Obesity

Last Updated: August 14, 2023

Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat that increases the risk for other conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Fat is how the body stores extra calories that were eaten but not used. Obesity treatment usually involves restricting the calories eaten or creating negative calorie balance.

Obesity falls under theFat Losscategory.

What is obesity?

Obesity means having more body fat than what's calculated to be healthy. Obesity increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and some cancers. In people with obesity, losing even 5–10% of the total weight can delay or prevent some of these other conditions.[1]

How is obesity diagnosed?

Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of greater than or equal to 30 kilograms per meters squared (kg/m2; “meters” meaning a person’s height). More specifically, a person with:[2]

  • A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is “overweight
  • A BMI of 30 to 34.9 has “class I obesity”
  • A BMI of 35 to 39.9 has “class II obesity”
  • And a BMI of 40 or higher has “class III obesity”

While BMI is a generally useful measurement at the population level, because it only accounts for total body mass, individuals who are tall and/or muscular may have a BMI that qualifies as “obese”. As such, it’s useful to factor other measures like body fat percentage into an evaluation of whether someone has obesity.[3]

What are some of the main medical treatments for obesity?

The primary treatment for obesity in patients without other health conditions is lifestyle modifications (i.e., changes to diet and exercise); sometimes, weight loss medications are also used. If lifestyle modifications do not work after trying for a long time, or if the person has class II or III obesity with additional chronic conditions like heart disease or diabetes, then bariatric surgery may be considered.[2]

Have any supplements been studied for obesity?

Many dietary supplements and dietary ingredients have been studied for weight loss. In a recent meta-analysis of 67 randomized trials, the dietary ingredients chitosan, glucomannan, and conjugated linoleic acid were shown to help reduce weight by 1–1.9 kilograms. Other ingredients commonly studied for weight loss include green-tea-extract, green-coffee-extract, bitter orange, and Garcinia cambogia. Evidence about their effects is limited.[4]

How could diet affect obesity?

Diet is central to both the development and the management of obesity and the mainstay of dietary interventions for treating obesity involves calorie restriction. A commonly used approach includes limiting daily calorie intake to 1200–1500 kilocalories (calories adjusted to a person’s weight) for women and 1500–1800 kilocalories for men. Another approach is eating a diet with a 500–750 kilocalorie deficit. Many different types of diets have been used for weight loss; the diet that will be most beneficial over time will vary from person to person, and adherence to the diet is crucial.[2]

Are there any other treatments for obesity?

Physical activity and behavioral therapies are important in the treatment of obesity. Increasing physical activity increases calories burned and works in tandem with calorie-restricting diets for obesity. Engaging in 200–300 minutes of physical activity per week is recommended for those with obesity. Behavioral therapy usually involves regular self-monitoring of food intake, physical activity, and changes to weight.[2]

What causes obesity?

Obesity happens after a prolonged time of eating more calories than what is needed and used by the body. Extra calories are stored as fat. The factors that determine caloric need differ for each person. Factors that affect weight include genetic makeup, overeating, eating high-fat foods, and not being physically active.[1]

Looking for a Supplement guide?

Our Supplement Guides give you unbiased research-based recommendations that you can immediately apply to improve your health. Obesity is related to the following Supplement Guide:
Examine Database: Obesity
What works and what doesn't?

Unlock the full potential of Examine

Get started

Don't miss out on the latest research

Frequently asked questions

Other FAQs

Update History
2023-08-14 00:30:17

Medical review complete

minor

One of our physician reviewers reviewed this page. Additionally, we expanded our "How is obesity diagnosed?" FAQ to include points about BMI not always being the ideal measure of someone's obesity status.

