Acetyl-L-carnitine is an acetylated form of L-carnitine (i.e., it has an acetyl functional group attached to it) that can cross the blood-brain barrier, and is claimed to have neurophysiological effects.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Rebouche CJ. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591001" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> Supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine shows some efficacy in improving the symptoms of <a href="/conditions/depression/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Depression&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depression is a chronic state of low mood often associated with hopelessness, apathy, and fatigue. Unlike sadness, depression is a disorder that persists for weeks or months and interferes with daily life.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">depression</a><a href="#ref-35" id="ref-link-35" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Nicola Veronese, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29076953" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Psychosom Med (Feb/Mar 2018)&lt;/div&gt;'>[35]</a> as well as minor benefits to some aspects of cognitive function.<a href="#ref-36" id="ref-link-36" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hudson S, Tabet N. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12804452" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2003)&lt;/div&gt;'>[36]</a><a href="#ref-37" id="ref-link-37" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Chen N, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349514" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2017-Mar-26)&lt;/div&gt;'>[37]</a><a href="#ref-38" id="ref-link-38" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;mb-3&quot;&gt;Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12598816&quot; target=&quot;\_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Int Clin Psychopharmacol (2003 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;">[38]</a> However, higher-quality <a href="/glossary/randomized-controlled-trial/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Randomized controlled trial&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for determining whether an intervention actually causes any effects. The use of randomization and control groups helps eliminate the effects of factors other than the treatment being studied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">randomized controlled trials</a> are needed to bolster the current evidence in these areas.

What is acetyl-L-carnitine?

Although the main dietary source of carnitine is meat,<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demarquoy J et al.. &lt;a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814603004886?via%3Dihub" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Radioisotopic determination of l-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chemistry (2004)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a><a href="#ref-5" id="ref-link-5" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Seline K-G et al.. &lt;a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814607001367?via%3Dihub" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The determination of l-carnitine in several food samples.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chemistry (2007)&lt;/div&gt;'>[5]</a> people who follow a strict plant-based diet typically do not have a higher risk of carnitine deficiency because sufficient amounts of carnitine can be synthesized in the body from other amino acids (e.g., lysine and methionine).<a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Reuter SE, Evans AM. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804748" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Clin Pharmacokinet (2012-Sep-01)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a><a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Pekala J, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21561431" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;L-carnitine--metabolic functions and meaning in humans life
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Curr Drug Metab (2011 Sep)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a> 
In rare cases, carnitine deficiency can occur in children with inborn errors of metabolism (i.e., genetic defects affecting metabolic function) in carnitine biosynthetic or carnitine transport pathways.<a href="#ref-39" id="ref-link-39" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AW. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500110" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Molecules (2019-Sep-06)&lt;/div&gt;'>[39]</a><a href="#ref-40" id="ref-link-40" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stanley CA. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591002" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine deficiency disorders in children.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004-Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[40]</a> Carnitine deficiency can also be caused by some drugs, including pivalic-acid-containing antibiotics and <a href="https://www.drugs.com/mtm/valproic-acid.html">valproic acid</a>, and it can occur in response to dialysis in people with <a href="/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Chronic Kidney Disease&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a degenerative disease of the kidneys. In addition to medication, CKD is managed nutritionally with diets that modify the intake of specific nutrients affected by impaired kidney function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">chronic kidney disease</a>.<a href="#ref-39" id="ref-link-39" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AW. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500110" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Molecules (2019-Sep-06)&lt;/div&gt;'>[39]</a><a href="#ref-40" id="ref-link-40" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stanley CA. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591002" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine deficiency disorders in children.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004-Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[40]</a> In such cases, supplementation with carnitine is sometimes used to help treat the symptoms, but high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm its efficacy.<a href="#ref-41" id="ref-link-41" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Nasser M, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22336821" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine supplementation for inborn errors of metabolism.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2012-Feb-15)&lt;/div&gt;'>[41]</a><a href="#ref-39" id="ref-link-39" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AW. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500110" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Molecules (2019-Sep-06)&lt;/div&gt;'>[39]</a><a href="#ref-40" id="ref-link-40" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stanley CA. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591002" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine deficiency disorders in children.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004-Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[40]</a>

What is carnitine deficiency?

