Oxygen Uptake

Last Updated: October 24, 2022

Oxygen uptake is the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise and is directly related to the body’s energy expenditure.

Summary

Oxygen uptake is commonly referred to as VO2, which stands for the volume (V) of oxygen (O2) being consumed by the body. VO2 is measured in liters of oxygen per minute (L/min) and therefore represents the rate at which oxygen is being consumed by metabolically active tissues (e.g., muscle).

Oxygen uptake can be used to calculate total body energy expenditure using a method known as indirect calorimetry. Though VO2 can be measured at rest, it’s more commonly measured during exercise.

When oxygen uptake is measured during an exercise test performed to exhaustion, we can determine someone’s VO2max — the maximal rate at which the body can consume oxygen during exercise.

VO2max is seen as the single best indicator of cardiorespiratory or aerobic fitness because as you become fitter, your body becomes better at using oxygen to produce energy and your VO2max increases. However, a higher VO2max doesn’t always translate to improved exercise or sports performance because some activities involve moments when energy requirements are so great (the intensity is so high) that oxygen isn’t used to generate the required energy. This is known as anaerobic (“without oxygen”) exercise.

Elite endurance athletes often have a very high VO2max, but this is just one aspect that determines aerobic exercise performance. Furthermore, oxygen uptake is also recognized as an important factor in healthspan and longevity, and having a higher VO2 max is associated with reduced all-cause mortality.[1]

Examine Database: Oxygen Uptake
What works and what doesn't?