Written By

Reviewed By

References
  1. ^MedlinePlus (Internet). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); (updated 2022 April 8)
  2. ^Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Obesity Society2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity SocietyCirculation.(2014 Jun 24)
  3. ^Bray GABeyond BMI.Nutrients.(2023-May-10)
  4. ^Erica Bessell, Alison Maunder, Romy Lauche, Jon Adams, Amanda Sainsbury, Nicholas R FullerEfficacy of dietary supplements containing isolated organic compounds for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trialsInt J Obes (Lond).(2021 May 11)
  5. ^Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, Boucher JL, Histon T, Caplan W, Bowman JD, Pronk NPWeight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up.J Am Diet Assoc.(2007-Oct)
  6. ^J W Anderson, E C Konz, R C Frederich, C L WoodLong-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studiesAm J Clin Nutr.(2001 Nov)
  7. ^Wing RR, Phelan SLong-term weight loss maintenanceAm J Clin Nutr.(2005 Jul)
  8. ^Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJComparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trialJAMA.(2005 Jan 5)
  9. ^Look AHEAD Research GroupEight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD studyObesity (Silver Spring).(2014 Jan)
  10. ^Jakicic JM, Tate DF, Lang W, Davis KK, Polzien K, Rickman AD, Erickson K, Neiberg RH, Finkelstein EAEffect of a stepped-care intervention approach on weight loss in adults: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA.(2012-Jun-27)
  11. ^Aoun A, Darwish F, Hamod NThe Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity in Adults and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Weight Loss.Prev Nutr Food Sci.(2020-Jun-30)
  12. ^Ruud S Kootte, Evgeni Levin, Jarkko Salojärvi, Loek P Smits, Annick V Hartstra, Shanti D Udayappan, Gerben Hermes, Kristien E Bouter, Annefleur M Koopen, Jens J Holst, Filip K Knop, Ellen E Blaak, Jing Zhao, Hauke Smidt, Amy C Harms, Thomas Hankemeijer, Jacques J G H M Bergman, Hans A Romijn, Frank G Schaap, Steven W M Olde Damink, Mariette T Ackermans, Geesje M Dallinga-Thie, Erwin Zoetendal, Willem M de Vos, Mireille J Serlie, Erik S G Stroes, Albert K Groen, Max NieuwdorpImprovement of Insulin Sensitivity after Lean Donor Feces in Metabolic Syndrome Is Driven by Baseline Intestinal Microbiota CompositionCell Metab.(2017 Oct 3)
  13. ^Allegretti JR, Kassam Z, Mullish BH, Chiang A, Carrellas M, Hurtado J, Marchesi JR, McDonald JAK, Pechlivanis A, Barker GF, Miguéns Blanco J, Garcia-Perez I, Wong WF, Gerardin Y, Silverstein M, Kennedy K, Thompson CEffects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation With Oral Capsules in Obese Patients.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2020-04)
  14. ^Yu EW, Gao L, Stastka P, Cheney MC, Mahabamunuge J, Torres Soto M, Ford CB, Bryant JA, Henn MR, Hohmann ELFecal microbiota transplantation for the improvement of metabolism in obesity: The FMT-TRIM double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial.PLoS Med.(2020-03)
  15. ^Karen S W Leong, Thilini N Jayasinghe, Brooke C Wilson, José G B Derraik, Benjamin B Albert, Valentina Chiavaroli, Darren M Svirskis, Kathryn L Beck, Cathryn A Conlon, Yannan Jiang, William Schierding, Tommi Vatanen, David J Holland, Justin M O'Sullivan, Wayne S CutfieldEffects of Fecal Microbiome Transfer in Adolescents With Obesity: The Gut Bugs Randomized Controlled TrialJAMA Netw Open.(2020 Dec 1)
  16. ^Borgeraas H, Johnson LK, Skattebu J, Hertel JK, Hjelmesaeth JEffects of probiotics on body weight, body mass index, fat mass and fat percentage in subjects with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsObes Rev.(2018 Feb)
  17. ^[No authors listedPhysical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert CommitteeWorld Health Organ Tech Rep Ser.(1995)
  18. ^Measuring Adiposity in Patients: The Utility of Body Mass Index (BMI), Percent Body Fat, and Leptin
  19. ^Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, Lopez-Jimenez FDiagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysisInt J Obes (Lond).(2010 May)
  20. ^Duncan JS, Duncan EK, Schofield GAccuracy of body mass index (BMI) thresholds for predicting excess body fat in girls from five ethnicitiesAsia Pac J Clin Nutr.(2009)
  21. ^Laurson KR, Eisenmann JC, Welk GJBody Mass Index standards based on agreement with health-related body fatAm J Prev Med.(2011 Oct)
  22. ^Accuracy of Body Mass Index to Diagnose Obesity In the US Adult Population
  23. ^Kennedy AP, Shea JL, Sun GComparison of the classification of obesity by BMI vs. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the Newfoundland populationObesity (Silver Spring).(2009 Nov)
  24. ^Peltz G, Aguirre MT, Sanderson M, Fadden MKThe role of fat mass index in determining obesityAm J Hum Biol.(2010 Sep-Oct)
  25. ^Accuracy of current body mass index obesity classification for white, black and Hispanic reproductive-age women
  26. ^Blüher MMetabolically Healthy Obesity.Endocr Rev.(2020-05-01)
  27. ^April-Sanders AK, Rodriguez CJMetabolically Healthy Obesity Redefined.JAMA Netw Open.(2021-05-03)
  28. ^Smith GI, Mittendorfer B, Klein SMetabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies.J Clin Invest.(2019-10-01)
  29. ^Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Costa F, American Heart Association, National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteDiagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific StatementCirculation.(2005 Oct 25)
  30. ^Jacob Opio, Emma Croker, George S Odongo, John Attia, Katie Wynne, Mark McEvoyMetabolically healthy overweight/obesity are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adults, even in the absence of metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studiesObes Rev.(2020 Dec)
  31. ^Grégoire Fauchier, Arnaud Bisson, Alexandre Bodin, Julien Herbert, Carl Semaan, Denis Angoulvant, Pierre Henri Ducluzeau, Gregory Y H Lip, Laurent FauchierMetabolically healthy obesity and cardiovascular events: A nationwide cohort studyDiabetes Obes Metab.(2021 Jul 12)
  32. ^Ma LZ, Sun FR, Wang ZT, Tan L, Hou XH, Ou YN, Dong Q, Yu JT, Tan LMetabolically healthy obesity and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Ann Transl Med.(2021-Feb)
  33. ^Wu Q, Xia MF, Gao XMetabolically healthy obesity: Is it really healthy for type 2 diabetes mellitus?World J Diabetes.(2022-Feb-15)
  34. ^Lonardo A, Mantovani A, Lugari S, Targher GEpidemiology and pathophysiology of the association between NAFLD and metabolically healthy or metabolically unhealthy obesity.Ann Hepatol.(2020)
  35. ^Chen TP, Lin WY, Chiang CH, Shen TH, Huang KC, Yang KCMetabolically healthy obesity and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity independent of visceral fat.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.(2021-Oct)
  36. ^Zhou Z, Macpherson J, Gray SR, Gill JMR, Welsh P, Celis-Morales C, Sattar N, Pell JP, Ho FKAre people with metabolically healthy obesity really healthy? A prospective cohort study of 381,363 UK Biobank participants.Diabetologia.(2021-09)
  37. ^Werner DIntense activities of lactate dehydrogenase in aerobically growing diatoms.Naturwissenschaften.(1967-Sep)
  38. ^Eckel N, Li Y, Kuxhaus O, Stefan N, Hu FB, Schulze MBTransition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease risk across BMI categories in 90 257 women (the Nurses' Health Study): 30 year follow-up from a prospective cohort study.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.(2018-09)
  39. ^Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Fukuda T, Ohbora A, Kojima T, Fukui MFatty liver as a risk factor for progression from metabolically healthy to metabolically abnormal in non-overweight individuals.Endocrine.(2017-Jul)
