Berberine
•Last Updated: September 28 2022
Berberine is a plant alkaloid with a long history of use in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for the management of various health conditions. Its seemingly potent ability to reduce blood sugar rivals that of some anti-diabetic drugs.
Berberine is most often used for
Last Updated: September 28 2022
Berberine is an alkaloid found in the barks, leaves, twigs, rhizomes, roots, and/or stems of various plants, such as the barberry, Oregon grape, and tree turmeric. Traditionally, berberine has been used as an antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal agent in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Most research in humans has examined berberine’s effects on markers of glycemic control, blood lipids, markers of liver function, and anthropometric parameters in people with metabolic disorders.
Evidence from clinical trials conducted in people with type 2 diabetes suggests that berberine is able to reduce blood sugar to a similar extent as some anti-diabetic drugs. In people with metabolic disorders, limited research suggests that berberine may improve blood lipids and liver enzymes, and reduce body weight and fat mass. However, most of the available trials examining the effects of berberine on the aforementioned outcomes are of poor methodological quality.
Although berberine appears to be generally safe in normal doses, more long-term research on its safety is needed. In some people, supplementation with berberine has been reported to cause gastrointestinal side effects, including diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and stomach pain. Due to its ability to reduce blood sugar, berberine may increase the risk for hypoglycemia in high doses. Berberine has a high potential of interacting with a number of drugs, with some of these interactions increasing the chances of serious complications.
The main mechanism through which berberine exerts its effects appears to be the stimulation of the enzyme adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis that is involved in a wide range of biological processes, including the regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism.
Berberine should not be confused with:
- Piperine (Black Pepper extract)
- Berberol (Brand name)
- Berberrubine (Metabolite)
The standard dose of berberine is 900-2,000mg a day, divided into three to four doses.
Berberine should be taken with a meal, or shortly after, to take advantage of the blood glucose and lipid spike associated with eating.
Too much berberine at once can result in stomach upset, cramping, and diarrhea.
Research FeedRead all studies
1.^Vuddanda PR, Chakraborty S, Singh SBerberine: a potential phytochemical with multispectrum therapeutic activitiesExpert Opin Investig Drugs.(2010 Oct)
2.^Cernáková M, Kostálová DAntimicrobial activity of berberine--a constituent of Mahonia aquifoliumFolia Microbiol (Praha).(2002)
3.^Sheng WD, Jiddawi MS, Hong XQ, Abdulla SMTreatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria using pyrimethamine in combination with berberine, tetracycline or cotrimoxazoleEast Afr Med J.(1997 May)
4.^Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, Aikawa MIn vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalisAnn Trop Med Parasitol.(1991 Aug)
5.^Ghosh AK, Bhattacharyya FK, Ghosh DKLeishmania donovani: amastigote inhibition and mode of action of berberineExp Parasitol.(1985 Dec)
6.^Kaneda Y, Tanaka T, Saw TEffects of berberine, a plant alkaloid, on the growth of anaerobic protozoa in axenic cultureTokai J Exp Clin Med.(1990 Nov)
8.^Singh IP, Mahajan SBerberine and its derivatives: a patent review (2009 - 2012)Expert Opin Ther Pat.(2012 Dec 12)
9.^Krivogorsky B, Pernat JA, Douglas KA, Czerniecki NJ, Grundt PStructure-activity studies of some berberine analogs as inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondiiBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2012 Feb 22)
10.^Avula B, Wang YH, Khan IAQuantitative determination of alkaloids from roots of Hydrastis canadensis L. and dietary supplements using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with UV detectionJ AOAC Int.(2012 Sep-Oct)
11.^Chen J, Zhao H, Wang X, Lee FS, Yang H, Zheng LAnalysis of major alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry with different background electrolytesElectrophoresis.(2008 May)
12.^Tillhon M, Guamán Ortiz LM, Lombardi P, Scovassi AIBerberine: new perspectives for old remediesBiochem Pharmacol.(2012 Nov 15)
13.^Wang JR, Tanaka T, Zhang H, Kouno I, Jiang ZHFormation and conformation of baicalin-berberine and wogonoside-berberine complexesChem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2012)
14.^Turner N, Li JY, Gosby A, To SW, Cheng Z, Miyoshi H, Taketo MM, Cooney GJ, Kraegen EW, James DE, Hu LH, Li J, Ye JMBerberine and its more biologically available derivative, dihydroberberine, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex I: a mechanism for the action of berberine to activate AMP-activated protein kinase and improve insulin actionDiabetes.(2008 May)
15.^Cheng Z, Chen AF, Wu F, Sheng L, Zhang HK, Gu M, Li YY, Zhang LN, Hu LH, Li JY, Li J8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse modelsBioorg Med Chem.(2010 Aug 15)
16.^Subeki, Matsuura H, Takahashi K, Yamasaki M, Yamato O, Maede Y, Katakura K, Suzuki M, Trimurningsih, Chairul, Yoshihara TAntibabesial activity of protoberberine alkaloids and 20-hydroxyecdysone from Arcangelisia flava against Babesia gibsoni in cultureJ Vet Med Sci.(2005 Feb)
17.^Schramm A, Baburin I, Hering S, Hamburger MHERG channel inhibitors in extracts of Coptidis rhizomaPlanta Med.(2011 May)
18.^Zhang TT, Cui B, Dai DZ, Su WCPU 86017, p-chlorobenzyltetrahydroberberine chloride, attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension by suppressing endothelin pathwayActa Pharmacol Sin.(2005 Nov)
19.^Gao J, Tang YQ, Dai DZ, Cheng YS, Zhang GL, Zhang C, Dai YRaisanberine protected pulmonary arterial rings and cardiac myocytes of rats against hypoxia injury by suppressing NADPH oxidase and calcium influxActa Pharmacol Sin.(2012 May)
20.^Pan GY, Wang GJ, Sun JG, Huang ZJ, Zhao XC, Gu Y, Liu XDInhibitory action of berberine on glucose absorptionYao Xue Xue Bao.(2003 Dec)
21.^Maeng HJ, Yoo HJ, Kim IW, Song IS, Chung SJ, Shim CKP-glycoprotein-mediated transport of berberine across Caco-2 cell monolayersJ Pharm Sci.(2002 Dec)
22.^Chen W, Miao YQ, Fan DJ, Yang SS, Lin X, Meng LK, Tang XBioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in ratsAAPS PharmSciTech.(2011 Jun)
23.^Pan GY, Wang GJ, Liu XD, Fawcett JP, Xie YYThe involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorptionPharmacol Toxicol.(2002 Oct)
24.^Chae HW, Kim IW, Jin HE, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Shim CKEffect of ion-pair formation with bile salts on the in vitro cellular transport of berberineArch Pharm Res.(2008 Jan)
25.^Tsai P, Tsai THSimultaneous determination of berberine in rat blood, liver and bile using microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatographyJ Chromatogr A.(2002 Jun 28)
26.^Qiu W, Jiang XH, Liu CX, Ju Y, Jin JXEffect of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of substrates of CYP3A and P-gpPhytother Res.(2009 Nov)
27.^Zhang X, Qiu F, Jiang J, Gao C, Tan YIntestinal absorption mechanisms of berberine, palmatine, jateorhizine, and coptisine: involvement of P-glycoproteinXenobiotica.(2011 Apr)
