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Peppermint

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is a hydrid plant that is used for its sensory properties (aroma and taste) and the oil is used internally as a carminative and intestinal aid. It appears to be well supported for relaxing the stomach and intestines, and effectively reduces abdominal pain in IBS.

Our evidence-based analysis on peppermint features 88 unique references to scientific papers.

Kamal Patel
Research analysis led by and reviewed by the Examine team.
Last Updated:

Summary of Peppermint

Primary information, health benefits, side effects, usage, and other important details

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is a plant which is a hybrid from watermint and spearmint, used initially for culinary and food manufacturing purposes but has also been used for its supposed medicinal benefits. Peppermint has an oil component which appears to be its medicinal component, and this oil has a very large content of menthol which is seen as its bioactive ingredient. This menthol is nontoxic at the recommended dose, but is the same menthol also found in some cigarette products.

The main medicinal role of peppermint is due to its muscle relaxing properties in the stomach and intestinal tract, and internal usage of peppermint appears to be able to speed up the early phase of digestion in the stomach while reducing colonic motility. It is known as a carminative agent (thought to relief flatulence), and it has a fair bit of evidence to supports its usage in reducing abdominal pain in persons with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It doesn't seem to influence other symptoms of IBS too much, but the reduction of abdominal pain is quite notable.

Other possible benefits of peppermint oil include fast headache relief (which involves applying a topical solution of 10% peppermint oil to the scalp at the onset of a tension headache) and possibly a reduction in nausea when used as aromatherapy. It is safe with the recommended dosages, but overconsumption of peppermint oil supplements does have a toxic level which is feasible to reach intentionally.

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How to Take

Recommended dosage, active amounts, other details

Oral supplementation of peppermint oil for the purpose of gastrointestinal health and motility involves consuming anywhere between 450-750mg of the oil daily in 2-3 divided doses, and this is around 0.1-0.2mL of the oil itself per dosage. The exact optimal dosage of peppermint is not known, and the numbers reflect a menthol content somewhere between 33-50%.

Usage of peppermint for the treatment of headaches involves having a solution of 10% peppermint oil and applying a relatively thin layer to the front of your head upon the start of a headache, with another application after 15 minutes and 30 minutes (for three applications in total).

Usage of peppermint for aromatherapy does not follow any particular dosing, and similar to other forms of aromatherapy it should be used as either an oil or in a distiller until a pleasant aroma permeates the vicinity.

Any form of peppermint oil should be effective although for persons who experience heartburn (acid reflux) and wish to supplement with peppermint oil for their intestines, then an enteric coated capsule would be useful (since the muscle relaxing effects may affect the esophagous if the capsule breaks prematurely).

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Human Effect Matrix

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The Human Effect Matrix summarizes human studies to tell you what effects Peppermint has on your body, how much evidence there is, and how strong these effects are.