Unlock the full potential of Examine

Get started

Don't miss out on the latest research

References
  1. ^Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber WAssociation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing.JAMA Netw Open.(2018-10-05)
Examine Database References
  1. Betaine - Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Roti MW, Lee EC, Craig SA, Sutherland JW, Fiala KA, Maresh CMInfluence of betaine consumption on strenuous running and sprinting in a hot environmentJ Strength Cond Res.(2008 May)
  2. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - A C Morris, I Jacobs, T M McLellan, A Klugerman, L C Wang, J ZamecnikNo ergogenic effect of ginseng ingestionInt J Sport Nutr.(1996 Sep)
  3. Rhodiola Rosea - Parisi A, Tranchita E, Duranti G, Ciminelli E, Quaranta F, Ceci R, Cerulli C, Borrione P, Sabatini SEffects of chronic Rhodiola Rosea supplementation on sport performance and antioxidant capacity in trained male: preliminary resultsJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2010 Mar)
  4. Creatine - Kingsley M, Cunningham D, Mason L, Kilduff LP, McEneny JRole of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced cardiovascular function and oxidative stressOxid Med Cell Longev.(2009 Sep-Oct)
  5. L-Carnitine - Wall BT, Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Marimuthu K, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PLChronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humansJ Physiol.(2011 Feb 15)
  6. Creatine - Zoeller RF, Stout JR, O'kroy JA, Torok DJ, Mielke MEffects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustionAmino Acids.(2007 Sep)
  7. Sodium Bicarbonate - Driller MW, Gregory JR, Williams AD, Fell JWThe effects of serial and acute NaHCO3 loading in well-trained cyclistsJ Strength Cond Res.(2012 Oct)
  8. Vitamin D - Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk, Artur Gołaś, Adam Maszczyk, Piotr Kaczka, Adam ZającInfluence of Sunlight and Oral D 3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer PlayersNutrients.(2020 May 4)
  9. Ashwagandha - Sandhu JS, Shah B, Shenoy S, Chauhan S, Lavekar GS, Padhi MMEffects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adultsInt J Ayurveda Res.(2010 Jul)
  10. L-Carnitine - C Greig, K M Finch, D A Jones, M Cooper, A J Sargeant, C A ForteThe effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacityEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1987)
  11. Creatine - Christiano R R Alves, Bianca M Santiago, Fernanda R Lima, Maria C G Otaduy, Ana Luisa Calich, Aline C C Tritto, Ana Lúcia de Sá Pinto, Hamilton Roschel, Cláudia C Leite, Fabiana B Benatti, Eloisa Bonfá, Bruno GualanoCreatine supplementation in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialArthritis Care Res (Hoboken).(2013 Sep)
  12. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - A W Ziemba, J Chmura, H Kaciuba-Uscilko, K Nazar, P Wisnik, W GawronskiGinseng treatment improves psychomotor performance at rest and during graded exercise in young athletesInt J Sport Nutr.(1999 Dec)
  13. L-Carnitine - L Vecchiet, F Di Lisa, G Pieralisi, P Ripari, R Menabò, M A Giamberardino, N SiliprandiInfluence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exerciseEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
  14. Cordyceps - Chen S, Li Z, Krochmal R, Abrazado M, Kim W, Cooper CBEffect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Altern Complement Med.(2010 May)
  15. HMB - Wei Hung, Tsung-Han Liu, Chung-Yu Chen, Chen-Kang ChangEffect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Supplementation During Energy Restriction in Female Judo AthletesJournal of Exercise Science & Fitness.()
  16. Kefir - Peter Smoak, Nicholas Harman, Victoria Flores, Jacob Kisiolek, Nicholas A Pullen, Jonathan Lisano, Reid Hayward, Laura K StewartKefir Is a Viable Exercise Recovery Beverage for Cancer Survivors Enrolled in a Structured Exercise ProgramMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2021 Oct 1)
  17. Creatine - Graef JL, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Fukuda DH, Moon JR, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JRThe effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Nov 12)
  18. Coenzyme Q10 - Ostman B, Sjödin A, Michaëlsson K, Byberg LCoenzyme Q10 supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress in humansNutrition.(2011 Nov 11)
  19. Cordyceps - Parcell AC, Smith JM, Schulthies SS, Myrer JW, Fellingham GCordyceps Sinensis (CordyMax Cs-4) supplementation does not improve endurance exercise performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2004 Apr)
  20. Fish Oil - Warner JG Jr, Ullrich IH, Albrink MJ, Yeater RACombined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic personsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1989 Oct)
  21. Colostrum - Buckley JD, Abbott MJ, Brinkworth GD, Whyte PBBovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performanceJ Sci Med Sport.(2002 Jun)
  22. Beta-Alanine - Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JREffects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Feb 11)