28.^Hwang YH, Cho WK, Jang D, Ha JH, Jung K, Yun HI, Ma JYEffects of berberine and hwangryunhaedok-tang on oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ratsEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
29.^Shan YQ, Ren G, Wang YX, Pang J, Zhao ZY, Yao J, You XF, Si SY, Song DQ, Kong WJ, Jiang JDBerberine analogue IMB-Y53 improves glucose-lowering efficacy by averting cellular efflux especially P-glycoprotein effluxMetabolism.(2012 Oct 15)
30.^Di Pierro F, Villanova N, Agostini F, Marzocchi R, Soverini V, Marchesini GPilot study on the additive effects of berberine and oral type 2 diabetes agents for patients with suboptimal glycemic controlDiabetes Metab Syndr Obes.(2012)
31.^Zhou Y, He P, Liu A, Zhang L, Liu Y, Dai RDrug-drug interactions between ketoconazole and berberine in rats: pharmacokinetic effects benefit pharmacodynamic synergismPhytother Res.(2012 May)
32.^Reversible Increase in Tight Junction Permeability to Macromolecules in Rat Ileal Mucosa In Vitro by Sodium Caprate, a Constituent of Milk Fat
33.^Zhang M, Lv X, Li J, Meng Z, Wang Q, Chang W, Li W, Chen L, Liu YSodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesisMol Cell Endocrinol.(2012 Nov 5)
35.^Fan D, Wu X, Dong W, Sun W, Li J, Tang XEnhancement by sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate of the gastrointestinal absorption of berberine chloride in ratsDrug Dev Ind Pharm.(2012 Oct 1)
36.^Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, Liu W, Yang J, Zhu N, Huo L, Wang M, Hong J, Wu P, Ren G, Ning GTreatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberineJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
37.^Khin-Maung-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, Aye-Kyaw, Tin-UClinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoeaBr Med J (Clin Res Ed).(1985 Dec 7)
38.^Khan AY, Hossain M, Kumar GSBinding of plant alkaloids berberine and palmatine to serum albumins: a thermodynamic investigationMol Biol Rep.(2013 Jan)
39.^Hazra S, Hossain M, Suresh Kumar GBinding of isoquinoline alkaloids berberine, palmatine and coralyne to hemoglobin: structural and thermodynamic characterization studiesMol Biosyst.(2013 Jan 27)
40.^Wang YX, Kong WJ, Li YH, Tang S, Li Z, Li YB, Shan YQ, Bi CW, Jiang JD, Song DQSynthesis and structure-activity relationship of berberine analogues in LDLR up-regulation and AMPK activationBioorg Med Chem.(2012 Nov 15)
41.^Li Y, Ren G, Wang YX, Kong WJ, Yang P, Wang YM, Li YH, Yi H, Li ZR, Song DQ, Jiang JDBioactivities of berberine metabolites after transformation through CYP450 isoenzymesJ Transl Med.(2011 May 15)
42.^Zuo F, Nakamura N, Akao T, Hattori MPharmacokinetics of berberine and its main metabolites in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats determined by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometryDrug Metab Dispos.(2006 Dec)
43.^Qiu F, Zhu Z, Kang N, Piao S, Qin G, Yao XIsolation and identification of urinary metabolites of berberine in rats and humansDrug Metab Dispos.(2008 Nov)
44.^Pan JF, Yu C, Zhu DY, Zhang H, Zeng JF, Jiang SH, Ren JYIdentification of three sulfate-conjugated metabolites of berberine chloride in healthy volunteers' urine after oral administrationActa Pharmacol Sin.(2002 Jan)
45.^Virtanen P, Lassila V, Njimi T, Mengata DENatural protoberberine alkaloids from Enantia chlorantha, palmatine, columbamine and jatrorrhizine for thioacetamide-traumatized rat liverActa Anat (Basel).(1988)
46.^Zhao Y, Hellum BH, Liang A, Nilsen OGThe in vitro inhibition of human CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by tetrahydropalmatine, neferine and berberinePhytother Res.(2012 Feb)
47.^Guo Y, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Klaassen CD, Zhou HHRepeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humansEur J Clin Pharmacol.(2012 Feb)
48.^Xin HW, Wu XC, Li Q, Yu AR, Zhong MY, Liu YYThe effects of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy volunteersMethods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.(2006 Jan-Feb)
49.^Wu X, Li Q, Xin H, Yu A, Zhong MEffects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic studyEur J Clin Pharmacol.(2005 Sep)
50.^Budzinski JW, Trudeau VL, Drouin CE, Panahi M, Arnason JT, Foster BCModulation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Caco-2 cell monolayers by selected commercial-source milk thistle and goldenseal productsCan J Physiol Pharmacol.(2007 Sep)
51.^Hermann R, von Richter OClinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactionsPlanta Med.(2012 Sep)
52.^Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine
53.^Chatuphonprasert W, Nemoto N, Sakuma T, Jarukamjorn KModulations of cytochrome P450 expression in diabetic mice by berberineChem Biol Interact.(2012 Mar 5)
54.^Cheng Q, Aleksunes LM, Manautou JE, Cherrington NJ, Scheffer GL, Yamasaki H, Slitt ALDrug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression in a mouse model of diabetes and obesityMol Pharm.(2008 Jan-Feb)
55.^Viollet B, Guigas B, Sanz Garcia N, Leclerc J, Foretz M, Andreelli FCellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overviewClin Sci (Lond).(2012 Mar)
56.^Han Y, Wang Q, Song P, Zhu Y, Zou MHRedox regulation of the AMP-activated protein kinasePLoS One.(2010 Nov 5)
57.^Cheng Z, Pang T, Gu M, Gao AH, Xie CM, Li JY, Nan FJ, Li JBerberine-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes involves both AMPK and p38 MAPKBiochim Biophys Acta.(2006 Nov)
58.^Wang H, Liu D, Cao P, Lecker S, Hu ZAtrogin-1 affects muscle protein synthesis and degradation when energy metabolism is impaired by the antidiabetes drug berberineDiabetes.(2010 Aug)
59.^Liu LZ, Cheung SC, Lan LL, Ho SK, Chan JC, Tong PCThe pivotal role of protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) in insulin- and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated glucose uptake in muscle cellsCell Signal.(2010 Oct)
60.^Kim WS, Lee YS, Cha SH, Jeong HW, Choe SS, Lee MR, Oh GT, Park HS, Lee KU, Lane MD, Kim JBBerberine improves lipid dysregulation in obesity by controlling central and peripheral AMPK activityAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2009 Apr)
61.^Brusq JM, Ancellin N, Grondin P, Guillard R, Martin S, Saintillan Y, Issandou MInhibition of lipid synthesis through activation of AMP kinase: an additional mechanism for the hypolipidemic effects of berberineJ Lipid Res.(2006 Jun)
62.^Kong W, Wei J, Abidi P, Lin M, Inaba S, Li C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Si S, Pan H, Wang S, Wu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu J, Jiang JDBerberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statinsNat Med.(2004 Dec)
63.^Hypothalamic malonyl-CoA triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative gene expression in skeletal muscle: Role of PGC-1α
64.^Turnley AM, Stapleton D, Mann RJ, Witters LA, Kemp BE, Bartlett PFCellular distribution and developmental expression of AMP-activated protein kinase isoforms in mouse central nervous systemJ Neurochem.(1999 Apr)
65.^Neidle SHuman telomeric G-quadruplex: the current status of telomeric G-quadruplexes as therapeutic targets in human cancerFEBS J.(2010 Mar)
66.^Ou TM, Lu YJ, Tan JH, Huang ZS, Wong KY, Gu LQG-quadruplexes: targets in anticancer drug designChemMedChem.(2008 May)
67.^Monchaud D, Teulade-Fichou MPA hitchhiker's guide to G-quadruplex ligandsOrg Biomol Chem.(2008 Feb 21)
68.^Arora A, Balasubramanian C, Kumar N, Agrawal S, Ojha RP, Maiti SBinding of berberine to human telomeric quadruplex - spectroscopic, calorimetric and molecular modeling studiesFEBS J.(2008 Aug)
