR, Oliveira FB, Sepúlveda FJ, De Mello FG, Aguayo LG, Panizzutti R, Ferreira STAβ oligomers induce glutamate release from hippocampal neuronsCurr Alzheimer Res.(2011 Aug)
116.^Wu S, Basile AS, Barger SWInduction of serine racemase expression and D-serine release from microglia by secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPP)Curr Alzheimer Res.(2007 Jul)
117.^Wu SZ, Bodles AM, Porter MM, Griffin WS, Basile AS, Barger SWInduction of serine racemase expression and D-serine release from microglia by amyloid beta-peptideJ Neuroinflammation.(2004 Apr 20)
118.^Nunes EA, MacKenzie EM, Rossolatos D, Perez-Parada J, Baker GB, Dursun SMD-serine and schizophrenia: an updateExpert Rev Neurother.(2012 Jul)
119.^Labrie V, Roder JCThe involvement of the NMDA receptor D-serine/glycine site in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophreniaNeurosci Biobehav Rev.(2010 Mar)
120.^Waziri R, Baruah S, Sherman ADAbnormal serine-glycine metabolism in the brains of schizophrenicsSchizophr Res.(1993 Jan)
121.^Waziri R, Baruah S, Hegwood TS, Sherman ADAbnormal serine hydroxymethyl transferase activity in the temporal lobes of schizophrenicsNeurosci Lett.(1990 Dec 11)
122.^Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, Nakazato M, Kumakiri C, Okada S, Hasegawa H, Imai K, Iyo MDecreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophreniaArch Gen Psychiatry.(2003 Jun)
123.^Hashimoto KGlycine transport inhibitors for the treatment of schizophreniaOpen Med Chem J.(2010 May 27)
125.^Labrie V, Lipina T, Roder JCMice with reduced NMDA receptor glycine affinity model some of the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophreniaPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2008 Oct)
126.^Balu DT, Li Y, Puhl MD, Benneyworth MA, Basu AC, Takagi S, Bolshakov VY, Coyle JTMultiple risk pathways for schizophrenia converge in serine racemase knockout mice, a mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunctionProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2013 May 31)
127.^Ma TM, Abazyan S, Abazyan B, Nomura J, Yang C, Seshadri S, Sawa A, Snyder SH, Pletnikov MVPathogenic disruption of DISC1-serine racemase binding elicits schizophrenia-like behavior via D-serine depletionMol Psychiatry.(2013 May)
128.^Labrie V, Wang W, Barger SW, Baker GB, Roder JCGenetic loss of D-amino acid oxidase activity reverses schizophrenia-like phenotypes in miceGenes Brain Behav.(2010 Feb)
129.^Ohnuma T, Sakai Y, Maeshima H, Hatano T, Hanzawa R, Abe S, Kida S, Shibata N, Suzuki T, Arai HChanges in plasma glycine, L-serine, and D-serine levels in patients with schizophrenia as their clinical symptoms improve: results from the Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP)Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2008 Dec 12)
130.^Buchanan RWNovel pharmacologic targets for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophreniaJ Clin Psychiatry.(2013 May)
131.^Tsai G, Lane HY, Yang P, Chong MY, Lange NGlycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophreniaBiol Psychiatry.(2004 Mar 1)
132.^Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SFThe glutamate receptor ion channelsPharmacol Rev.(1999 Mar)
133.^Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine RGlutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and functionPharmacol Rev.(2010 Sep)
134.^Lewis DA, Gonzalez-Burgos GPathophysiologically based treatment interventions in schizophreniaNat Med.(2006 Sep)
135.^Ross CA, Margolis RL, Reading SA, Pletnikov M, Coyle JTNeurobiology of schizophreniaNeuron.(2006 Oct 5)
136.^Tsai G, Yang P, Chung LC, Lange N, Coyle JTD-serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophreniaBiol Psychiatry.(1998 Dec 1)
137.^Weiser M, Heresco-Levy U, Davidson M, Javitt DC, Werbeloff N, Gershon AA, Abramovich Y, Amital D, Doron A, Konas S, Levkovitz Y, Liba D, Teitelbaum A, Mashiach M, Zimmerman YA multicenter, add-on randomized controlled trial of low-dose d-serine for negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophreniaJ Clin Psychiatry.(2012 Jun)
138.^Tsai GE, Yang P, Chung LC, Tsai IC, Tsai CW, Coyle JTD-serine added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophreniaAm J Psychiatry.(1999 Nov)
139.^Isella V, Melzi P, Grimaldi M, Iurlaro S, Piolti R, Ferrarese C, Frattola L, Appollonio IClinical, neuropsychological, and morphometric correlates of apathy in Parkinson's diseaseMov Disord.(2002 Mar)
141.^Chéramy A, L'hirondel M, Godeheu G, Artaud F, Glowinski JDirect and indirect presynaptic control of dopamine release by excitatory amino acidsAmino Acids.(1998)
142.^Hallett PJ, Standaert DGRationale for and use of NMDA receptor antagonists in Parkinson's diseasePharmacol Ther.(2004 May)
143.^Chambers RA, Bremner JD, Moghaddam B, Southwick SM, Charney DS, Krystal JHGlutamate and post-traumatic stress disorder: toward a psychobiology of dissociationSemin Clin Neuropsychiatry.(1999 Oct)
144.^Newcomer JW, Krystal JHNMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humansHippocampus.(2001)
145.^Heresco-Levy U, Kremer I, Javitt DC, Goichman R, Reshef A, Blanaru M, Cohen TPilot-controlled trial of D-cycloserine for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorderInt J Neuropsychopharmacol.(2002 Dec)
146.^Sasabe J, Chiba T, Yamada M, Okamoto K, Nishimoto I, Matsuoka M, Aiso SD-serine is a key determinant of glutamate toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosisEMBO J.(2007 Sep 19)
147.^Thompson M, Marecki JC, Marinesco S, Labrie V, Roder JC, Barger SW, Crow JPParadoxical roles of serine racemase and D-serine in the G93A mSOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisJ Neurochem.(2012 Feb)
148.^Crow JP, Marecki JC, Thompson MD-Serine Production, Degradation, and Transport in ALS: Critical Role of MethodologyNeurol Res Int.(2012)
149.^Lüscher C, Malenka RCDrug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodelingNeuron.(2011 Feb 24)
152.^Martin M, Chen BT, Hopf FW, Bowers MS, Bonci ACocaine self-administration selectively abolishes LTD in the core of the nucleus accumbensNat Neurosci.(2006 Jul)
153.^Moussawi K, Pacchioni A, Moran M, Olive MF, Gass JT, Lavin A, Kalivas PWN-Acetylcysteine reverses cocaine-induced metaplasticityNat Neurosci.(2009 Feb)
154.^Curcio L, Podda MV, Leone L, Piacentini R, Mastrodonato A, Cappelletti P, Sacchi S, Pollegioni L, Grassi C, D'Ascenzo MReduced D-serine levels in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-treated rats hinder the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticityBrain.(2013 Apr)
155.^Kelamangalath L, Seymour CM, Wagner JJD-serine facilitates the effects of extinction to reduce cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviorNeurobiol Learn Mem.(2009 Nov)
156.^Kelamangalath L, Wagner JJD-serine treatment reduces cocaine-primed reinstatement in rats following extended access to cocaine self-administrationNeuroscience.(2010 Sep 1)
157.^Hammond S, Seymour CM, Burger A, Wagner JJD-Serine facilitates the effectiveness of extinction to reduce drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preferenceNeuropharmacology.(2013 Jan)
Primary Use