  23. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - J D Allen, J McLung, A G Nelson, M WelschGinseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performanceJ Am Coll Nutr.(1998 Oct)
  24. L-Carnitine - E P Brass, C L Hoppel, W R HiattEffect of intravenous L-carnitine on carnitine homeostasis and fuel metabolism during exercise in humansClin Pharmacol Ther.(1994 Jun)
  25. Sodium Bicarbonate - Volianitis S, Rasmussen P, Seifert T, Nielsen HB, Secher NHPlasma pH does not influence the cerebral metabolic ratio during maximal whole body exerciseJ Physiol.(2011 Jan 15)
  26. Colostrum - Marchbank T, Davison G, Oakes JR, Ghatei MA, Patterson M, Moyer MP, Playford RJThe nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletesAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2011 Mar)
  27. Beta-Alanine - Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy JEffects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in womenAmino Acids.(2007)
  28. Branched-Chain Amino Acids - Blomstrand E, Hassmén P, Ek S, Ekblom B, Newsholme EAInfluence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exerciseActa Physiol Scand.(1997 Jan)
  29. L-Carnitine - V Wyss, G P Ganzit, A RienziEffects of L-carnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxiaEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1990)
  30. Ginkgo Biloba - Moraga FA, Flores A, Serra J, Esnaola C, Barriento CGinkgo biloba decreases acute mountain sickness in people ascending to high altitude at Ollagüe (3696 m) in northern ChileWilderness Environ Med.(2007 Winter)
  31. Coenzyme Q10 - Tiano L, Belardinelli R, Carnevali P, Principi F, Seddaiu G, Littarru GPEffect of coenzyme Q10 administration on endothelial function and extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with ischaemic heart disease: a double-blind, randomized controlled studyEur Heart J.(2007 Sep)
  32. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Yi-Ming Chen, I-Lin Wang, Shu Zhou, Tsung-Yu Tsai, Yen-Shuo Chiu, Wan-Chun ChiuSix weeks of Jilin ginseng root supplementation attenuates drop jump-related muscle injury markers in healthy female college studentsFood Funct.(2021 Mar 1)
  33. Ashwagandha - Shenoy S, Chaskar U, Sandhu JS, Paadhi MMEffects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclistsJ Ayurveda Integr Med.(2012 Oct)
  34. Sodium Bicarbonate - Hunter AM, De Vito G, Bolger C, Mullany H, Galloway SDThe effect of induced alkalosis and submaximal cycling on neuromuscular response during sustained isometric contractionJ Sports Sci.(2009 Oct)
  35. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Pipat, Cherdungsi., Kanyarat, RungroengEffects of Standardized Ginseng Extract and Exercise Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Capacities in HumansJournal of Ginseng Research.()
  36. Caffeine - Karapetian GK, Engels HJ, Gretebeck KA, Gretebeck RJEffect of Caffeine on LT, VT and HRVTInt J Sports Med.(2012 Apr 12)
  37. Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Ribeiro AS, Pina FL, Dodero SR, Silva DR, Schoenfeld BJ, Sugihara Júnior P, Fernandes RR, Barbosa DS, Cyrino ES, Tirapegui JEffect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Aerobic Exercise on Body Fat and Lipid Profile in Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled TrialInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2016 Apr)
  38. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - Herman-J. Engels, Joesphine M. Said, John C. Wirth,Failure of chronic ginseng supplementation to affect work performance and energy metabolism in healthy adult femalesNutrition Research.()
  39. Green Tea Extract - Richards JC, Lonac MC, Johnson TK, Schweder MM, Bell CEpigallocatechin-3-gallate increases maximal oxygen uptake in adult humansMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2010 Apr)
  40. Colostrum - Buckley JD, Butler RN, Southcott E, Brinkworth GDBovine colostrum supplementation during running training increases intestinal permeabilityNutrients.(2009 Feb)
  41. Curcumin - Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, Tanabe Y, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Maeda SCurcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal womenNutr Res.(2012 Oct)
  42. Colostrum - Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Bourdon PC, Gulbin JP, David AOral bovine colostrum supplementation enhances buffer capacity but not rowing performance in elite female rowersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2002 Sep)
  43. Cannabis - A M Renaud, Y CormierAcute effects of marihuana smoking on maximal exercise performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1986 Dec)
  44. Sodium Bicarbonate - Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman CEffects of chronic NaHCO3 ingestion during interval training on changes to muscle buffer capacity, metabolism, and short-term endurance performanceJ Appl Physiol.(2006 Sep)
  45. L-Tyrosine - Joanne DiFrancisco-Donoghue, Ely Rabin, Eric M Lamberg, William G WernerEffects of Tyrosine on Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialMov Disord Clin Pract.(2014 Oct 23)