69.^Zhang WJ, Ou TM, Lu YJ, Huang YY, Wu WB, Huang ZS, Zhou JL, Wong KY, Gu LQ9-Substituted berberine derivatives as G-quadruplex stabilizing ligands in telomeric DNABioorg Med Chem.(2007 Aug 15)
70.^Ma Y, Ou TM, Tan JH, Hou JQ, Huang SL, Gu LQ, Huang ZSSynthesis and evaluation of 9-O-substituted berberine derivatives containing aza-aromatic terminal group as highly selective telomeric G-quadruplex stabilizing ligandsBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2009 Jul 1)
71.^Bazzicalupi C, Ferraroni M, Bilia AR, Scheggi F, Gratteri PThe crystal structure of human telomeric DNA complexed with berberine: an interesting case of stacked ligand to G-tetrad ratio higher than 1:1Nucleic Acids Res.(2012 Oct 26)
72.^Naasani I, Seimiya H, Yamori T, Tsuruo TFJ5002: a potent telomerase inhibitor identified by exploiting the disease-oriented screening program with COMPARE analysisCancer Res.(1999 Aug 15)
73.^Mahata S, Bharti AC, Shukla S, Tyagi A, Husain SA, Das BCBerberine modulates AP-1 activity to suppress HPV transcription and downstream signaling to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cervical cancer cellsMol Cancer.(2011 Apr 15)
74.^Wang X, Xing D, Wang W, Lei F, Su H, Du LThe uptake and transport behavior of berberine in Coptidis Rhizoma extract through rat primary cultured cortical neuronsNeurosci Lett.(2005 May 6)
75.^Olmez E, Ilhan MEvaluation of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonistic action of berberine in isolated organsArzneimittelforschung.(1992 Sep)
76.^Hui KK, Yu JL, Chan WF, Tse EInteraction of berberine with human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptorsLife Sci.(1991)
77.^Vizi ES, Toth I, Somogyi GT, Szabo L, Harsing LG Jr, Szantay CBerbanes: a new class of selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonistsJ Med Chem.(1987 Aug)
78.^Zhao X, Nan Y, Xiao C, Zheng J, Zheng X, Wei Y, Zhang YScreening the bioactive compounds in aqueous extract of Coptidis rhizoma which specifically bind to rabbit lung tissues beta2-adrenoceptor using an affinity chromatographic selection methodJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2010 Jul 15)
79.^Kulkarni SK, Dhir AOn the mechanism of antidepressant-like action of berberine chlorideEur J Pharmacol.(2008 Jul 28)
80.^Berberine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test and in the tail suspension test in mice
81.^Kong LD, Cheng CH, Tan RXMonoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisPlanta Med.(2001 Feb)
82.^Castillo J, Hung J, Rodriguez M, Bastidas E, Laboren I, Jaimes ALED fluorescence spectroscopy for direct determination of monoamine oxidase B inactivationAnal Biochem.(2005 Aug 15)
84.^Kalalian-Moghaddam H, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Goshadrou F, Ronaghi AHippocampal synaptic plasticity restoration and anti-apoptotic effect underlie berberine improvement of learning and memory in streptozotocin-diabetic ratsEur J Pharmacol.(2013 Jan 5)
85.^Reisi P, Babri S, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Mohaddes G, Noorbakhsh SM, Lashgari RTreadmill running improves long-term potentiation (LTP) defects in streptozotocin-induced diabetes at dentate gyrus in ratsPathophysiology.(2010 Feb)
86.^Artola ADiabetes-, stress- and ageing-related changes in synaptic plasticity in hippocampus and neocortex--the same metaplastic processEur J Pharmacol.(2008 May 6)
87.^Ye L, Wang F, Yang RHDiabetes impairs learning performance and affects the mitochondrial function of hippocampal pyramidal neuronsBrain Res.(2011 Sep 9)
88.^Bhutada P, Mundhada Y, Bansod K, Tawari S, Patil S, Dixit P, Umathe S, Mundhada DProtection of cholinergic and antioxidant system contributes to the effect of berberine ameliorating memory dysfunction in rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetesBehav Brain Res.(2011 Jun 20)
89.^Kulkarni SK, Dhir APossible involvement of L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in the antidepressant activity of berberine chlorideEur J Pharmacol.(2007 Aug 13)
90.^Kulkarni SK, Dhir Asigma-1 receptors in major depression and anxietyExpert Rev Neurother.(2009 Jul)
91.^Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of Sigma-1 Receptors: Towards A Hypothesis that Sigma-1 Receptors are Intracellular Amplifiers for Signal Transduction
92.^Current hypotheses on sigma receptors and their physiological role: possible implications in psychiatry
93.^Monnet FPSigma-1 receptor as regulator of neuronal intracellular Ca2+: clinical and therapeutic relevanceBiol Cell.(2005 Dec)
94.^Fontanilla D, Johannessen M, Hajipour AR, Cozzi NV, Jackson MB, Ruoho AEThe hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulatorScience.(2009 Feb 13)
95.^Huang L, Luo Z, He F, Shi A, Qin F, Li XBerberine derivatives, with substituted amino groups linked at the 9-position, as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesteraseBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2010 Nov 15)
96.^Jung HA, Min BS, Yokozawa T, Lee JH, Kim YS, Choi JSAnti-Alzheimer and antioxidant activities of Coptidis Rhizoma alkaloidsBiol Pharm Bull.(2009 Aug)
97.^Ingkaninan K, Phengpa P, Yuenyongsawad S, Khorana NAcetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Stephania venosa tuberJ Pharm Pharmacol.(2006 May)
98.^Chen XW, Di YM, Zhang J, Zhou ZW, Li CG, Zhou SFInteraction of herbal compounds with biological targets: a case study with berberineScientificWorldJournal.(2012)
99.^Asai M, Iwata N, Yoshikawa A, Aizaki Y, Ishiura S, Saido TC, Maruyama KBerberine alters the processing of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein to decrease Abeta secretionBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2007 Jan 12)
100.^Zhu F, Wu F, Ma Y, Liu G, Li Z, Sun Y, Pei ZDecrease in the production of β-amyloid by berberine inhibition of the expression of β-secretase in HEK293 cellsBMC Neurosci.(2011 Dec 12)
101.^Lee B, Sur B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DHPhellodendron amurense and Its Major Alkaloid Compound, Berberine Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Neuronal Impairment and Memory Dysfunction in RatsKorean J Physiol Pharmacol.(2012 Apr)
102.^Zhang Q, Qian Z, Pan L, Li H, Zhu HHypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates the anti-apoptosis of berberine in neurons during hypoxia/ischemiaActa Physiol Hung.(2012 Sep)
103.^Hu J, Chai Y, Wang Y, Kheir MM, Li H, Yuan Z, Wan H, Xing D, Lei F, Du LPI3K p55γ promoter activity enhancement is involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of berberine against cerebral ischemia-reperfusionEur J Pharmacol.(2012 Jan 15)
104.^Kwon IH, Choi HS, Shin KS, Lee BK, Lee CK, Hwang BY, Lim SC, Lee MKEffects of berberine on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and a rat model of Parkinson's diseaseNeurosci Lett.(2010 Dec 3)
105.^Segura Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RMNeurotoxins and neurotoxic species implicated in neurodegenerationNeurotox Res.(2004)
107.^Lee B, Sur B, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DHEffect of berberine on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and activation of the noradrenergic system induced by development of morphine dependence in ratsKorean J Physiol Pharmacol.(2012 Dec)
108.^Chang W, Zhang M, Li J, Meng Z, Xiao D, Wei S, Chen L, Wang C, Hatch GMBerberine Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Via Regulation of Adenosine-5'-monophosphate Kinase Activity in Both Non-ischemic and Ischemic Areas of the Rat HeartCardiovasc Drugs Ther.(2012 Dec)
109.^Wang LH, Li XL, Li Q, Fu Y, Yu HJ, Sun YQ, Zhang L, Shan HLBerberine alleviates ischemic arrhythmias via recovering depressed I(to) and I(Ca) currents in diabetic ratsPhytomedicine.(2012 Feb 15)