  40. ^Hwang YC, Ahn HY, Park CYAssociation Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Future Deterioration of Metabolic Health: A Cohort Study.Obesity (Silver Spring).(2019-08)
  41. ^Ampuero J, Aller R, Gallego-Durán R, Crespo J, Calleja JL, García-Monzón C, Gómez-Camarero J, Caballería J, Lo Iacono O, Ibañez L, García-Samaniego J, Albillos A, Francés R, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Diago M, Soriano G, Andrade RJ, Latorre R, Jorquera F, Morillas RM, Escudero D, Estévez P, Guerra MH, Augustín S, Banales JM, Aspichueta P, Benlloch S, Rosales JM, Salmerón J, Turnes J, Romero Gómez M,Significant fibrosis predicts new-onset diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension in patients with NASH.J Hepatol.(2020-07)
  42. ^Chang Y, Jung HS, Yun KE, Cho J, Ahn J, Chung EC, Shin H, Ryu SMetabolically healthy obesity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes independently of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Obesity (Silver Spring).(2016-09)
  43. ^Stefan N, Schick F, Häring HUCauses, Characteristics, and Consequences of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight in Humans.Cell Metab.(2017-Aug-01)
  44. ^Francisco B Ortega, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez, Jairo H Migueles, Idoia Labayen, Jonatan R Ruiz, Xuemei Sui, Steven N Blair, Vicente Martínez-Vizcaino, Carl J LavieRole of Physical Activity and Fitness in the Characterization and Prognosis of the Metabolically Healthy Obesity Phenotype: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisProg Cardiovasc Dis.(Jul-Aug 2018)
  45. ^Iacobini C, Pugliese G, Blasetti Fantauzzi C, Federici M, Menini SMetabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obesity.Metabolism.(2019-03)
  46. ^Blüher MAre metabolically healthy obese individuals really healthy?Eur J Endocrinol.(2014-Dec)
  47. ^Stefan N, Häring HU, Hu FB, Schulze MBMetabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.(2013-Oct)
  48. ^Ghaben AL, Scherer PEAdipogenesis and metabolic health.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.(2019-04)
  49. ^Lim SS, Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Moran LJThe effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysisObes Rev.(2012 Oct 31)
  50. ^Friedemann C, Heneghan C, Mahtani K, Thompson M, Perera R, Ward AMCardiovascular disease risk in healthy children and its association with body mass index: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ.(2012 Sep 25)
  51. ^Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AM, Muniz LC, Martínez-Mesa J, Domingues MR, Horta BLWaist circumference and pulmonary function: a systematic review and meta-analysisSyst Rev.(2012 Nov 16)
  52. ^Juel CT, Ali Z, Nilas L, Ulrik CSAsthma and obesity: does weight loss improve asthma control? a systematic reviewJ Asthma Allergy.(2012)
  53. ^Adeniyi FB, Young TWeight loss interventions for chronic asthmaCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2012 Jul 11)
  54. ^Wall H, Smith C, Hubbard RBMI and obstructive sleep apnoea in the UK: a crosssectional study of the over-50sPrim Care Respir J.(2012 Jun 29)
  55. ^Mongkolsomlit S, Patumanond J, Tawichasril C, Komoltri C, Rawdaree PMeta-regression of risk factors for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetesSoutheast Asian J Trop Med Public Health.(2012 Mar)
  56. ^Cerimele JM, Katon WJAssociations between health risk behaviors and symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic reviewGen Hosp Psychiatry.(2012 Oct 5)
  57. ^Qiu CPreventing Alzheimer's disease by targeting vascular risk factors: hope and gapJ Alzheimers Dis.(2012 Jan 1)
  58. ^Turcksin R, Bel S, Galjaard S, Devlieger RMaternal obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation, intensity and duration: a systematic reviewMatern Child Nutr.(2012 Aug 20)
  59. ^Thangaratinam S, Rogozińska E, Jolly K, Glinkowski S, Duda W, Borowiack E, Roseboom T, Tomlinson J, Walczak J, Kunz R, Mol BW, Coomarasamy A, Khan KSInterventions to reduce or prevent obesity in pregnant women: a systematic reviewHealth Technol Assess.(2012 Jul)
  60. ^Salihu HM, De La Cruz C, Rahman S, August EMDoes maternal obesity cause preeclampsia? A systematic review of the evidenceMinerva Ginecol.(2012 Aug)
  61. ^Okabayashi K, Ashrafian H, Hasegawa H, Yoo JH, Patel VM, Harling L, Rowland SP, Ali M, Kitagawa Y, Darzi A, Athanasiou TBody mass index category as a risk factor for colorectal adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm J Gastroenterol.(2012 Aug)
  62. ^Zhang J, Yan F, Li Y, McKeown REBody mass index and suicidal behaviors: A critical review of epidemiological evidenceJ Affect Disord.(2012 Sep 20)
  63. ^Arem H, Irwin MLObesity and endometrial cancer survival: a systematic reviewInt J Obes (Lond).(2012 Jun 19)
  64. ^Parekh N, Chandran U, Bandera EVObesity in cancer survivalAnnu Rev Nutr.(2012 Aug 21)
  65. ^Kanehisa H, Kondo M, Ikegawa S, Fukunaga TBody composition and isokinetic strength of professional Sumo wrestlersEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1998 Mar)
  66. ^Kanehisa H, Kondo M, Ikegawa S, Fukunaga TCharacteristics of body composition and muscle strength in college Sumo wrestlersInt J Sports Med.(1997 Oct)
  67. ^Nishizawa T, Akaoka I, Nishida Y, Kawaguchi Y, Hayashi ESome factors related to obesity in the Japanese sumo wrestlerAm J Clin Nutr.(1976 Oct)
  68. ^Risk factors for mortality and mortality rate of sumo wrestlers
  69. ^Selden MA, Helzberg JH, Waeckerle JFEarly cardiovascular mortality in professional football players: fact or fictionAm J Med.(2009 Sep)
  70. ^Croft LB, Belanger A, Miller MA, Roberts A, Goldman MEComparison of National Football League linemen versus nonlinemen of left ventricular mass and left atrial sizeAm J Cardiol.(2008 Aug 1)
  71. ^Miller MA, Croft LB, Belanger AR, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Roberts AJ, Goldman MEPrevalence of metabolic syndrome in retired National Football League playersAm J Cardiol.(2008 May 1)
  72. ^Selden MA, Helzberg JH, Waeckerle JF, Browne JE, Brewer JH, Monaco ME, Tang F, O'Keefe JHElevated alanine aminotransferase in current national football league players: correlation with cardiometabolic syndrome markers, obesity, and insulin resistanceSouth Med J.(2009 Oct)
  73. ^Karam JHReversible insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusHorm Metab Res.(1996 Sep)
  74. ^Leblanc V, Provencher V, Bégin C, Corneau L, Tremblay A, Lemieux SImpact of a Health-At-Every-Size intervention on changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women: results of a randomized trialClin Nutr.(2012 Aug)
  75. ^Bacon L, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Derricote M, Gale B, Kazaks A, Stern JSEvaluating a 'non-diet' wellness intervention for improvement of metabolic fitness, psychological well-being and eating and activity behaviorsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2002 Jun)
  76. ^Provencher V, Bégin C, Tremblay A, Mongeau L, Corneau L, Dodin S, Boivin S, Lemieux SHealth-At-Every-Size and eating behaviors: 1-year follow-up results of a size acceptance interventionJ Am Diet Assoc.(2009 Nov)
  77. ^Bacon L, Stern JS, Van Loan MD, Keim NLSize acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dietersJ Am Diet Assoc.(2005 Jun)
  78. ^Jackson EGEating order: a 13-week trust model class for dieting casualtiesJ Nutr Educ Behav.(2008 Jan-Feb)
  79. ^Greaney ML, Lees FD, Lynch B, Sebelia L, Greene GWUsing focus groups to identify factors affecting healthful weight maintenance in Latino immigrantsJ Nutr Educ Behav.(2012 Sep-Oct)
