Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

Last Updated: March 21, 2024

Panax ginseng is commonly referred to as “Korean ginseng”. It appears to be effective for mood, immunity, and cognition, but is subpar for erectile function, testosterone, and exercise performance.

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) is most often used for

What is Panax ginseng?

Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) is an herbaceous plant used in traditional Chinese medicine for a wide variety of preventative purposes. It belongs to the Araliaceae family and is the most widely used species within the Panax genus for medicinal purposes.[4] The roots of the plant, typically harvested in early autumn from mature specimens aged at least 4 years, are the primary source of bioactive compounds and are usually the parts used in supplements.[5]

While there are 13 identified species of ginseng, the two most prevalent in supplements and the food industry are Panax ginseng, grown in China and Korea, and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), grown in regions of the United States and Canada. Panax ginseng supplements are often used to enhance mood, cognition, and immune function. Ginseng is also used as an ingredient in food and edible products (e.g., chewing gums, candies, and coffee).[6]

It is essential to distinguish genuine Panax ginseng from other herbal products marketed under the name of ginseng. Notably, Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as eleuthero), Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia paniculata), and Indian ginseng (ashwagandha) are among the commercially available alternatives that do not originate from the Panax genus. Although they carry similar names, they do not contain the same bioactive compounds, and therefore they have completely different mechanisms of action and effects.[6]

What are Panax ginseng’s main benefits?

Research on the effects of Panax ginseng on mood and cognition yields mixed findings.

One study found that Panax ginseng may have a dose-dependent calming effect on mood,[7] but subsequent research failed to replicate these results.[8] Moreover, supplementation with Panax ginseng showed initial improvements in mental health at the 4-week mark, but this effect diminished by the end of the 8-week intervention period.[9] Overall, the evidence suggests that Panax ginseng's effects on mood may be short lived, lasting between 1 and 4 weeks before diminishing.

Similarly, the potential cognitive benefits of Panax ginseng remain inconclusive due to variations in study methodologies and inconsistent results.[10][1] While some studies reported enhancements in reaction time and accuracy with Panax ginseng supplementation, others failed to establish significant cognitive improvements.[7][11] Thus, further research is necessary to validate these effects and elucidate the mechanisms underlying Panax ginseng's impact on cognition.

Additionally, Panax ginseng extracts appear to have some immunomodulatory properties and to reduce the occurrence of the flu in humans when taken alongside flu vaccination.[12]

What are Panax ginseng’s main drawbacks?

Panax ginseng supplements are generally considered safe. A systematic review assessing the safety of ginseng use in humans reported a low incidence of harm, with side effects primarily related to gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and cramps.[13][14]

However, high doses and long-term usage may lead to the development of the so-called “ginseng abuse syndrome”, characterized by symptoms such as hypertension, nervousness, sleeplessness, diarrhea, and skin eruptions when taking 3 grams of Panax ginseng per day. Higher dosages (15 grams per day or more) have also been associated with depersonalization, confusion, and depression.[15][16][17]

Furthermore, Panax ginseng exhibits mild inhibitory effects on some enzymes from the CYP450 family, such as CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, which are involved in the metabolism of certain medications. This interaction appears to be of small significance and is unlikely to be clinically meaningful.[18]

How does Panax Ginseng work?

Panax ginseng contains various bioactive components, with ginsenosides being the main active compounds responsible for its pharmacological benefits. The types of ginsenosides in the plant extract and their concentration can vary depending on the extraction and preparation method used.[19] Other active ingredients found in Panax ginseng include polysaccharides, peptides, phytosterols, polyacetylenes, polyacetylenic alcohols, and fatty acids, which contribute to its overall therapeutic properties.[19]

The pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng are largely attributed to its ginsenoside content, which interacts with various molecular targets in the body to exert its beneficial effects. For example, certain ginsenosides found in red Panax ginseng, such as Ro and R(3), have been shown to inhibit the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. This enzyme is responsible for converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and by inhibiting this enzyme, Panax ginseng may help increase testosterone levels.[20]

What else is Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) known as?
Note that Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) is also known as:
  • Asian ginseng
  • Asiatic ginseng
  • Manchurian ginseng
  • Chinese ginseng
  • Mountain Ginseng
  • True Ginseng
  • Wild Ginseng
  • 人蔘 or 人参 or 人參 (Rénshēn)
  • 인삼; 人蔘 (Insam)
  • 人参 (Ninjin)
Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) should not be confused with:
  • Siberian Ginseng
  • American Ginseng
  • Chinese Ginseng
  • Pseudoginseng
  • Desert Ginseng
  • Black Ginseng
  • Cistanche spp
Dosage information

Panax ginseng is typically consumed in daily doses ranging from 200 to 400 mg, with the 400 mg dosage showing the most notable cognitive benefits.[1] These doses refer to standardized ginseng extracts which contain around 4–10 % total ginsenosides (Panax ginseng’s primary bioactive compounds) and are taken once daily.