110.^Gong LL, Fang LH, Wang SB, Sun JL, Qin HL, Li XX, Wang SB, Du GHCoptisine exert cardioprotective effect through anti-oxidative and inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in ratsAtherosclerosis.(2012 May)
111.^Kim YM, Ha YM, Jin YC, Shi LY, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Seo HG, Choi JS, Kim YS, Kang SS, Lee JH, Chang KCPalmatine from Coptidis rhizoma reduces ischemia-reperfusion-mediated acute myocardial injury in the ratFood Chem Toxicol.(2009 Aug)
112.^Soloff MS, Gal S, Hoare S, Peters CA, Hunzicker-Dunn M, Anderson GD, Wood TGCloning, characterization, and expression of the rat relaxin geneGene.(2003 Dec 24)
113.^Gu HP, Lin S, Xu M, Yu HY, Du XJ, Zhang YY, Yuan G, Gao WUp-regulating relaxin expression by G-quadruplex interactive ligand to achieve antifibrotic actionEndocrinology.(2012 Aug)
114.^Du XJ, Bathgate RA, Samuel CS, Dart AM, Summers RJCardiovascular effects of relaxin: from basic science to clinical therapyNat Rev Cardiol.(2010 Jan)
115.^Salehi S, Filtz TMBerberine possesses muscarinic agonist-like properties in cultured rodent cardiomyocytesPharmacol Res.(2011 Apr)
117.^Zeng XH, Zeng XJ, Li YYEfficacy and safety of berberine for congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathyAm J Cardiol.(2003 Jul 15)
118.^Zheng L, Zhou Z, Tao D, Lan TProtective effect of berberine on cardiac myocyte injured by ischemia-reperfusionSichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.(2003 Jul)
119.^Xiao HB, Sun ZL, Zhang HB, Zhang DSBerberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide induced inflammationPharmacol Rep.(2012 Jul)
120.^Lee S, Lim HJ, Park JH, Lee KS, Jang Y, Park HYBerberine-induced LDLR up-regulation involves JNK pathwayBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2007 Nov 3)
121.^Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase–Dependent Stabilization of Hepatic Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor mRNA by Herbal Medicine Berberine
122.^Duff CJ, Hooper NMPCSK9: an emerging target for treatment of hypercholesterolemiaExpert Opin Ther Targets.(2011 Feb)
123.^Feingold KR, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Patzek SM, Grunfeld CInflammation stimulates the expression of PCSK9Biochem Biophys Res Commun.(2008 Sep 19)
124.^Inhibition of lipid synthesis through activation of AMP kinase: an additional mechanism for the hypolipidemic effects of berberine
125.^Cicero AF, Rovati LC, Setnikar IEulipidemic effects of berberine administered alone or in combination with other natural cholesterol-lowering agents. A single-blind clinical investigationArzneimittelforschung.(2007)
126.^Hu Y, Ehli EA, Kittelsrud J, Ronan PJ, Munger K, Downey T, Bohlen K, Callahan L, Munson V, Jahnke M, Marshall LL, Nelson K, Huizenga P, Hansen R, Soundy TJ, Davies GELipid-lowering effect of berberine in human subjects and ratsPhytomedicine.(2012 Jul 15)
127.^Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Bonaventura A, Bianchi L, Romano D, Maffioli PEffects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular riskExpert Opin Biol Ther.(2013 Apr)
128.^Dong H, Wang N, Zhao L, Lu FBerberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysisEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
129.^Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, Jafarzadeh M, Tarhini A, Fatehi MThe antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit on hypertensive ratsPhytother Res.(2005 Mar)
130.^Chun YT, Yip TT, Lau KL, Kong YC, Sankawa UA biochemical study on the hypotensive effect of berberine in ratsGen Pharmacol.(1979)
131.^Lau CW, Yao XQ, Chen ZY, Ko WH, Huang YCardiovascular actions of berberineCardiovasc Drug Rev.(2001 Fall)
132.^Wong KKMechanism of the aortic relaxation induced by low concentrations of berberinePlanta Med.(1998 Dec)
134.^Cheng B, Luo LY, Fang DC, Jiang MXCardiovascular aspects of pharmacology of berberine: I. Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of berberine in isolated rat anococcygeus muscle and rabbit aortic stripJ Tongji Med Univ.(1987)
135.^Bova S, Padrini R, Goldman WF, Berman DM, Cargnelli GOn the mechanism of vasodilating action of berberine: possible role of inositol lipid signaling systemJ Pharmacol Exp Ther.(1992 Apr)
136.^Huang CG, Chu ZL, Wei SJ, Jiang H, Jiao BHEffect of berberine on arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit platelets and endothelial cellsThromb Res.(2002 May 15)
137.^Imanshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh HPharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberinePhytother Res.(2008 Aug)
138.^Cao JW, Luo HS, Yu BP, Huang XD, Sheng ZX, Yu JPEffects of berberine on intracellular free calcium in smooth muscle cells of Guinea pig colonDigestion.(2001)
139.^Huang Z, Dong F, Li S, Chu M, Zhou H, Lu Z, Huang WBerberine-induced inhibition of adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 attenuates oxidized low-density lipoprotein accumulation and foam cell formation in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced macrophagesEur J Pharmacol.(2012 Sep 5)
140.^Huang Z, Cai X, Li S, Zhou H, Chu M, Shan P, Huang WBerberine‑attenuated monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells induced by oxidized low‑density lipoprotein via inhibition of adhesion molecule expressionMol Med Report.(2013 Feb)
141.^Wang Q, Zhang M, Liang B, Shirwany N, Zhu Y, Zou MHActivation of AMP-activated protein kinase is required for berberine-induced reduction of atherosclerosis in mice: the role of uncoupling protein 2PLoS One.(2011)
143.^Huang C, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Sheng X, Li Z, Zhang W, Qin YBerberine inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through the PPARgamma pathwayBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2006 Sep 22)
144.^Yang J, Yin J, Gao H, Xu L, Wang Y, Xu L, Li MBerberine improves insulin sensitivity by inhibiting fat store and adjusting adipokines profile in human preadipocytes and metabolic syndrome patientsEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
146.^Pham TP, Kwon J, Shin JBerberine exerts anti-adipogenic activity through up-regulation of C/EBP inhibitors, CHOP and DEC2Biochem Biophys Res Commun.(2011 Sep 23)
147.^Bae S, Yoon YAnti-Adipogenic Activity of Berberine is Not Mediated by the WNT/β-Catenin PathwayPhytother Res.(2012 Dec 27)
148.^Zhou J, Zhou SBerberine regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and positive transcription elongation factor b expression in diabetic adipocytesEur J Pharmacol.(2010 Dec 15)
149.^Zhou L, Wang X, Yang Y, Wu L, Li F, Zhang R, Yuan G, Wang N, Chen M, Ning GBerberine attenuates cAMP-induced lipolysis via reducing the inhibition of phosphodiesterase in 3T3-L1 adipocytesBiochim Biophys Acta.(2011 Apr)
150.^Zhou L, Wang X, Shao L, Yang Y, Shang W, Yuan G, Jiang B, Li F, Tang J, Jing H, Chen MBerberine acutely inhibits insulin secretion from beta-cells through 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate signaling pathwayEndocrinology.(2008 Sep)
152.^Basu R, Pajvani UB, Rizza RA, Scherer PESelective downregulation of the high molecular weight form of adiponectin in hyperinsulinemia and in type 2 diabetes: differential regulation from nondiabetic subjectsDiabetes.(2007 Aug)
153.^Wang Y, Lam KS, Yau MH, Xu APost-translational modifications of adiponectin: mechanisms and functional implicationsBiochem J.(2008 Feb 1)
154.^Li Y, Wang P, Zhuang Y, Lin H, Li Y, Liu L, Meng Q, Cui T, Liu J, Li ZActivation of AMPK by berberine promotes adiponectin multimerization in 3T3-L1 adipocytesFEBS Lett.(2011 Jun 23)