  80. ^Provencher V, Bégin C, Tremblay A, Mongeau L, Boivin S, Lemieux SShort-term effects of a "health-at-every-size" approach on eating behaviors and appetite ratingsObesity (Silver Spring).(2007 Apr)
  81. ^Carroll S, Borkoles E, Polman RShort-term effects of a non-dieting lifestyle intervention program on weight management, fitness, metabolic risk, and psychological well-being in obese premenopausal females with the metabolic syndromeAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2007 Feb)
Examine Database References
  1. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy - Krotkiewski MValue of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglyceridesInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2001 Sep)
  2. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy - Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Melchionda N, Grossi G, Bortoluzzi L, Morselli Labate AM, Stefanini C, Raitano AEffects of chronic administration of ephedrine during very-low-calorie diets on energy expenditure, protein metabolism and hormone levels in obese subjectsClin Sci (Lond).(1992 Jan)
  3. Weight - Hackman RM, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Watnik MR, Noceti EM, Stohs SJ, Stern JS, Keen CLMultinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trialInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
  4. Weight - Pasquali R, Cesari MP, Melchionda N, Stefanini C, Raitano A, Labo GDoes ephedrine promote weight loss in low-energy-adapted obese womenInt J Obes.(1987)
  5. Weight - Ingerslev J, Svendsen TL, Mørk AIs an ephedrine caffeine treatment contraindicated in hypertensionInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1997 Aug)
  6. Weight - Kim HJ, Park JM, Kim JA, Ko BPEffect of herbal Ephedra sinica and Evodia rutaecarpa on body composition and resting metabolic rate: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in Korean premenopausal womenJ Acupunct Meridian Stud.(2008 Dec)
  7. Weight - Coffey CS, Steiner D, Baker BA, Allison DBA randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatmentInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2004 Nov)
  8. Appetite - Toubro S, Astrup ARandomised comparison of diets for maintaining obese subjects' weight after major weight loss: ad lib, low fat, high carbohydrate diet v fixed energy intakeBMJ.(1997 Jan 4)
  9. Metabolic Rate - B Nielsen, A Astrup, P Samuelsen, H Wengholt, N J ChristensenEffect of physical training on thermogenic responses to cold and ephedrine in obesityInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1993 Jul)
  10. Metabolic Rate - Molnár DEffects of ephedrine and aminophylline on resting energy expenditure in obese adolescentsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1993 Feb)
  11. Body Fat - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
  12. Body Fat - Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PAL-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese womenInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2000 Jun)
  13. Weight - Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Ilaria Ferrari, Angela D'Angelo, Elena Fogari, Ilaria Palumbo, Sabrina Randazzo, Arrigo F G CiceroComparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patientsFundam Clin Pharmacol.(2011 Oct)
  14. Blood glucose - Galloway SD, Craig TP, Cleland SJEffects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on insulin sensitivity indices in response to glucose feeding in lean and overweight/obese malesAmino Acids.(2011 Jul)
  15. Body Fat - Kars M, Yang L, Gregor MF, Mohammed BS, Pietka TA, Finck BN, Patterson BW, Horton JD, Mittendorfer B, Hotamisligil GS, Klein STauroursodeoxycholic Acid may improve liver and muscle but not adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in obese men and womenDiabetes.(2010 Aug)
  16. Body Fat - Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K Hoddy, Nicole Haggerty, Jeehee Song, Cynthia M Kroeger, John F Trepanowski, Satchidananda Panda, Krista A VaradyEffects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot studyNutr Healthy Aging.(2018 Jun 15)
  17. Body Fat - Kelsey Gabel, Jarrad Marcell, Kate Cares, Faiza Kalam, Sofia Cienfuegos, Mark Ezpeleta, Krista A VaradyEffect of time restricted feeding on the gut microbiome in adults with obesity: A pilot studyNutr Health.(2020 Jun)
  18. Fatigue Symptoms - Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K Hoddy, Krista A VaradySafety of 8-h time restricted feeding in adults with obesityAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2019 Jan)
  19. Body Fat - Jazayeri-Tehrani SA, Rezayat SM, Mansouri S, Qorbani M, Alavian SM, Daneshi-Maskooni M, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJNano-curcumin improves glucose indices, lipids, inflammation, and Nesfatin in overweight and obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trialNutr Metab (Lond).(2019 Jan 28)
  20. Body Fat - Nieman DC, Cialdella-Kam L, Knab AM, Shanely RAInfluence of red pepper spice and turmeric on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in overweight females: a metabolomics approachPlant Foods Hum Nutr.(2012 Dec)
  21. Blood glucose - Campbell MS, Ouyang A, I M K, Charnigo RJ, Westgate PM, Fleenor BSInfluence of enhanced bioavailable curcumin on obesity-associated cardiovascular disease risk factors and arterial function: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trialNutrition.(2019 Jun)
  22. Depression Symptoms - Esmaily H, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M, Ganjali S, Mohammadi A, Ferns G, Ghayour-Mobarhan MAn investigation of the effects of curcumin on anxiety and depression in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trialChin J Integr Med.(2015 May)
  23. Body Fat - C Mellberg, S Sandberg, M Ryberg, M Eriksson, S Brage, C Larsson, T Olsson, B LindahlLong-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2014 Mar)
  24. Left Ventricular Mass - Jonas Andersson, Caroline Mellberg, Julia Otten, Mats Ryberg, Daniel Rinnström, Christel Larsson, Bernt Lindahl, Jon Hauksson, Bengt Johansson, Tommy OlssonLeft ventricular remodelling changes without concomitant loss of myocardial fat after long-term dietary interventionInt J Cardiol.(2016 Aug 1)
  25. Body Fat - Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe, José Alberto López-Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez-Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández-Torres, Abraham Wall-Medrano, Arnulfo Ramos-JiménezEffect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program on the Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight or Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled TrialMar Drugs.(2018 Oct 1)
  26. Body Fat - Fateme Golestani, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Mahboube Erfani-Far, Seyed Hossein Abtahi-EivariThe effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin-1, omentin-1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single-blind trialJ Res Med Sci.(2021 Jan 28)
  27. Body Fat - Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MHEffects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Complement Ther Med.(2019-Dec)
  28. Weight - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
  29. Weight - Reihaneh Zeinalian, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Atefeh Shariat, Maryam Saghafi-AslThe effects of Spirulina Platensis on anthropometric indices, appetite, lipid profile and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in obese individuals: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled trialBMC Complement Altern Med.(2017 Apr 21)
