Osteoporosis

Last Updated: August 16, 2022

Osteoporosis is a condition of having weak and brittle bones. The main goal for people with osteoporosis is to prevent bone fractures by strengthening the bones and by avoiding falls.

Osteoporosis falls under theJoints & BonesandHealthy Aging & Longevitycategories.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a disease that thins and weakens the bones. Bones become fragile and fracture (break) easily, especially the bones in the hip, spine, and wrist. In the United States, millions of people either already have osteoporosis or are at high risk due to low bone mass. Osteoporosis is a silent disease, meaning some people don’t know they have it until a bone is broken.[1]

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Osteoporosis is diagnosed by bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine or hip, which is measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans. A normal BMD is no more than 1 standard deviation (SD) below the average or reference value. Osteopenia (low bone mass) is 1-2.5 SDs below the reference and osteoporosis is 2.5 SD or more below the reference BMD value.[2]

What are some of the main medical treatments for osteoporosis?

The main goal of treating osteoporosis is to prevent fractures. This is done by strengthening the bones and by preventing falls. Medication treatments to strengthen the bones include bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, etc.), raloxifene (Evista), calcitonin, and for more severe osteoporosis teriparatide (Forteo) and denosumab (Prolia).[2]

Have any supplements been studied for osteoporosis?

Many supplements have been studied for osteoporosis. Adequate calcium and vitamin D is important for preventing and treating osteoporosis, so if there’s not enough in the diet, a dietary supplement is recommended.[2] Other supplements such as multivitamins, vitamin K, and probiotics might also have some benefit, but higher quality research is needed.[3][4][5]

How could diet affect osteoporosis?

To keep bones strong and to prevent osteoporosis, a healthy diet sufficient in calcium and vitamin D is recommended.[2] A meta-analysis of observational research has found that Western diets involving fast food, refined foods, meats and sugar are associated with lower BMD in contrast to a Mediterranean diet pattern or dietary pattern higher in dairy.[6][7]

Are there any other treatments for osteoporosis?

One of the key goals of treating osteoporosis is to prevent fractures by preventing falls. Exercise that involves strength and balance training helps to prevent falls. Other recommendations which may reduce the risk of fractures include limiting alcohol and caffeine intake, stopping smoking, and increasing exposure to sunlight.[2]

What causes osteoporosis?

Anyone can develop osteoporosis, but it is more common in females of older age. Risk factors for getting osteoporosis include old age, low body weight, family history, smoking, certain medications (corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, etc.), and low bone mass (osteopenia).[1] Certain medical conditions can also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, either due to effects of the disease itself, the medications used to treat the condition, or both. This includes epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, COPD, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple myeloma, sickle cell disease, HIV, and many others.[2]

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Examine Database References
  1. Bone Mineral Density - Braam LA, Knapen MH, Geusens P, Brouns F, Hamulyák K, Gerichhausen MJ, Vermeer CVitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of ageCalcif Tissue Int.(2003 Jul)
  2. Bone Mineral Density - Purwosunu Y, Muharram, Rachman IA, Reksoprodjo S, Sekizawa AVitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in IndonesiaJ Obstet Gynaecol Res.(2006 Apr)
  3. Bone Mineral Density - Sasaki N, Kusano E, Takahashi H, Ando Y, Yano K, Tsuda E, Asano YVitamin K2 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss partly by preventing the reduction of osteoprotegerin (OPG)J Bone Miner Metab.(2005)
  4. Bone Mineral Density - Forli L, Bollerslev J, Simonsen S, Isaksen GA, Kvamsdal KE, Godang K, Gadeholt G, Pripp AH, Bjortuft ODietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantationTransplantation.(2010 Feb 27)
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