Chondroitin

Last Updated: September 28 2022

Chondroitin is a supplement frequently paired with Glucosamine as a combination therapy to help with joint pain and stiffness, and other symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Chondroitin is most often used for




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1.

Source and structure

Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan chain of alternating Uronic acids and D-N-acetyl-galactosamine molecules bound by 1,3 bonds.[1][2] They are produced in vivo to limited amounts and were initially extracted from animal sources, but are now industrially made via bacterial fermentation.[3]

2.

Pharmacology

2.1

Absorption

Chondroitin supplementation is absorbed fairly well when taken orally.[2][4]

2.2

Serum

Chondroitin can be found circulating in subjects with no reported exposure to supplementation at a concentration ranging from 0.3µg/mL[5] up to 20.8µg/mL.[6]

Supplementation of 1,200mg chondroitin sulfate, alongside glucosamine (hydrochloride), has failed to significantly increase circulating chondroitin concentrations either acutely or after three months of supplementation.[6] This study did note that subjects had a baseline value of 20.8µg/mL chondroitin in one study arm[6] and other studies which note lower baseline levels (0.3µg/mL) observed that 4,000mg chondroitin can increase circulating levels up to 5.3µg/mL after 2-6 hours.[5]

2.3

Elimination

Chondroitin appears to be eliminated primarily through the urine.[7]

3.

Cellular effects

4.

Effects in practice

Various studies have noted benefit with combined treatment of Glucosamine and Chondroitin.[8][9][10]

That being said, most recent meta-analyses indicate that the benefits gained from the combination or Chondroitin in isolation are not significantly different from placebo, and causation for improvement cannot be placed on the compounds themselves.[11][12][13] It is mentioned that most studies finding benefit separate from placebo either have poor study design or inadequate sample sizes, whereas larger scale studies note no difference.[11][13]

In effect, the scientific consensus of chondroitin at this time is one of uncertainty as it does not appear to be much different when compared to placebo.

References
2.^Conte A, Volpi N, Palmieri L, Bahous I, Ronca GBiochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfateArzneimittelforschung.(1995 Aug)
3.^Schiraldi C, Cimini D, De Rosa MProduction of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitinAppl Microbiol Biotechnol.(2010 Jul)
4.^Conte A, de Bernardi M, Palmieri L, Lualdi P, Mautone G, Ronca GMetabolic fate of exogenous chondroitin sulfate in manArzneimittelforschung.(1991 Jul)
6.^Jackson CG1, Plaas AH, Sandy JD, Hua C, Kim-Rolands S, Barnhill JG, Harris CL, Clegg DOThe human pharmacokinetics of oral ingestion of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate taken separately or in combinationOsteoarthritis Cartilage.(2010 Mar)
11.^Wandel S, Jüni P, Tendal B, Nüesch E, Villiger PM, Welton NJ, Reichenbach S, Trelle SEffects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysisBMJ.(2010 Sep 16)
12.^Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, Trelle S, Bürgi E, Bürgi U, Dieppe PA, Jüni PMeta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hipAnn Intern Med.(2007 Apr 17)