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Grade Level of Evidence
Robust research conducted with repeated double-blind clinical trials
Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo controlled
Single double-blind study or multiple cohort studies
Uncontrolled or observational studies only
Level of Evidence
? The amount of high quality evidence. The more evidence, the more we can trust the results.
Outcome Magnitude of effect
? The direction and size of the supplement's impact on each outcome. Some supplements can have an increasing effect, others have a decreasing effect, and others have no effect.
Consistency of research results
? Scientific research does not always agree. HIGH or VERY HIGH means that most of the scientific research agrees.
Notes
grade-a
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Notable Very High See all 8 studies
In persons with IBS, supplementation of peppermint oil appears to reliably and effectively reduce abdominal pain for as long as it is taken. Benefits are no longer seen two weeks after supplement cessation and abdominal pain is the only symptom notably reduced.
grade-b
Nausea
Minor High See all 5 studies
There appears to be interactions with peppermint as aromatherapy and reducing nausea, but the best evidence at this point in time is mixed and with some faults. More research is needed to see the potential role of peppermint aromatherapy in nausea reduction
grade-c
Headaches
Notable Very High See 2 studies
Preliminary evidence suggests that topical application of peppermint oil is effective in reducing tension headache severity when applied at the start of the headache (can work within 15 minutes), and is comparable to 1,000mg acetominophen in potency
grade-c
Colonic Tension
Minor - See study
Supplementation of peppermint oil four hours prior to a colonoscopy eases tension in the colon and aids reduces complaints associated with treatment.
grade-c
Flatulence
Minor - See study
Flatulence as a side-effect of IBS is reduced with ingestion of peppermint oil
grade-c
Irritability
Minor - See study
Irritability as a side-effect of tension headaches is reduced secondary to the treatment of tension headaches
grade-c
Nipple Cracks
Minor Very High See 2 studies
Topical application of peppermint oil or water appears to be more effective than placebo in alleviating nipple cracks in breastfeeding women
grade-c
Pain
Minor - See study
Pain has been noted to be reduced in instances where pain is associated with tightened intestinal tissue (ie. during a colonoscopy) or during tension headaches. No inherent analgesic effect is known
grade-c
Rate of Gastric Emptying
Minor - See study
A slight increase in the rate of gastric emptying is noted with peppermint oil, which is thought to be of benefit to persons with GERD
grade-c
Subjective Well-Being
Minor Very High See all 3 studies
Although mood state during cognitive testing is unaffected, quality of life is increased when headaches or abdominal pain is being treated with peppermint oil.
grade-d
Treatment of Diffuse Esophageal Spasms
Notable - See study
The pilot study on this topic did not have a placebo control, but noted complete resolution of spasms in all persons following a single supplemental dose of peppermint oil; a large amount of promise
grade-d
Attention
Minor Moderate See 2 studies
Although there is no influence acutely in cognitive testing, there appears to be improvements in sustained attention processing with prolonged testing (10-40 minutes) with the aroma of peppermint. Suggesting an anti-fatigue effect.
grade-d
Calmness
- - See study
Subjective ratings of calmness during cognitive testing are not significantly influenced with the aroma of peppermint
grade-d
Memory
- - See study
The aroma of peppermint has been unable to influence memory processing (quantity or quality of memory formation) relative to control
grade-d
Processing Accuracy
- - See study
Processing accuracy does not appear to be significantly influenced with acute inhalation of peppermint extract during cognitive testing
grade-d
Processing Speed
- - See study
Processing speed is not significantly influenced with the aroma of peppermint during cognitive testing
grade-d
Sedation
- - See study
Peppermint aromatherapy does not appear to significantly influence the state of wakefulness
grade-d
Working Memory
- - See study
Working memory does not appear to be influenced with the aroma of peppermint

Studies Excluded from Consideration

  • Confounded with ursodeoxycholic acid[1]

  • Used alongside other herbs in aromatherapy[2]

  • Used intragastric spraying of peppermint oil or isolated menthol rather than oral administration[3][4][5][6]

  • Confounded with caraway oil[7][8][9][10][11]

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Things to Note

Is a Form Of

Primary Function:

Also Known As

Menthol, Mentha piperita, Mentha balsamea

Do Not Confuse With

Spearmint or Watermint (the plants from which peppermint is a hybrid)

Goes Well With

  • Topical absorption (may enhance absorption of other nutrients topically, as evidenced with aminophylline)

Caution Notice

Known to interact with some enzymes of drug metabolism in humans, see the 'Things to Note' section

  • Has been noted to inhibit the conversion of nicotine into continine, which is thought to be due to inhibition of the CYP2D6 enzyme. While minor in potency, it does appear to be relevant to peppermint ingestion (study in question used tea)

  • Menthol can inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme in humans with a fairly respectable potency, slightly less than grapefruit juice, and thus may be contraindicted when using select pharmaceuticals

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Research Breakdown on Peppermint

1Sources and Composition

1.1Sources

1.2Composition

1.3Properties

1.4Variants of Supplementation

2Pharmacology

2.1Metabolism

2.2Topical Application

2.3Mechanisms

2.4Enzymatic Interactions

3Neurology

3.1Cognition

3.2Fatigue

3.3Nausea

3.4Headache and Migraine

4Interactions with Glucose Metabolism

4.1Absorption

5Skeletal Muscle and Physical Performance

5.1Mechanisms

6Interactions with Organ Systems

6.1Esophagous

6.2Stomach

6.3Intestines

6.4Liver

7Interactions with Hormones

7.1Testosterone

7.2Estrogen

7.3Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

7.4Luteinizing Hormone

7.5DHEA

8Pregnancy and Lactation

8.1Lactation

9Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions

9.1Nicotine

9.2Iron

10Safety and Toxicology

10.1General

10.2Case Studies
Click here to see all 88 references.

This page is regularly updated, to include the most recently available clinical trial evidence.

Each member of our research team is required to have no conflicts of interest, including with supplement manufacturers, food companies, and industry funders. The team includes nutrition researchers, registered dietitians, physicians, and pharmacists. We have a strict editorial process.

This page features 88 references. All factual claims are followed by specifically-applicable references. Click here to see the full set of research information and references for Peppermint.

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