155.^Lin H, Li ZAdiponectin self-regulates its expression and multimerization in adipose tissue: an autocrine/paracrine mechanismMed Hypotheses.(2012 Jan)
156.^Prabhakar PK, Doble MEffect of Natural Products on Commercial Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Enhancing 2-Deoxyglucose Uptake by 3T3-L1 AdipocytesTher Adv Endocrinol Metab.(2011 Jun)
157.^Wang SH, Wang WJ, Wang XF, Chen WEffect of Astragalus polysaccharides and berberine on carbohydrate metabolism and cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytesZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2004 Oct)
158.^Chen C, Zhang Y, Huang CBerberine inhibits PTP1B activity and mimics insulin actionBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2010 Jul 2)
159.^Cok A, Plaisier C, Salie MJ, Oram DS, Chenge J, Louters LLBerberine acutely activates the glucose transport activity of GLUT1Biochimie.(2011 Jul)
160.^Kim SH, Shin EJ, Kim ED, Bayaraa T, Frost SC, Hyun CKBerberine activates GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytesBiol Pharm Bull.(2007 Nov)
161.^Bustanji Y, Taha MO, Yousef AM, Al-Bakri AGBerberine potently inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B: investigation by docking simulation and experimental validationJ Enzyme Inhib Med Chem.(2006 Apr)
162.^Yi P, Lu FE, Xu LJ, Chen G, Dong H, Wang KFBerberine reverses free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting IKKbetaWorld J Gastroenterol.(2008 Feb 14)
163.^Choi BH, Ahn IS, Kim YH, Park JW, Lee SY, Hyun CK, Do MSBerberine reduces the expression of adipogenic enzymes and inflammatory molecules of 3T3-L1 adipocyteExp Mol Med.(2006 Dec 31)
164.^Yi P, Lu FE, Chen GMolecular mechanism of berberine in improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acid through inhibiting nuclear trascription factor-kappaB p65 in 3T3-L1 adipocytesZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(2007 Dec)
165.^Yan HM, Xia MF, Wang Y, Chang XX, Yao XZ, Rao SX, Zeng MS, Tu YF, Feng R, Jia WP, Liu J, Deng W, Jiang JD, Gao XEfficacy of Berberine in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseasePLoS One.(2015 Aug 7)
166.^Pan GY, Huang ZJ, Wang GJ, Fawcett JP, Liu XD, Zhao XC, Sun JG, Xie YYThe antihyperglycaemic activity of berberine arises from a decrease of glucose absorptionPlanta Med.(2003 Jul)
167.^Liu SZ, Deng YX, Chen B, Zhang XJ, Shi QZ, Qiu XMAntihyperglycemic effect of the traditional Chinese scutellaria-coptis herb couple and its main components in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2012 Nov 23)
168.^Liu L, Yu YL, Yang JS, Li Y, Liu YW, Liang Y, Liu XD, Xie L, Wang GJBerberine suppresses intestinal disaccharidases with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic states, evidences from in vivo and in vitro studyNaunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.(2010 Apr)
169.^Liu L, Deng Y, Yu S, Lu S, Xie L, Liu XBerberine attenuates intestinal disaccharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsPharmazie.(2008 May)
170.^Tintu I, Dileep KV, Augustine A, Sadasivan CAn isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine, can inhibit fungal alpha amylase: enzyme kinetic and molecular modeling studiesChem Biol Drug Des.(2012 Oct)
171.^Ni YXTherapeutic effect of berberine on 60 patients with type II diabetes mellitus and experimental researchZhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(1988 Dec)
172.^Sterne JA, Gavaghan D, Egger MPublication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literatureJ Clin Epidemiol.(2000 Nov)
173.^Zhang H, Wei J, Xue R, Wu JD, Zhao W, Wang ZZ, Wang SK, Zhou ZX, Song DQ, Wang YM, Pan HN, Kong WJ, Jiang JDBerberine lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through increasing insulin receptor expressionMetabolism.(2010 Feb)
174.^Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Espinel-Bermúdez MCEffect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretionMetab Syndr Relat Disord.(2013 Oct)
177.^Ma X, Egawa T, Kimura H, Karaike K, Masuda S, Iwanaka N, Hayashi TBerberine-induced activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and glucose transport in rat skeletal musclesMetabolism.(2010 Nov)
178.^Gomes AP, Duarte FV, Nunes P, Hubbard BP, Teodoro JS, Varela AT, Jones JG, Sinclair DA, Palmeira CM, Rolo APBerberine protects against high fat diet-induced dysfunction in muscle mitochondria by inducing SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesisBiochim Biophys Acta.(2012 Feb)
179.^Liu LZ, Cheung SC, Lan LL, Ho SK, Xu HX, Chan JC, Tong PCBerberine modulates insulin signaling transduction in insulin-resistant cellsMol Cell Endocrinol.(2010 Apr 12)
180.^Kong WJ, Zhang H, Song DQ, Xue R, Zhao W, Wei J, Wang YM, Shan N, Zhou ZX, Yang P, You XF, Li ZR, Si SY, Zhao LX, Pan HN, Jiang JDBerberine reduces insulin resistance through protein kinase C-dependent up-regulation of insulin receptor expressionMetabolism.(2009 Jan)
181.^Krawiec BJ, Nystrom GJ, Frost RA, Jefferson LS, Lang CHAMP-activated protein kinase agonists increase mRNA content of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1 in C2C12 cellsAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2007 Jun)
182.^Wang XH, Jiang SM, Sun QWEffects of berberine on human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytesExp Biol Med (Maywood).(2011 Jul 1)
183.^Evidence for metalloproteinase and metalloproteinase inhibitor imbalance in human osteoarthritic cartilage
184.^Hu PF, Chen WP, Tang JL, Bao JP, Wu LDProtective effects of berberine in an experimental rat osteoarthritis modelPhytother Res.(2011 Jun)
185.^Ivanovska N, Philipov S, Hristova MInfluence of berberine on T-cell mediated immunityImmunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.(1999 Nov)
186.^Yan F, Wang L, Shi Y, Cao H, Liu L, Washington MK, Chaturvedi R, Israel DA, Cao H, Wang B, Peek RM Jr, Wilson KT, Polk DBBerberine promotes recovery of colitis and inhibits inflammatory responses in colonic macrophages and epithelial cells in DSS-treated miceAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2012 Mar 1)
187.^Lee IA, Hyun YJ, Kim DHBerberine ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, enterobacterial growth and NF-κB activationEur J Pharmacol.(2010 Dec 1)
188.^Kuo CL, Chi CW, Liu TYThe anti-inflammatory potential of berberine in vitro and in vivoCancer Lett.(2004 Jan 20)
189.^Park JE, Cuong TD, Hung TM, Lee I, Na M, Kim JC, Ryoo S, Lee JH, Choi JS, Woo MH, Min BSAlkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cellsBioorg Med Chem Lett.(2011 Dec 1)
190.^Huang Z, Meng S, Wang L, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang CSuppression of oxLDL-induced MMP-9 and EMMPRIN expression by berberine via inhibition of NF-κB activation in human THP-1 macrophagesAnat Rec (Hoboken).(2012 Jan)
191.^Guan S, Wang B, Li W, Guan J, Fang XEffects of berberine on expression of LOX-1 and SR-BI in human macrophage-derived foam cells induced by ox-LDLAm J Chin Med.(2010)
192.^Kim BH, Kim M, Yin CH, Jee JG, Sandoval C, Lee H, Bach EA, Hahm DH, Baeg GHInhibition of the signalling kinase JAK3 alleviates inflammation in monoarthritic ratsBr J Pharmacol.(2011 Sep)
193.^Papageorgiou AC, Wikman LEIs JAK3 a new drug target for immunomodulation-based therapiesTrends Pharmacol Sci.(2004 Nov)
194.^Malaviya R, Zhu D, Dibirdik I, Uckun FMTargeting Janus kinase 3 in mast cells prevents immediate hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxisJ Biol Chem.(1999 Sep 17)