  30. Weight - Shariat A, Farhangi M, Zeinalian RSpirulina platensis supplementation, macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), oxidative stress markers and anthropometric features in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trialJ Herb Med.()
  31. Blood glucose - Zahra Hamedifard, Alireza Milajerdi, Željko Reiner, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Fariba Kolahdooz, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPhytother Res.(2019 Oct)
  32. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe, Abraham Wall-Medrano, José Alberto López-Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez-Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández-Torres, Arnulfo Ramos-JiménezHypolipidemic Effect of Arthrospira ( Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program in Overweight and Obese Men: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled TrialMar Drugs.(2019 May 7)
  33. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Fatemeh Naeini, Meysam Zarezadeh, Sara Mohiti, Helda Tutunchi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani, Alireza OstadrahimiSpirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsInt J Clin Pract.(2021 Jul 8)
  34. Body Fat - Ribeiro AS, Pina FL, Dodero SR, Silva DR, Schoenfeld BJ, Sugihara Júnior P, Fernandes RR, Barbosa DS, Cyrino ES, Tirapegui JEffect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Aerobic Exercise on Body Fat and Lipid Profile in Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled TrialInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2016 Apr)
  35. Body Fat - Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, Hsu WL, Houng JY, Huang CKEffect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese populationNutrition.(2012 May)
  36. Body Fat - Sneddon AA, Tsofliou F, Fyfe CL, Matheson I, Jackson DM, Horgan G, Winzell MS, Wahle KW, Ahren B, Williams LMEffect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectinObesity (Silver Spring).(2008 May)
  37. Body Fat - Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen OConjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humansJ Nutr.(2000 Dec)
  38. Body Fat - Syvertsen C, Halse J, Høivik HO, Gaullier JM, Nurminiemi M, Kristiansen K, Einerhand A, O'Shea M, Gudmundsen OThe effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obeseInt J Obes (Lond).(2007 Jul)
  39. Weight - Sluijs I, Plantinga Y, de Roos B, Mennen LI, Bots MLDietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adultsAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Jan)
  40. Weight - Maria Pfeuffer, Kerstin Fielitz, Christiane Laue, Petra Winkler, Diana Rubin, Ulf Helwig, Katrin Giller, Julia Kammann, Edzard Schwedhelm, Rainer H Böger, Achim Bub, Doris Bell, Jürgen SchrezenmeirCLA does not impair endothelial function and decreases body weight as compared with safflower oil in overweight and obese male subjectsJ Am Coll Nutr.(2011 Feb)
  41. Lean Mass - Steck SE, Chalecki AM, Miller P, Conway J, Austin GL, Hardin JW, Albright CD, Thuillier PConjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humansJ Nutr.(2007 May)
  42. DNA Damage - Kim J, Paik HD, Shin MJ, Park EEight weeks of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no effect on antioxidant status in healthy overweight/obese Korean individualsEur J Nutr.(2012 Mar)
  43. Body Fat - Hana Kahleova, Rebecca Fleeman, Adela Hlozkova, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant proteinNutr Diabetes.(2018 Nov 2)
  44. Depression Symptoms - Ulka Agarwal, Suruchi Mishra, Jia Xu, Susan Levin, Joseph Gonzales, Neal D BarnardA multicenter randomized controlled trial of a nutrition intervention program in a multiethnic adult population in the corporate setting reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life: the GEICO studyAm J Health Promot.(Mar-Apr 2015)
  45. Body Fat - Shirley F Evans, Maureen Meister, Maryam Mahmood, Heba Eldoumi, Sandra Peterson, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Stephen L Clarke, Mark Payton, Brenda J Smith, Edralin A LucasMango supplementation improves blood glucose in obese individualsNutr Metab Insights.(2014 Aug 28)
  46. Body Fat - Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, Yasunaga K, Matsuo N, Katsuragi Y, Komikado M, Tokimitsu I, Wilder D, Jones F, Blumberg JB, Cartwright YGreen tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adultsJ Nutr.(2009 Feb)
  47. Body Fat - Matsuyama T, Tanaka Y, Kamimaki I, Nagao T, Tokimitsu ICatechin safely improved higher levels of fatness, blood pressure, and cholesterol in childrenObesity (Silver Spring).(2008 Jun)
  48. Weight - Arpita Basu, Karah Sanchez, Misti J Leyva, Mingyuan Wu, Nancy M Betts, Christopher E Aston, Timothy J LyonsGreen tea supplementation affects body weight, lipids, and lipid peroxidation in obese subjects with metabolic syndromeJ Am Coll Nutr.(2010 Feb)
  49. Weight - Hsu CH, Tsai TH, Kao YH, Hwang KC, Tseng TY, Chou PEffect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialClin Nutr.(2008 Jun)
  50. Glycemic Control - Brown AL, Lane J, Coverly J, Stocks J, Jackson S, Stephen A, Bluck L, Coward A, Hendrickx HEffects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: randomized controlled trialBr J Nutr.(2009 Mar)
  51. Metabolic Rate - Thielecke F, Rahn G, Böhnke J, Adams F, Birkenfeld AL, Jordan J, Boschmann MEpigallocatechin-3-gallate and postprandial fat oxidation in overweight/obese male volunteers: a pilot studyEur J Clin Nutr.(2010 Jul)
  52. Fat Oxidation - Boschmann M, Thielecke FThe effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot studyJ Am Coll Nutr.(2007 Aug)
  53. Body Fat - R T Stanko, D L Tietze, J E ArchBody composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a severely restricted diet supplemented with dihydroxyacetone and pyruvateAm J Clin Nutr.(1992 Apr)
  54. Body Fat - Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, Sears BKetogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate dietsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 May)
  55. Body Fat - Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Phillips SAImprovements in vascular health by a low-fat diet, but not a high-fat diet, are mediated by changes in adipocyte biologyNutr J.(2011 Jan 20)
  56. Body Fat - Parker N Hyde, Teryn N Sapper, Christopher D Crabtree, Richard A LaFountain, Madison L Bowling, Alex Buga, Brandon Fell, Fionn T McSwiney, Ryan M Dickerson, Vincent J Miller, Debbie Scandling, Orlando P Simonetti, Stephen D Phinney, William J Kraemer, Sarah A King, Ronald M Krauss, Jeff S VolekDietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight lossJCI Insight.(2019 Jun 20)
  57. Ketone Bodies - Rosenbaum M, Hall KD, Guo J, Ravussin E, Mayer LS, Reitman ML, Smith SR, Walsh BT, Leibel RLGlucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic DietObesity (Silver Spring).(2019 Jun)
  58. Ketone Bodies - Vazquez JA, Kazi ULipolysis and gluconeogenesis from glycerol during weight reduction with very-low-calorie dietsMetabolism.(1994 Oct)
  59. Weight - Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader DJ, Edman JS, Klein SA randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesityN Engl J Med.(2003 May 22)
  60. Weight - Phillips SA, Jurva JW, Syed AQ, Syed AQ, Kulinski JP, Pleuss J, Hoffmann RG, Gutterman DDBenefit of low-fat over low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial health in obesityHypertension.(2008 Feb)
  61. Blood glucose - Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJComparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight womenJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Apr)