L-carnitine is a compound produced in the body from lysine and methionine.<a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Reuter SE, Evans AM. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804748" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Clin Pharmacokinet (2012-Sep-01)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a><a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Pekala J, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21561431" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;L-carnitine--metabolic functions and meaning in humans life
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Curr Drug Metab (2011 Sep)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a> It is also found in food, primarily in meat products,<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demarquoy J et al.. &lt;a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814603004886?via%3Dihub" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Radioisotopic determination of l-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chemistry (2004)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a><a href="#ref-5" id="ref-link-5" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Seline K-G et al.. &lt;a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814607001367?via%3Dihub" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The determination of l-carnitine in several food samples.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chemistry (2007)&lt;/div&gt;'>[5]</a> and can be taken as a supplement. L-carnitine can be acetylated to produce <a href="/supplements/carnitine/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;L-Carnitine&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;L-carnitine can relieve leg pain in people with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and treat some aspects of metabolic syndrome. Although it’s often also used for fat loss, its effectiveness for that is questionable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">acetyl-L-carnitine</a> (ALCAR), which is similar to L-carnitine but crosses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Rebouche CJ. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591001" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> L-carnitine is best known for its role in helping to ”shuttle” long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria to produce energy.<a href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Indiveri C, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22020112" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and physiopathology.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Mol Aspects Med (2011-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[7]</a><a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Reuter SE, Evans AM. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804748" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Clin Pharmacokinet (2012-Sep-01)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a>

What is L-carnitine?

What are L-carnitine’s main benefits?

Some studies report a “fishy” odor emanating from breath and sweat following supplementation with L-carnitine, which is likely due to the formation of trimethylamine.<a href="#ref-32" id="ref-link-32" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Chhibber-Goel J, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27126549" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The complex metabolism of trimethylamine in humans: endogenous and exogenous sources.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Expert Rev Mol Med (2016-Apr-29)&lt;/div&gt;'>[32]</a> Dry mouth and gastrointestinal discomfort have also been reported in some studies using L-carnitine,<a href="#ref-33" id="ref-link-33" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Song X, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28497060" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Efficacy and Safety of L-Carnitine Treatment for Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Biomed Res Int (2017)&lt;/div&gt;'>[33]</a> while gastrointestinal problems (including <a href="/outcomes/nausea-symptoms/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Nausea Symptoms&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nausea is the feeling of acute sickness that may result in vomiting and loss of appetite. Some supplements are known as antiemetics, and are used to reduce the sensation of nausea when taken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">nausea</a> and <a href="/outcomes/gastric-distress/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Gastric distress&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gastric distress is an umbrella term that refers to any of a variety of negative symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal tract. It can include abdominal pain, intestinal gas and bloating, impaired defecation, nausea, and heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">gastric pain</a>) are a common adverse effect of propionyl-L-carnitine.<a href="#ref-9" id="ref-link-9" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Brass EP, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23321261" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Vasc Med (2013-Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[9]</a><a href="#ref-10" id="ref-link-10" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kamoen V, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34954832" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2021-Dec-26)&lt;/div&gt;'>[10]</a> However, several meta-analyses conclude that L-carnitine and its derivatives are generally safe and well‐tolerated.<a href="#ref-18" id="ref-link-18" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Liu A, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37120548" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Efficacy and safety of carnitine supplementation on NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Syst Rev (2023-Apr-29)&lt;/div&gt;'>[18]</a><a href="#ref-9" id="ref-link-9" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Brass EP, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23321261" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Vasc Med (2013-Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[9]</a><a href="#ref-10" id="ref-link-10" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Kamoen V, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34954832" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2021-Dec-26)&lt;/div&gt;'>[10]</a> Furthermore, supplementation of up to 2000 milligrams (mg) per day is considered safe for human consumption.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hathcock JN, Shao A. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16901595" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Risk assessment for carnitine.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (2006-Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a> Some human studies have even used doses of L-carnitine as high as 6000 mg/day without serious side effects,<a href="#ref-34" id="ref-link-34" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Davani-Davari D, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30341034" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The Renal Safety of L-Carnitine, L-Arginine, and Glutamine in Athletes and Bodybuilders.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Ren Nutr (2019-May)&lt;/div&gt;'>[34]</a> but a thorough safety evaluation of such high doses is lacking.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hathcock JN, Shao A. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16901595" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Risk assessment for carnitine.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (2006-Oct)&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a>