195.^Cecil CE, Davis JM, Cech NB, Laster SMInhibition of H1N1 influenza A virus growth and induction of inflammatory mediators by the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine and extracts of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)Int Immunopharmacol.(2011 Nov)
197.^Chen TC, Lai KC, Yang JS, Liao CL, Hsia TC, Chen GW, Lin JJ, Lin HJ, Chiu TH, Tang YJ, Chung JGInvolvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cellsInt J Oncol.(2009 Jun)
198.^Eom KS, Kim HJ, So HS, Park R, Kim TYBerberine-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress accompanying reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunctionBiol Pharm Bull.(2010)
199.^Lin JP, Yang JS, Chang NW, Chiu TH, Su CC, Lu KW, Ho YT, Yeh CC, Mei-Dueyang, Lin HJ, Chung JGGADD153 mediates berberine-induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer Ca ski cellsAnticancer Res.(2007 Sep-Oct)
200.^Lin CC, Yang JS, Chen JT, Fan S, Yu FS, Yang JL, Lu CC, Kao MC, Huang AC, Lu HF, Chung JGBerberine induces apoptosis in human HSC-3 oral cancer cells via simultaneous activation of the death receptor-mediated and mitochondrial pathwayAnticancer Res.(2007 Sep-Oct)
201.^Sun Y, Xun K, Wang Y, Chen XA systematic review of the anticancer properties of berberine, a natural product from Chinese herbsAnticancer Drugs.(2009 Oct)
202.^Hao X, Yao A, Gong J, Zhu W, Li N, Li JBerberine ameliorates pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in human intestinal epithelial cells in vitroInflammation.(2012 Jun)
203.^Wang ZS, Lu FE, Xu LJ, Dong HBerberine reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves insulin signal transduction in Hep G2 cellsActa Pharmacol Sin.(2010 May)
204.^Zha W, Liang G, Xiao J, Studer EJ, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM Jr, Wang G, Li X, Zhou HBerberine inhibits HIV protease inhibitor-induced inflammatory response by modulating ER stress signaling pathways in murine macrophagesPLoS One.(2010 Feb 9)
205.^Zhou J, Zhou S, Tang J, Zhang K, Guang L, Huang Y, Xu Y, Ying Y, Zhang L, Li DProtective effect of berberine on beta cells in streptozotocin- and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic ratsEur J Pharmacol.(2009 Mar 15)
206.^Liu J, He C, Zhou K, Wang J, Kang JXCoptis extracts enhance the anticancer effect of estrogen receptor antagonists on human breast cancer cellsBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2009 Jan 9)
207.^Doyle ME, Egan JMMechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pancreasPharmacol Ther.(2007 Mar)
208.^Meier JJ, Nauck MAGlucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) in biology and pathologyDiabetes Metab Res Rev.(2005 Mar-Apr)
209.^Holst JJ, Gromada JRole of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humansAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2004 Aug)
210.^Shou-Si Lu, Yun-Li Yu, Hao-Jie Zhu1, Xiao-Dong Liu, Li Liu, Yao-Wu Liu, Ping Wang, Lin Xie and Guang-Ji WangJ Endocrinol.(2008)
211.^Li J1, Gu L, Zhang H, Liu T, Tian D, Zhou M, Zhou SBerberine represses DAXX gene transcription and induces cancer cell apoptosisLab Invest.(2013 Mar)
212.^Marverti G1, Ligabue A, Lombardi P, Ferrari S, Monti MG, Frassineti C, Costi MPModulation of the expression of folate cycle enzymes and polyamine metabolism by berberine in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian cancer cellsInt J Oncol.(2013 Oct)
213.^Tsang CM, Cheung YC, Lui VW, Yip YL, Zhang G, Lin VW, Cheung KC, Feng Y1, Tsao SWBerberine suppresses tumorigenicity and growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting STAT3 activation induced by tumor associated fibroblastsBMC Cancer.(2013 Dec 31)
214.^Wu HL1, Hsu CY, Liu WH, Yung BYBerberine-induced apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells is associated with down-regulation of nucleophosmin/B23 and telomerase activityInt J Cancer.(1999 Jun 11)
215.^Fu L1, Chen W, Guo W, Wang J, Tian Y, Shi D, Zhang X, Qiu H, Xiao X, Kang T, Huang W, Wang S, Deng WBerberine Targets AP-2/hTERT, NF-κB/COX-2, HIF-1α/VEGF and Cytochrome-c/Caspase Signaling to Suppress Human Cancer Cell GrowthPLoS One.(2013 Jul 15)
216.^Ho YT1, Lu CC, Yang JS, Chiang JH, Li TC, Ip SW, Hsia TC, Liao CL, Lin JG, Wood WG, Chung JGBerberine induced apoptosis via promoting the expression of caspase-8, -9 and -3, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G in SCC-4 human tongue squamous carcinoma cancer cellsAnticancer Res.(2009 Oct)
217.^Peng PL1, Hsieh YS, Wang CJ, Hsu JL, Chou FPInhibitory effect of berberine on the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-2Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.(2006 Jul 1)
218.^Hamsa TP1, Kuttan GBerberine inhibits pulmonary metastasis through down-regulation of MMP in metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cellsPhytother Res.(2012 Apr)
219.^Eisenberg-Lerner A1, Kimchi AThe paradox of autophagy and its implication in cancer etiology and therapyApoptosis.(2009 Apr)
220.^Wang N1, Feng Y, Zhu M, Tsang CM, Man K, Tong Y, Tsao SWBerberine induces autophagic cell death and mitochondrial apoptosis in liver cancer cells: the cellular mechanismJ Cell Biochem.(2010 Dec 15)
221.^Peng PL1, Kuo WH, Tseng HC, Chou FPSynergistic tumor-killing effect of radiation and berberine combined treatment in lung cancer: the contribution of autophagic cell deathInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.(2008 Feb 1)
222.^Chou TC, Talalay PQuantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitorsAdv Enzyme Regul.(1984)
223.^Tong N, Zhang J, Chen Y, Li Z, Luo Y, Zuo H, Zhao XBerberine sensitizes mutliple human cancer cells to the anticancer effects of doxorubicin in vitroOncol Lett.(2012 Jun)
224.^Zhao X, Zhang J, Tong N, Chen Y, Luo YProtective effects of berberine on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in miceBiol Pharm Bull.(2012)
225.^Choi MS1, Yuk DY, Oh JH, Jung HY, Han SB, Moon DC, Hong JTBerberine inhibits human neuroblastoma cell growth through induction of p53-dependent apoptosisAnticancer Res.(2008 Nov-Dec)
226.^Eom KS1, Hong JM, Youn MJ, So HS, Park R, Kim JM, Kim TYBerberine induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells through mitochondrial/caspases pathwayBiol Pharm Bull.(2008 Apr)
227.^Patil JB1, Kim J, Jayaprakasha GKBerberine induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) through mitochondrial-dependent pathwayEur J Pharmacol.(2010 Oct 25)
228.^Marquez RT, Xu LBcl-2:Beclin 1 complex: multiple, mechanisms regulating autophagy/apoptosis toggle switchAm J Cancer Res.(2012)
230.^Park KS, Kim JB, Bae J, Park SY, Jee HG, Lee KE, Youn YKBerberine inhibited the growth of thyroid cancer cell lines 8505C and TPC1Yonsei Med J.(2012 Mar)
231.^Wang L, Liu L, Shi Y, Cao H, Chaturvedi R, Calcutt MW, Hu T, Ren X, Wilson KT, Polk DB, Yan FBerberine induces caspase-independent cell death in colon tumor cells through activation of apoptosis-inducing factorPLoS One.(2012)
232.^Choi MS1, Oh JH, Kim SM, Jung HY, Yoo HS, Lee YM, Moon DC, Han SB, Hong JTBerberine inhibits p53-dependent cell growth through induction of apoptosis of prostate cancer cellsInt J Oncol.(2009 May)
233.^Meeran SM1, Katiyar S, Katiyar SKBerberine-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species generationToxicol Appl Pharmacol.(2008 May 15)
234.^Letasiová S1, Jantová S, Cipák L, Múcková MBerberine-antiproliferative activity in vitro and induction of apoptosis/necrosis of the U937 and B16 cellsCancer Lett.(2006 Aug 8)