  62. Blood glucose - Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Belobrajdic DP, Buckley JD, Clifton PMEffects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesityAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Mar)
  63. Body Fat - Nagatomo A, Nishida N, Fukuhara I, Noro A, Kozai Y, Sato H, Matsuura YDaily intake of rosehip extract decreases abdominal visceral fat in preobese subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialDiabetes Metab Syndr Obes.(2015 Mar 6)
  64. Body Fat - Lívia de Paula Nogueira, Marcela Paranhos Knibel, Márcia Regina Simas Gonçalves Torres, José Firmino Nogueira Neto, Antonio Felipe SanjulianiConsumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weightInt J Hypertens.(2012)
  65. Weight - Di Renzo L, Rizzo M, Sarlo F, Colica C, Iacopino L, Domino E, Sergi D, De Lorenzo AEffects of dark chocolate in a population of normal weight obese women: a pilot studyEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.(2013 Aug)
  66. Blood Flow - Andrew B. Petrone, J. Michael Gaziano, Luc DjousséEffects of Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Products on Endothelial Function: A Meta-AnalysisCurrent Nutrition Reports.()
  67. Body Fat - Keith R Martin, Katie M ColesConsumption of 100% Tart Cherry Juice Reduces Serum Urate in Overweight and Obese AdultsCurr Dev Nutr.(2019 Feb 25)
  68. Body Fat - Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Ugajin S, Kaga TVinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjectsBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2009 Aug)
  69. Body Fat - Khezri, S, et alBeneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trialJ. Funct. Foods.()
  70. Body Fat - Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, Hoshiarrad A, Gohari MA 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese womenNutr J.(2012 Sep 22)
  71. Body Fat - Carrillo AE, Flynn MG, Pinkston C, Markofski MM, Jiang Y, Donkin SS, Teegarden DImpact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adultsClin Nutr.(2012 Aug 31)
  72. Glycemic Control - Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJA randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African AmericansDiabetes Obes Metab.(2012 Sep)
  73. Blood Pressure - Rajakumar K, Moore CG, Khalid AT, Vallejo AN, Virji MA, Holick MF, Greenspan SL, Arslanian S, Reis SEEffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D-deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr.(2020-Apr-01)
  74. Body Fat - Ngondi JL, Etoundi BC, Nyangono CB, Mbofung CM, Oben JEIGOB131, a novel seed extract of the West African plant Irvingia gabonensis, significantly reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in overweight humans in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled investigationLipids Health Dis.(2009 Mar 2)
  75. Weight - Ngondi JL, Oben JE, Minka SRThe effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in CameroonLipids Health Dis.(2005 May 25)
  76. Body Fat - Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Korenblat KM, Magkos F, McCrea J, Patterson BW, Klein SEffect of fenofibrate and niacin on intrahepatic triglyceride content, very low-density lipoprotein kinetics, and insulin action in obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2010 Jun)
  77. Blood glucose - Fraterrigo G, Fabbrini E, Mittendorfer B, O'Rahilly S, Scherer PE, Patterson BW, Klein SRelationship between Changes in Plasma Adiponectin Concentration and Insulin Sensitivity after Niacin TherapyCardiorenal Med.(2012 Aug)
  78. Body Fat - Bell ZW, Canale RE, Bloomer RJA dual investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation with licorice flavonoid oil on anthropometric and biochemical markers of health and adiposityLipids Health Dis.(2011 Feb 10)
  79. Body Fat - Yazaki Y, Faridi Z, Ma Y, Ali A, Northrup V, Njike VY, Liberti L, Katz DLA pilot study of chromium picolinate for weight lossJ Altern Complement Med.(2010 Mar)
  80. Body Fat - Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, Aghabagheri E, Asemi Z, Jafarnejad SA meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity.Clin Obes.(2019-Aug)
  81. Weight - Tian H, Guo X, Wang X, He Z, Sun R, Ge S, Zhang ZChromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2013 Nov 29)
  82. Weight - I Kato, J H Vogelman, V Dilman, J Karkoszka, K Frenkel, N P Durr, N Orentreich, P TonioloEffect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5-hydroxymethyl uracilEur J Epidemiol.(1998 Sep)
  83. Weight - Lydic ML, McNurlan M, Bembo S, Mitchell L, Komaroff E, Gelato MChromium picolinate improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndromeFertil Steril.(2006 Jul)
  84. Weight - Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Jansman FG, Groenier KH, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bakker SJ, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2006 Mar)
  85. Body Fat - Douglas S. Kaiman, Carlon M. Colker, Melissa A. Swain, Georgeann C. Torina, Qiuhu ShiA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adultsCurrent Therapeutic Research.()
  86. Metabolic Rate - Zenk JL, Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MAHUM5007, a novel combination of thermogenic compounds, and 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone: each increases the resting metabolic rate of overweight adultsJ Nutr Biochem.(2007 Sep)
  87. Body Fat - Lee E, Kolunsarka I, Kostensalo J, Ahtiainen JP, Haapala EA, Willeit P, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JAEffects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2022-Sep-01)
  88. Blood Pressure - Akinori Masuda, Masaaki Miyata, Takashi Kihara, Shinichi Minagoe, Chuwa TeiRepeated sauna therapy reduces urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha)Jpn Heart J.(2004 Mar)
  89. Body Fat - Askari M, Mozaffari H, Jafari A, Ghanbari M, Darooghegi Mofrad MThe effects of magnesium supplementation on obesity measures in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021)
  90. Body Fat - Sepandi M, Samadi M, Shirvani H, Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Goudarzi F, Akbarzadeh IEffect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022-Aug)
  91. Weight - Frestedt JL, Zenk JL, Kuskowski MA, Ward LS, Bastian EDA whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical studyNutr Metab (Lond).(2008 Mar 27)
  92. Waist circumference - Badely M, Sepandi M, Samadi M, Parastouei K, Taghdir MThe effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2019)
  93. Blood glucose - Smedegaard S, Kampmann U, Ovesen PG, Støvring H, Rittig NWhey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023-Aug)
  94. Insulin - Amirani E, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Mirzaei H, Mansournia MA, Asemi ZEffects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Lipids Health Dis.(2020-Sep-21)
  95. Interleukin 6 - Jamshidi S, Mohsenpour MA, Masoumi SJ, Fatahi S, Nasimi N, Zahabi ES, Pourrajab B, Shidfar FEffect of whey protein consumption on IL-6 and TNF-α: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2022-Jan)
  96. Body Fat - Mousavi SM, Milajerdi A, Sheikhi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, Feinle-Bisset C, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh AResveratrol supplementation significantly influences obesity measures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2019-Mar)
  97. Body Mass Index (BMI) - Huang H, Chen G, Liao D, Zhu Y, Pu R, Xue XThe effects of resveratrol intervention on risk markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.Obes Rev.(2016-Dec)
  98. Blood glucose - Timmers S, Konings E, Bilet L, Houtkooper RH, van de Weijer T, Goossens GH, Hoeks J, van der Krieken S, Ryu D, Kersten S, Moonen-Kornips E, Hesselink MK, Kunz I, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Blaak EE, Auwerx J, Schrauwen PCalorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humansCell Metab.(2011 Nov 2)