  46. L-Carnitine - A C Gimenes, D M Bravo, L M Nápolis, M T Mello, A S B Oliveira, J A Neder, L E NeryEffect of L-carnitine on exercise performance in patients with mitochondrial myopathyBraz J Med Biol Res.(2015 Apr)
  47. Sodium Bicarbonate - Gaitanos GC, Nevill ME, Brooks S, Williams CRepeated bouts of sprint running after induced alkalosisJ Sports Sci.(1991 Winter)
  48. Creatine - Smith AE, Fukuda DH, Ryan ED, Kendall KL, Cramer JT, Stout JErgolytic/ergogenic effects of creatine on aerobic powerInt J Sports Med.(2011 Dec)
  49. Colostrum - Shing CM, Jenkins DG, Stevenson L, Coombes JSThe influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in highly trained cyclistsBr J Sports Med.(2006 Sep)
  50. Yerba Mate - Alkhatib AYerba Maté (Illex Paraguariensis) ingestion augments fat oxidation and energy expenditure during exercise at various submaximal intensitiesNutr Metab (Lond).(2014 Sep 2)
  51. Sodium Bicarbonate - Taylor DV, Boyajian JG, James N, Woods D, Chicz-Demet A, Wilson AF, Sandman CAAcidosis stimulates beta-endorphin release during exerciseJ Appl Physiol.(1994 Oct)
  52. Colostrum - Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PADose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclistsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Jul)
  53. Capsaicin - Shin KO, Moritani TAlterations of autonomic nervous activity and energy metabolism by capsaicin ingestion during aerobic exercise in healthy menJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2007 Apr)
  54. Sodium Bicarbonate - Douroudos II, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, Jamurtas AZ, Tsitsios T, Hatzinikolaou A, Margonis K, Mavromatidis K, Taxildaris KDose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Oct)
  55. Beta-Alanine - Jordan T, Lukaszuk J, Misic M, Umoren JEffect of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during treadmill running: Pre/post 2 treatment experimental designJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 May 19)
  56. Beta-Alanine - Walter AA, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Stout JR, Cramer JTSix weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in womenJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 May)
  57. Echinacea - Whitehead MT, Martin TD, Scheett TP, Webster MJRunning economy and maximal oxygen consumption after 4 weeks of oral Echinacea supplementationJ Strength Cond Res.(2012 Jul)
  58. Iron - Brownlie T 4th, Utermohlen V, Hinton PS, Giordano C, Haas JDMarginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained womenAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Apr)
  59. Spirulina - Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe, José Alberto López-Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez-Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández-Torres, Abraham Wall-Medrano, Arnulfo Ramos-JiménezEffect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program on the Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight or Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled TrialMar Drugs.(2018 Oct 1)
  60. Eleuthero - Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, Matsuzaka A, Muramatsu S, Kuboyama M, Kugo H, Imai JEffect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacityPlanta Med.(1986 Jun)
  61. Ashwagandha - Choudhary B, Shetty A, Langade DGEfficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal) in improving cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy athletic adultsAyu.(2015 Jan-Mar)
  62. Fish Oil - Bloomer RJ, Larson DE, Fisher-Wellman KH, Galpin AJ, Schilling BKEffect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over studyLipids Health Dis.(2009 Aug 19)
  63. Spirulina - Tom Gurney, Owen SpendiffSpirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exerciseEur J Appl Physiol.(2020 Dec)
  64. Astaxanthin - Petyaev IM, Klochkov VA, Chalyk NE, Pristensky DV, Chernyshova MP, Kyle NH, Bashmakov YKMarkers of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress in Aging Volunteers Ingesting Lycosomal Formulation of Dark Chocolate Containing AstaxanthinJ Nutr Health Aging.(2018)
  65. Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) - H J Engels, J C WirthNo ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exerciseJ Am Diet Assoc.(1997 Oct)
  66. Vitamin C - Roberts LA, Beattie K, Close GL, Morton JPVitamin C consumption does not impair training-induced improvements in exercise performanceInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2011 Mar)
  67. Ketogenic Diet - Urbain P, Strom L, Morawski L, Wehrle A, Deibert P, Bertz HImpact of a 6-week non-energy-restricted ketogenic diet on physical fitness, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy adultsNutr Metab (Lond).(2017 Feb 20)
  68. Saffron - Milajerdi A, et alThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydro-alcoholic extract on liver and renal functions in type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blinded randomized and placebo control trialJournal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism.()
