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| Grade | Level of Evidence [show legend] |
|---|---|
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Robust research conducted with repeated double-blind clinical trials |
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Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo controlled |
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Single double-blind study or multiple cohort studies |
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Uncontrolled or observational studies only |
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Level of Evidence
?
The amount of high quality evidence. The more
evidence, the more we can trust the results.
|
Supplement |
Magnitude of effect
?
The direction and size of the supplement's impact on
each outcome. Some supplements can have an increasing effect, others have a decreasing effect, and others have no effect.
|
Consistency of research results
?
Scientific research does not always agree. HIGH or
VERY HIGH means that most of the scientific research agrees.
|
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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- | High See all 3 studies |
There do not appear to be any inherent protective effects of Vitamin C against the oxidative and inflammatory changes associated with cigarette smoking, although the reduction in blood flow may be attenuated somewhat with antioxidants and this applies to Vitamin C
|
|
|
|
Minor
|
- See study |
There appears to be an attenuation in how much a cigarette constricts peripheral blood flow by about half, with other biomarkers not changed overly to an overly potent degree.
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