  99. Insulin - Consolato Sergi, Bonnie Chiu, Joseph Feulefack, Fan Shen, Brian ChiuUsefulness of resveratrol supplementation in decreasing cardiometabolic risk factors comparing subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects with or without obesity: meta-analysis using multinational, randomised, controlled trialsArch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis.(2020 May 30)
  100. Insulin - Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, Mi MTEffect of resveratrol on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2014-Jun)
  101. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Maryam Akbari, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Kamran B Lankarani, Reza Tabrizi, Ehsan Dadgostar, Neda Haghighat, Fariba Kolahdooz, Amir Ghaderi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Zatollah AsemiThe effects of resveratrol on lipid profiles and liver enzymes in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsLipids Health Dis.(2020 Feb 17)
  102. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Sahebkar AEffects of resveratrol supplementation on plasma lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Rev.(2013-Dec)
  103. Blood Pressure - Samuel R Weaver, Catarina Rendeiro, Helen M McGettrick, Andrew Philp, Samuel J E LucasFine wine or sour grapes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of red wine polyphenols on vascular healthEur J Nutr.(2021 Feb)
  104. Insulin Resistance - Felipe Mendes Delpino, Lílian Munhoz FigueiredoResveratrol supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 22)
  105. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Haghighatdoost F, Hariri MCan resveratrol supplement change inflammatory mediators? A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2019-Mar)
  106. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Tabrizi R, Tamtaji OR, Lankarani KB, Mirhosseini N, Akbari M, Dadgostar E, Peymani P, Asemi ZThe effects of resveratrol supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Food Funct.(2018-Dec-13)
  107. Liver Enzymes - Darand M, Farrokhzad A, Ghavami A, Hadi A, Karimi E, Fadel A, Askari GEffects of resveratrol supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Int J Clin Pract.(2021-Mar)
  108. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Koushki M, Lakzaei M, Khodabandehloo H, Hosseini H, Meshkani R, Panahi GTherapeutic effect of resveratrol supplementation on oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Postgrad Med J.(2020-Apr)
  109. Adiponectin - Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Sohrabi Z, Sherafatmanesh S, Barati-Boldaji RResveratrol supplementation and plasma adipokines concentrations? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res.(2017-Mar)
  110. Creatinine - Abdollahi S, Vajdi M, Meshkini F, Vasmehjani AA, Sangsefidi ZS, Clark CCT, Soltani SResveratrol may mildly improve renal function in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutr Res.(2023-May)
  111. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 - Mohammadipoor N, Shafiee F, Rostami A, Kahrizi MS, Soleimanpour H, Ghodsi M, Ansari MJ, Bokov DO, Jannat B, Mosharkesh E, Pour Abbasi MSResveratrol supplementation efficiently improves endothelial health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022-Sep)
  112. Processing Speed - Marx W, Kelly JT, Marshall S, Cutajar J, Annois B, Pipingas A, Tierney A, Itsiopoulos CEffect of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in adults: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Rev.(2018-Jun-01)
  113. Ketone Bodies - Kunesová M, Braunerová R, Hlavatý P, Tvrzická E, Stanková B, Skrha J, Hilgertová J, Hill M, Kopecký J, Wagenknecht M, Hainer V, Matoulek M, Parízková J, Zák A, Svacina SThe influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and very low calorie diet during a short-term weight reducing regimen on weight loss and serum fatty acid composition in severely obese womenPhysiol Res.(2006)
  114. Weight - Ramel A, Martinez JA, Kiely M, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir IModerate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restrictionNutrition.(2010 Feb)
  115. Glycemic Control - Akinkuolie AO, Ngwa JS, Meigs JB, Djoussé LOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsClin Nutr.(2011 Dec)
  116. Offspring BMI - Byron A Foster, Elia Escaname, Theresa L Powell, Benjamin Larsen, Sartaj K Siddiqui, John Menchaca, Christian Aquino, Rajam Ramamurthy, Daniel E HaleRandomized Controlled Trial of DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Child Adiposity OutcomesNutrients.(2017 Jun 2)
  117. Weight - Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cascino A, Del Ben M, Laviano A, Muscaritoli M, Antonucci F, Rossi-Fanelli FEating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophanAm J Clin Nutr.(1992 Nov)
  118. Weight - Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, Cascino A, Del Ben M, Muscaritoli M, Sibilia L, Rossi Fanelli FThe effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjectsJ Neural Transm.(1989)
  119. Weight - Andrea M McNeilly, Gareth W Davison, Marie H Murphy, Nida Nadeem, Tom Trinick, Ellie Duly, Anna Novials, Jane McEnenyEffect of α-lipoic acid and exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk in obesity with impaired glucose toleranceLipids Health Dis.(2011 Nov 22)
  120. Weight - Koh EH, Lee WJ, Lee SA, Kim EH, Cho EH, Jeong E, Kim DW, Kim MS, Park JY, Park KG, Lee HJ, Lee IK, Lim S, Jang HC, Lee KH, Lee KUEffects of alpha-lipoic Acid on body weight in obese subjectsAm J Med.(2011 Jan)
  121. Weight - M G Carbonelli, L Di Renzo, M Bigioni, N Di Daniele, A De Lorenzo, M A FuscoAlpha-lipoic acid supplementation: a tool for obesity therapy?Curr Pharm Des.(2010)
  122. Weight - Syed Asif J Kazmi, Moosa Khan, Ghulam Rasool Mashori, Azra Saleem, Naheed Akhtar, Ashraf JahangeerInfluence of sibutramine, orlistat and Ispaghula in reducing body weight and total body fat content in obese individualsJ Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad.(Apr-Jun 2009)
  123. Thermic effect of food (TEF) - Khossousi A, Binns CW, Dhaliwal SS, Pal SThe acute effects of psyllium on postprandial lipaemia and thermogenesis in overweight and obese menBr J Nutr.(2008 May)
  124. Weight - Oben JE, Enyegue DM, Fomekong GI, Soukontoua YB, Agbor GAThe effect of Cissus quadrangularis (CQR-300) and a Cissus formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stressLipids Health Dis.(2007 Feb 4)
  125. Weight - Long Ge, Behnam Sadeghirad, Geoff D C Ball, Bruno R da Costa, Christine L Hitchcock, Anton Svendrovski, Ruhi Kiflen, Kalimullah Quadri, Henry Y Kwon, Mohammad Karamouzian, Thomasin Adams-Webber, Waleed Ahmed, Samah Damanhoury, Dena Zeraatkar, Adriani Nikolakopoulou, Ross T Tsuyuki, Jinhui Tian, Kehu Yang, Gordon H Guyatt, Bradley C JohnstonComparison of Dietary Macronutrient Patterns of 14 Popular Named Dietary Programmes for Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised TrialsBMJ.(2020 Apr 1)
  126. Weight - Esposito K, Kastorini CM, Panagiotakos DB, Giugliano DMediterranean diet and weight loss: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Metab Syndr Relat Disord.(2011-Feb)
  127. Weight - Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, Briel MMeta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors.Am J Med.(2011-Sep)
  128. Waist circumference - López-Gil JF, García-Hermoso A, Sotos-Prieto M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Kales SNMediterranean Diet-Based Interventions to Improve Anthropometric and Obesity Indicators in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Jul)