  69. Sodium Bicarbonate - Stephens TJ, McKenna MJ, Canny BJ, Snow RJ, McConell GKEffect of sodium bicarbonate on muscle metabolism during intense endurance cyclingMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Apr)
  70. Ornithine - Demura S, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M, Morishita KThe effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on performance during incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercise and ammonia metabolism during and after exerciseEur J Clin Nutr.(2010 Oct)
  71. Creatine - Tarnopolsky MA, Roy BD, MacDonald JRA randomized, controlled trial of creatine monohydrate in patients with mitochondrial cytopathiesMuscle Nerve.(1997 Dec)
  72. Vitamin D - Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi, Majid Mohammadshahi, Aliakbar Alizadeh, Kambiz Ahmadi Angali, Alireza JahanshahiEffects of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on serum levels of anabolic hormones, anaerobic power, and aerobic performance in active male subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialEur J Sport Sci.(2020 Nov)
  73. Citrulline - John Ashley, Youngdeok Kim, Joaquin U GonzalesImpact of l-citrulline supplementation on oxygen uptake kinetics during walkingAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2018 Jun)
  74. L-Carnitine - Weronika N Abramowicz, Stuart D R GallowayEffects of acute versus chronic L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on metabolic responses to steady state exercise in males and femalesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Aug)
  75. Resveratrol - Scribbans TD, Ma JK, Edgett BA, Vorobej KA, Mitchell AS, Zelt JG, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJResveratrol supplementation does not augment performance adaptations or fibre-type-specific responses to high-intensity interval training in humansAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2014 Nov)
  76. Garlic - Morris DM, Beloni RK, Wheeler HEEffects of garlic consumption on physiological variables and performance during exercise in hypoxiaAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2013 Apr)
  77. Creatine - van Loon LJ, Oosterlaar AM, Hartgens F, Hesselink MK, Snow RJ, Wagenmakers AJEffects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humansClin Sci (Lond).(2003 Feb)
  78. Coenzyme Q10 - Belardinelli R, Muçaj A, Lacalaprice F, Solenghi M, Seddaiu G, Principi F, Tiano L, Littarru GPCoenzyme Q10 and exercise training in chronic heart failureEur Heart J.(2006 Nov)
  79. L-Tyrosine - Troy D Chinevere, Robert D Sawyer, Andrew R Creer, Robert K Conlee, Allen C ParcellEffects of L-tyrosine and carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performanceJ Appl Physiol (1985).(2002 Nov)
  80. Fish Oil - Gray P, Gabriel B, Thies F, Gray SRFish oil supplementation augments post-exercise immune function in young malesBrain Behav Immun.(2012 Nov)
  81. Eleuthero - J Szołomicki, L Samochowiec, J Wójcicki, M DroździkThe influence of active components of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular defence and physical fitness in manPhytother Res.(2000 Feb)
  82. Tart Cherry Juice - Keane KM, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM, Howatson GEffects of montmorency tart cherry (L. Prunus Cerasus) consumption on nitric oxide biomarkers and exercise performance.Scand J Med Sci Sports.(2018-Jul)
  83. Tart Cherry Juice - Desai T, Bottoms L, Roberts MThe effects of Montmorency tart cherry juice supplementation and FATMAX exercise on fat oxidation rates and cardio-metabolic markers in healthy humans.Eur J Appl Physiol.(2018-Dec)
  84. Sauna - Dariusz Sitkowski, Tomasz Cisoń, Zbigniew Szygula, Olga Surała, Michał Starczewski, Dorota Sadowska, Jadwiga Malczewska-LenczowskaHematological Adaptations to Post-Exercise Sauna Bathing with No Fluid Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over StudyRes Q Exerc Sport.(2021 Nov 2)
  85. Sauna - Lee E, Kolunsarka I, Kostensalo J, Ahtiainen JP, Haapala EA, Willeit P, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JAEffects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2022-Sep-01)
  86. Sauna - Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Pérez-Quintero M, Robles-Gil MC, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M3-Week passive acclimation to extreme environmental heat (100± 3 °C) in dry sauna increases physical and physiological performance among young semi-professional football players.J Therm Biol.(2021-Aug)
  87. Creatine - Damien Gras, Charlotte Lanhers, Reza Bagheri, Ukadike Chris Ugbolue, Emmanuel Coudeyre, Bruno Pereira, Marek Zak, Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois, Frédéric DutheilCreatine supplementation and VO 2 max: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Dec 3)
  88. Whey Protein - Lam FC, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, Elhanish A, Karoud M, Telb A, Khan TMEfficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis.Front Pharmacol.(2019)
  89. Caffeine - Glaister M, Gissane CCaffeine and Physiological Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Meta-AnalysisInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2017 Sep 5)