What are L-carnitine’s main drawbacks?

It’s not entirely clear how L-carnitine works. In tissues like muscle, L-carnitine is known to help “shuttle” long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria to produce energy.<a href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Indiveri C, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22020112" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and physiopathology.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Mol Aspects Med (2011-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[7]</a><a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Reuter SE, Evans AM. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804748" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Clin Pharmacokinet (2012-Sep-01)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a> Further evidence suggests that it may exert some of its potential beneficial effects by boosting antioxidant capacity, protecting cellular membranes from oxidative stress, reducing <a href="/outcomes/inflammation/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Inflammation&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation is an alarm signal of sorts that is triggered by invading pathogens or injury. It mobilizes the immune system to neutralize and kill the infection or promote tissue repair and healing. Although controlled inflammation is critical for surviving in a stressful world, when it is excessive or prolonged it can lead to health problems, and is a common driver of many chronic diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">inflammation</a>, and increasing <a href="/outcomes/nitric-oxide/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Nitric Oxide&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nitric oxide (NO) is composed of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O). The human body creates NO from dietary arginine and nitrate. NO plays a major signaling role in vascular relaxation, and elevated levels are associated with better blood flow and lower blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">nitric oxide</a> levels.<a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Pekala J, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21561431" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;L-carnitine--metabolic functions and meaning in humans life
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Curr Drug Metab (2011 Sep)&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a><a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Rebouche CJ. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591001" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a><a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Reuter SE, Evans AM. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804748" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Clin Pharmacokinet (2012-Sep-01)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a><a href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Indiveri C, et al. &lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22020112" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and physiopathology.
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Mol Aspects Med (2011-Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[7]</a> Therefore, L-carnitine may work via several mechanisms, and further research is needed for a full understanding.

How does L-carnitine work?

L-Carnitine

Brain Health

Risk assessment for carnitine.

Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.

L-carnitine--metabolic functions and meaning in humans life

Radioisotopic determination of l-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries.

The determination of l-carnitine in several food samples.

Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism

The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and physiopathology.

A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of carnitine supplementation in improving walking performance among individuals with intermittent claudication.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication.

Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication.

Effect of Acute and Chronic Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review.

Clinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View.

The Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

l-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine supplementation for idiopathic male infertility.

The efficacy of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl carnitine in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Effects of carnitine on glucose and lipid metabolic profiles and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Efficacy and safety of carnitine supplementation on NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Impact of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Liver Enzyme Normalization in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

L-Carnitine's Effect on the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Lipid Profiles of Patients with Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The effect of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and glycaemic control in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid concentrations inpatients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on weight loss and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled clinical trials with dose-response analysis.

Beneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The effect of (L-)carnitine on weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Comment on 'The effect of (l-)carnitine on weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials'

The complex metabolism of trimethylamine in humans: endogenous and exogenous sources.

Efficacy and Safety of L-Carnitine Treatment for Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The Renal Safety of L-Carnitine, L-Arginine, and Glutamine in Athletes and Bodybuilders.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia.

L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment.

Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease

L-Carnitine

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