  129. Waist circumference - Kastorini, C.M., et al.The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individualsJ Am Coll Cardiol.(2011-03-15)
  130. Waist circumference - Garcia M, Bihuniak JD, Shook J, Kenny A, Kerstetter J, Huedo-Medina TBThe Effect of the Traditional Mediterranean-Style Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2016-Mar-15)
  131. Liver Enzymes - Abbas Ali Sangouni, Shirin Hassani Zadeh, Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi, Mahdieh HosseinzadehEffect of Mediterranean diet on liver enzymes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBr J Nutr.(2021 Jun 21)
  132. Endothelial Function - Shannon OM, Mendes I, Köchl C, Mazidi M, Ashor AW, Rubele S, Minihane AM, Mathers JC, Siervo MMediterranean Diet Increases Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Nutr.(2020-May-01)
  133. Weight - Banni S, Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, Giordano E, Sirigu AR, Berge K, Vik H, Maki KC, Di Marzo V, Griinari MKrill oil significantly decreases 2-arachidonoylglycerol plasma levels in obese subjectsNutr Metab (Lond).(2011 Jan 30)
  134. Weight - F L Greenway, G A BrayRegional fat loss from the thigh in obese women after adrenergic modulationClin Ther.(1987)
  135. Weight - Daly PA, Krieger DR, Dulloo AG, Young JB, Landsberg LEphedrine, caffeine and aspirin: safety and efficacy for treatment of human obesityInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1993 Feb)
  136. Metabolic Rate - T J Horton, C A GeisslerPost-prandial thermogenesis with ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin in lean, pre-disposed obese and obese womenInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1996 Feb)
  137. Weight - Huck CJ, Johnston CS, Beezhold BL, Swan PDVitamin C status and perception of effort during exercise in obese adults adhering to a calorie-reduced dietNutrition.(2012 Jun 5)
  138. Weight - Alessandro D Genazzani, Alessia Prati, Susanna Santagni, Federica Ricchieri, Elisa Chierchia, Erica Rattighieri, Annalisa Campedelli, Tommaso Simoncini, Paolo G ArtiniDifferential insulin response to myo-inositol administration in obese polycystic ovary syndrome patientsGynecol Endocrinol.(2012 Dec)
  139. Weight - Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, Pietrobelli A, Greenfield D, Nunez CGarcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(1998 Nov 11)
  140. Weight - Datau EA, Wardhana, Surachmanto EE, Pandelaki K, Langi JA, FiasEfficacy of Nigella sativa on serum free testosterone and metabolic disturbances in central obese maleActa Med Indones.(2010 Jul)
  141. Weight - Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wang P, Qing Y, Sun CThe effects of capsaicin intake on weight loss among overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Nutr.(2023-Nov-14)
  142. Appetite - Mathern JR, Raatz SK, Thomas W, Slavin JLEffect of fenugreek fiber on satiety, blood glucose and insulin response and energy intake in obese subjectsPhytother Res.(2009 Nov)
  143. Appetite - A C Hall, A C Fairclough, K Mahadevan, J R PaxmanAscophyllum nodosum enriched bread reduces subsequent energy intake with no effect on post-prandial glucose and cholesterol in healthy, overweight males. A pilot studyAppetite.(2012 Feb)
  144. Blood glucose - Reeds DN, Patterson BW, Okunade A, Holloszy JO, Polonsky KS, Klein SGinseng and ginsenoside Re do not improve β-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetesDiabetes Care.(2011 May)
  145. Blood glucose - van Dijk AE, Olthof MR, Meeuse JC, Seebus E, Heine RJ, van Dam RMAcute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose toleranceDiabetes Care.(2009 Jun)
  146. Blood glucose - Karimi-Nazari E, et alEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.()
  147. Sperm Count - Elham Karimi-Nazari, Azadeh Nadjarzadeh, Roghayyeh Masoumi, Ameneh Marzban, Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2019 Dec)
  148. Glycemic Control - Abaturov AY, Stepanov YM, Nikulina AATreatment of lactase deficiency in children's obesity with genotype c/c 13910 of lactase geneWiad Lek.(2019)
  149. Glycemic Control - Jacques-Camarena O, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, López-Madrueño JF, Medina-Santillán REffect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose toleranceAnn Nutr Metab.(2008)
  150. Glycemic Control - Stull AJ, Cash KC, Johnson WD, Champagne CM, Cefalu WTBioactives in blueberries improve insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and womenJ Nutr.(2010 Oct)
  151. Insulin - Joseph J Matthews, Eimear Dolan, Paul A Swinton, Lívia Santos, Guilherme G Artioli, Mark D Turner, Kirsty J Elliott-Sale, Craig SaleEffect of Carnosine or β-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisAdv Nutr.(2021 Jul 31)
  152. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Yin S, Xu H, Xia J, Lu Y, Xu D, Sun J, Wang Y, Liao W, Sun GEffect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Individuals with Obesity or Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Sep-29)
  153. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Ding KX, Gao TL, Xu R, Cai J, Zhang HQ, Sun YY, Zhong F, Ma AGQuantifying the Effect of Supplementation with Algae and Its Extracts on Glycolipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2020-Jun-08)
  154. Blood Pressure - Alexei Wong, Oksana Chernykh, Arturo FigueroaChronic l-citrulline supplementation improves cardiac sympathovagal balance in obese postmenopausal women: A preliminary reportAuton Neurosci.(2016 Jul)
  155. Blood Pressure - Powers R, et al[7-OR]: L-Citrulline administration increases the arginine/ADMA ratio, decreases blood pressure and improves vascular function in obese pregnant womenPregnancy Hypertens.()
  156. Asthma Symptoms - Fernando Holguin, Hartmut Grasemann, Sunita Sharma, Daniel Winnica, Karen Wasil, Vong Smith, Margaret H Cruse, Nancy Perez, Erika Coleman, Timothy J Scialla, Loretta G QueL-Citrulline increases nitric oxide and improves control in obese asthmaticsJCI Insight.(2019 Dec 19)
  157. Metabolic Rate - Justin Dela Cruz, David KahanPre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic ReviewNutrients.(2021 May 30)
  158. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Dayanne da Silva Borges, Ricardo Fernandes, Arthur Thives Mello, Ethiene da Silva Fontoura, Adair Roberto Soares Dos Santos, Erasmo Benicio Santos de Moraes TrindadePrebiotics may reduce serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and ghrelin in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2020 Mar 1)
  159. Adiponectin - Lucotti P, Setola E, Monti LD, Galluccio E, Costa S, Sandoli EP, Fermo I, Rabaiotti G, Gatti R, Piatti PBeneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patientsAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2006 Nov)
  160. Cortisol - Adrian L Lopresti, Peter D Drummond, Stephen J SmithA Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Examining the Hormonal and Vitality Effects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) in Aging, Overweight MalesAm J Mens Health.(Mar-Apr 2019)
  161. Gastric Emptying Rate - Jonderko K, Kucio CEffect of anti-obesity drugs promoting energy expenditure, yohimbine and ephedrine, on gastric emptying in obese patientsAliment Pharmacol Ther.(1991 Aug)
  162. Hearing Loss - Kranzer K, Elamin WF, Cox H, Seddon JA, Ford N, Drobniewski FA systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in preventing aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity: implications for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB.Thorax.(2015-Nov)