235.^Lin CC1, Kao ST, Chen GW, Ho HC, Chung JGApoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells and murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells induced by berberine through the activation of caspase-3Anticancer Res.(2006 Jan-Feb)
236.^Xia X, Yan J, Shen Y, Tang K, Yin J, Zhang Y, Yang D, Liang H, Ye J, Weng JBerberine improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesisPLoS One.(2011 Feb 3)
237.^Li H, Dong B, Park SW, Lee HS, Chen W, Liu JHepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha plays a critical role in PCSK9 gene transcription and regulation by the natural hypocholesterolemic compound berberineJ Biol Chem.(2009 Oct 16)
238.^Cameron J, Ranheim T, Kulseth MA, Leren TP, Berge KEBerberine decreases PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cellsAtherosclerosis.(2008 Dec)
239.^Zhang BJ, Xu D, Guo Y, Ping J, Chen LB, Wang HProtection by and anti-oxidant mechanism of berberine against rat liver fibrosis induced by multiple hepatotoxic factorsClin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.(2008 Mar)
240.^Sun X, Zhang X, Hu H, Lu Y, Chen J, Yasuda K, Wang HBerberine inhibits hepatic stellate cell proliferation and prevents experimental liver fibrosisBiol Pharm Bull.(2009 Sep)
241.^Wang N, Feng Y, Cheung F, Chow OY, Wang X, Su W, Tong YA comparative study on the hepatoprotective action of bear bile and coptidis rhizoma aqueous extract on experimental liver fibrosis in ratsBMC Complement Altern Med.(2012 Nov 29)
242.^Chang X, Yan H, Fei J, Jiang M, Zhu H, Lu D, Gao XBerberine reduces methylation of the MTTP promoter and alleviates fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in ratsJ Lipid Res.(2010 Sep)
243.^Wetterau JR, Lin MC, Jamil HMicrosomal triglyceride transfer proteinBiochim Biophys Acta.(1997 Apr 1)
244.^Lu SS, Yu YL, Zhu HJ, Liu XD, Liu L, Liu YW, Wang P, Xie L, Wang GJBerberine promotes glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide secretion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsJ Endocrinol.(2009 Feb)
245.^Sack RB, Froehlich JLBerberine inhibits intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxinsInfect Immun.(1982 Feb)
246.^Yuan J, Shen XZ, Zhu XSEffect of berberine on transit time of human small intestineZhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.(1994 Dec)
247.^Strober W, Fuss I, Mannon PThe fundamental basis of inflammatory bowel diseaseJ Clin Invest.(2007 Mar)
248.^Xavier RJ, Podolsky DKUnravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseaseNature.(2007 Jul 26)
249.^Zhang M, Long Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Wu H, Guo Z, Li Y, Niu Y, Li C, Liu L, Mei QEvidence for the complementary and synergistic effects of the three-alkaloid combination regimen containing berberine, hypaconitine and skimmianine on the ulcerative colitis rats induced by trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acidEur J Pharmacol.(2011 Jan 25)
250.^Zhou H, Mineshita SThe effect of berberine chloride on experimental colitis in rats in vivo and in vitroJ Pharmacol Exp Ther.(2000 Sep)
251.^Kawashima K, Nomura A, Makino T, Saito K, Kano YPharmacological properties of traditional medicine (XXIX): effect of Hange-shashin-to and the combinations of its herbal constituents on rat experimental colitisBiol Pharm Bull.(2004 Oct)
252.^Hong T, Yang Z, Lv CF, Zhang YSuppressive effect of berberine on experimental dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitisImmunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.(2012 Jun)
253.^Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Pang X, Xu J, Kang C, Li M, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li X, Ning G, Zhao LStructural changes of gut microbiota during berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed ratsPLoS One.(2012)
254.^Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, Zhang H, Lu K, Li FF, Peng HYEffects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohortOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol.(2012 Dec 12)
255.^Gao N, Zhao TY, Li XJThe protective effect of berberine on β-cell lipoapoptosisJ Endocrinol Invest.(2011 Feb)
256.^Gu JJ, Gao FY, Zhao TYA preliminary investigation of the mechanisms underlying the effect of berberine in preventing high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in ratsJ Physiol Pharmacol.(2012 Oct)
257.^Leng SH, Lu FE, Xu LJTherapeutic effects of berberine in impaired glucose tolerance rats and its influence on insulin secretionActa Pharmacol Sin.(2004 Apr)
258.^Ko BS, Choi SB, Park SK, Jang JS, Kim YE, Park SInsulin sensitizing and insulinotropic action of berberine from Cortidis rhizomaBiol Pharm Bull.(2005 Aug)
259.^Yin J, Hu R, Chen M, Tang J, Li F, Yang Y, Chen JEffects of berberine on glucose metabolism in vitroMetabolism.(2002 Nov)
260.^Leclerc I, Rutter GAAMP-activated protein kinase: a new beta-cell glucose sensor?: Regulation by amino acids and calcium ionsDiabetes.(2004 Dec)
261.^Activation of protein kinases and inhibition of protein phosphatases play a central role in the regulation of exocytosis in mouse pancreatic beta cells
262.^Tsuboi T, da Silva Xavier G, Holz GG, Jouaville LS, Thomas AP, Rutter GAGlucagon-like peptide-1 mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ and stimulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis in pancreatic MIN6 beta-cellsBiochem J.(2003 Jan 15)
263.^Rayasam GV, Tulasi VK, Sundaram S, Singh W, Kant R, Davis JA, Saini KS, Ray AIdentification of berberine as a novel agonist of fatty acid receptor GPR40Phytother Res.(2010 Aug)
264.^Abdel-Haq H, Cometa MF, Palmery M, Leone MG, Silvestrini B, Saso LRelaxant effects of Hydrastis canadensis L. and its major alkaloids on guinea pig isolated tracheaPharmacol Toxicol.(2000 Nov)
265.^Wang FL, Tang LQ, Yang F, Zhu LN, Cai M, Wei WRenoprotective effects of berberine and its possible molecular mechanisms in combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsMol Biol Rep.(2012 Nov 30)
266.^Tang LQ, Wang FL, Zhu LN, Lv F, Liu S, Zhang STBerberine ameliorates renal injury by regulating G proteins-AC- cAMP signaling in diabetic rats with nephropathyMol Biol Rep.(2012 Dec 25)
267.^Wu D, Wen W, Qi CL, Zhao RX, Lü JH, Zhong CY, Chen YYAmeliorative effect of berberine on renal damage in rats with diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocinPhytomedicine.(2012 Jun 15)
268.^Liu W, Tang F, Deng Y, Li X, Lan T, Zhang X, Huang H, Liu PBerberine reduces fibronectin and collagen accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells cultured under high glucose conditionMol Cell Biochem.(2009 May)
269.^Jiang Q, Liu P, Wu X, Liu W, Shen X, Lan T, Xu S, Peng J, Xie X, Huang HBerberine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced extracelluar matrix accumulation and inflammation in rat mesangial cells: involvement of NF-κB signaling pathwayMol Cell Endocrinol.(2011 Jan 1)
270.^Liu W, Zhang X, Liu P, Shen X, Lan T, Li W, Jiang Q, Xie X, Huang HEffects of berberine on matrix accumulation and NF-kappa B signal pathway in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with renal injuryEur J Pharmacol.(2010 Jul 25)
271.^Oh JH, Ha H, Yu MR, Lee HBSequential effects of high glucose on mesangial cell transforming growth factor-beta 1 and fibronectin synthesisKidney Int.(1998 Dec)
272.^Mogyorósi A, Kapoor A, Isono M, Kapoor S, Sharma K, Ziyadeh FNUtility of serum and urinary transforming growth factor-beta levels as markers of diabetic nephropathyNephron.(2000 Oct)
273.^Lan T, Liu W, Xie X, Huang K, Peng J, Huang J, Shen X, Liu P, Yang H, Huang HBerberine suppresses high glucose-induced TGF-β1 and fibronectin synthesis in mesangial cells through inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1/AP-1 pathwayEur J Pharmacol.(2012 Dec 15)
274.^Taha TA, Hannun YA, Obeid LMSphingosine kinase: biochemical and cellular regulation and role in diseaseJ Biochem Mol Biol.(2006 Mar 31)
275.^Lan T, Liu W, Xie X, Xu S, Huang K, Peng J, Shen X, Liu P, Wang L, Xia P, Huang HSphingosine kinase-1 pathway mediates high glucose-induced fibronectin expression in glomerular mesangial cellsMol Endocrinol.(2011 Dec)
276.^Lan T, Shen X, Liu P, Liu W, Xu S, Xie X, Jiang Q, Li W, Huang HBerberine ameliorates renal injury in diabetic C57BL/6 mice: Involvement of suppression of SphK-S1P signaling pathwayArch Biochem Biophys.(2010 Oct 15)
277.^Liu W, Liu P, Tao S, Deng Y, Li X, Lan T, Zhang X, Guo F, Huang W, Chen F, Huang H, Zhou SFBerberine inhibits aldose reductase and oxidative stress in rat mesangial cells cultured under high glucoseArch Biochem Biophys.(2008 Jul 15)
278.^Liu WH, Hei ZQ, Nie H, Tang FT, Huang HQ, Li XJ, Deng YH, Chen SR, Guo FF, Huang WG, Chen FY, Liu PQBerberine ameliorates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by suppression of both oxidative stress and aldose reductaseChin Med J (Engl).(2008 Apr 20)
279.^Bashir S, Gilani AHAntiurolithic effect of berberine is mediated through multiple pathwaysEur J Pharmacol.(2011 Jan 25)
280.^Li HB, Cai Y, Qi CL, Lv JHEffects and mechanism of berberine on the hypertensive renal injury rats induced by enriched high fat-salt-fructose dietZhong Yao Cai.(2011 Mar)
281.^Bashir S, Gilani AH, Siddiqui AA, Pervez S, Khan SR, Sarfaraz NJ, Shah AJBerberis vulgaris root bark extract prevents hyperoxaluria induced urolithiasis in ratsPhytother Res.(2010 Aug)
282.^Seki T, Morohashi MEffect of some alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids, contents of Japanese-Chinese traditional herbal medicines, on the lipogenesis of sebaceous glandsSkin Pharmacol.(1993)
283.^Namba T, Sekiya K, Toshinal A, Kadota S, Hatanaka T, Katayama K, Koizumi TStudy on baths with crude drug. II.: the effects of coptidis rhizoma extracts as skin permeation enhancerYakugaku Zasshi.(1995 Aug)
284.^Inbaraj JJ, Kukielczak BM, Bilski P, Sandvik SL, Chignell CFPhotochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) 1. BerberineChem Res Toxicol.(2001 Nov)
285.^Tan Y, Tang Q, Hu BR, Xiang JZAntioxidant properties of berberine on cultured rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells injured by hydrogen peroxideActa Pharmacol Sin.(2007 Dec)
286.^Tan Y, Ming Z, Tang Q, Jiang Z, Hu B, Xiang JEffect of berberine on the mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat corpus cavernosumJ Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci.(2005)
287.^Chiou WF, Chen J, Chen CFRelaxation of corpus cavernosum and raised intracavernous pressure by berberine in rabbitBr J Pharmacol.(1998 Dec)
288.^Tan Y, Tang Q, Hu B, Xiang JEffect of berberine on the mRNA expression of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in rat corpus cavernosumZhonghua Nan Ke Xue.(2004 Dec)
289.^Tan Y, Tang Q, Hu BR, Xiang JZEffects of berberine on cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP levels in rabbit corpus cavernosum in vitroZhonghua Nan Ke Xue.(2005 Jun)
290.^Drewes SE, George J, Khan FRecent findings on natural products with erectile-dysfunction activityPhytochemistry.(2003 Apr)
291.^Liu GL, Yu F, Dai DZ, Zhang GL, Zhang C, Dai YEndoplasmic reticulum stress mediating downregulated StAR and 3-beta-HSD and low plasma testosterone caused by hypoxia is attenuated by CPU86017-RS and nifedipineJ Biomed Sci.(2012 Jan 8)
292.^Zhang GL, Yu F, Dai DZ, Cheng YS, Zhang C, Dai YCPU86017-RS attenuate hypoxia-induced testicular dysfunction in mice by normalizing androgen biosynthesis genes and pro-inflammatory cytokinesActa Pharmacol Sin.(2012 Apr)
293.^Wei W, Zhao H, Wang A, Sui M, Liang K, Deng H, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Guan YA clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndromeEur J Endocrinol.(2012 Jan)
294.^Zhao W, Xue R, Zhou ZX, Kong WJ, Jiang JDReduction of blood lipid by berberine in hyperlipidemic patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosisBiomed Pharmacother.(2008 Dec)
295.^Prabhakar PK, Doble MSynergistic effect of phytochemicals in combination with hypoglycemic drugs on glucose uptake in myotubesPhytomedicine.(2009 Dec)
296.^Kwon M, Choi YA, Choi MK, Song ISOrganic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metforminArch Pharm Res.(2015)
298.^Rashid S, Curtis DE, Garuti R, Anderson NN, Bashmakov Y, Ho YK, Hammer RE, Moon YA, Horton JDDecreased plasma cholesterol and hypersensitivity to statins in mice lacking Pcsk9Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(2005 Apr 12)
299.^Welder G, Zineh I, Pacanowski MA, Troutt JS, Cao G, Konrad RJHigh-dose atorvastatin causes a rapid sustained increase in human serum PCSK9 and disrupts its correlation with LDL cholesterolJ Lipid Res.(2010 Sep)
300.^Dubuc G, Chamberland A, Wassef H, Davignon J, Seidah NG, Bernier L, Prat AStatins upregulate PCSK9, the gene encoding the proprotein convertase neural apoptosis-regulated convertase-1 implicated in familial hypercholesterolemiaArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.(2004 Aug)
301.^Kong WJ, Wei J, Zuo ZY, Wang YM, Song DQ, You XF, Zhao LX, Pan HN, Jiang JDCombination of simvastatin with berberine improves the lipid-lowering efficacyMetabolism.(2008 Aug)
302.^Carlomagno G, Pirozzi C, Mercurio V, Ruvolo A, Fazio SEffects of a nutraceutical combination on left ventricular remodeling and vasoreactivity in subjects with the metabolic syndromeNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2012 May)
303.^Affuso F, Ruvolo A, Micillo F, Saccà L, Fazio SEffects of a nutraceutical combination (berberine, red yeast rice and policosanols) on lipid levels and endothelial function randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2010 Nov)
304.^Marazzi G, Cacciotti L, Pelliccia F, Iaia L, Volterrani M, Caminiti G, Sposato B, Massaro R, Grieco F, Rosano GLong-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patientsAdv Ther.(2011 Dec)
305.^Pisciotta L, Bellocchio A, Bertolini SNutraceutical pill containing berberine versus ezetimibe on plasma lipid pattern in hypercholesterolemic subjects and its additive effect in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia on stable cholesterol-lowering treatmentLipids Health Dis.(2012 Sep 22)
306.^Liu J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Grimsgaard S, Alraek T, Fønnebø VChinese red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) for primary hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsChin Med.(2006 Nov 23)
308.^Xue L, Jiao L, Wang Y, Nie Y, Han T, Jiang Y, Rahman K, Zhang Q, Qin LEffects and interaction of icariin, curculigoside, and berberine in er-xian decoction, a traditional chinese medicinal formula, on osteoclastic bone resorptionEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
309.^Vrzal R, Zdarilová A, Ulrichová J, Bláha L, Giesy JP, Dvorák ZActivation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by berberine in HepG2 and H4IIE cells: Biphasic effect on CYP1A1Biochem Pharmacol.(2005 Sep 15)
310.^Zhi D, Feng PF, Sun JL, Guo F, Zhang R, Zhao X, Li BXThe enhancement of cardiac toxicity by concomitant administration of Berberine and macrolidesEur J Pharm Sci.(2015 Aug 30)
311.^Wang H, Liu D, Cao P, Lecker S, Hu ZAtrogin-1 affects muscle protein synthesis and degradation when energy metabolism is impaired by the antidiabetes drug berberineDiabetes.(2010 Aug)