Higher doses (200–20,000 mg) have been used to target improvements in glucose and lipid profiles.[2]

For trials focusing on erectile health and libido enhancement, Korean red ginseng extract is commonly administered at a dosage of 3 grams daily, divided into three doses of 1 gram each.[3]

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References
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  3. ^de Andrade E, de Mesquita AA, Claro Jde A, de Andrade PM, Ortiz V, Paranhos M, Srougi MStudy of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl.(2007 Mar)
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  12. ^Scaglione F, Cattaneo G, Alessandria M, Cogo REfficacy and safety of the standardised Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold correctedDrugs Exp Clin Res.(1996)
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  19. ^Kim JH, Yi YS, Kim MY, Cho JYRole of ginsenosides, the main active components of , in inflammatory responses and diseases.J Ginseng Res.(2017-Oct)
  20. ^Murata K, Takeshita F, Samukawa K, Tani T, Matsuda HEffects of ginseng rhizome and ginsenoside Ro on testosterone 5α-reductase and hair re-growth in testosterone-treated mice.Phytother Res.(2012-Jan)
  21. ^Yoon SR, Lee GD, Park JH, Lee IS, Kwon JHGinsenoside composition and antiproliferative activities of explosively puffed ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer).J Food Sci.(2010-May)
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Examine Database References
  1. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Herman-J. Engels, Joesphine M. Said, John C. Wirth,Failure of chronic ginseng supplementation to affect work performance and energy metabolism in healthy adult femalesNutrition Research.()
  2. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - A C Morris, I Jacobs, T M McLellan, A Klugerman, L C Wang, J ZamecnikNo ergogenic effect of ginseng ingestionInt J Sport Nutr.(1996 Sep)
  3. Blood Lactate (Exercise) - H J Engels, J C WirthNo ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exerciseJ Am Diet Assoc.(1997 Oct)
  4. Oxygen Uptake - J D Allen, J McLung, A G Nelson, M WelschGinseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performanceJ Am Coll Nutr.(1998 Oct)
  5. Oxygen Uptake - Pipat, Cherdungsi., Kanyarat, RungroengEffects of Standardized Ginseng Extract and Exercise Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Capacities in HumansJournal of Ginseng Research.()
  6. Waist-Hip Ratio - E. Azizi, F. MoradiThe effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuildersDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.()
  7. Weight - Angelheart J.M. RattuThe effect of ginseng supplementation on strength development in response to resistance exercise trainingMedical Journal of Indonesia.()
  8. Exercise Recovery - H J Engels, I Kolokouri, T J Cieslak 2nd, J C WirthEffects of ginseng supplementation on supramaximal exercise performance and short-term recoveryJ Strength Cond Res.(2001 Aug)
  9. Lactate Dehydrogenase - Gislaine Cristina-Souza, Ana C Santos-Mariano, Adriano E Lima-Silva, Poliana L Costa, Pablo R Domingos, Sandro F Silva, Wilson C Abreu, Fernando R De-Oliveira, Raul OsieckiPanax ginseng Supplementation Increases Muscle Recruitment, Attenuates Perceived Effort, and Accelerates Muscle Force Recovery After an Eccentric-Based Exercise in AthletesJ Strength Cond Res.(2020 Apr 29)
  10. Immunoglobulin A - Hermann-J Engels, Mariane M Fahlman, John C WirthEffects of ginseng on secretory IgA, performance, and recovery from interval exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2003 Apr)
  11. Cognition - Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey ABEffects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasksJ Psychopharmacol.(2006 Nov)
  12. Cognition - Andrew B Scholey, David O KennedyAcute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demandHum Psychopharmacol.(2002 Jan)
  13. Cognition - Jae-Hyeok Heo, Soon-Tae Lee, Min Jung Oh, Hyun-Jung Park, Ji-Young Shim, Kon Chu, Manho KimImprovement of cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease patients by long term treatment with korean red ginsengJ Ginseng Res.(2011 Nov)
  14. Cognition - Hye-Bin Yeo, Ho-Kyoung Yoon, Heon-Jeong Lee, Seung-Gul Kang, Ki-Young Jung, Leen KimEffects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cognitive and Motor Function: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled TrialJ Ginseng Res.(2012 Apr)
  15. Cognition - Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DOPanax ginseng (G115) improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adultsHum Psychopharmacol.(2010 Aug)
  16. Cognition - Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey ABSingle doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activityJ Psychopharmacol.(2005 Jul)
  17. Cognition - Soon-Tae Lee, Kon Chu, Ji-Young Sim, Jae-Hyeok Heo, Manho KimPanax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer diseaseAlzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.(Jul-Sep 2008)
  18. Cognition - Eun Namgung, Jungyoon Kim, Hyeonseok Jeong, Gahae Hong, Myeongju Kim, Rye Young Kim, Shinhye Kim, In Kyoon LyooEffects of Korean red ginseng on human gray matter volume and cognitive function: A voxel-based morphometry studyHum Psychopharmacol.(2021 Mar)
  19. Cognition - Derek Ong Lai Teik, Xiao Shiang Lee, Chu Jian Lim, Chia Mei Low, Mariyam Muslima, Luca AquiliGinseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised TrialPLoS One.(2016 Mar 3)
  20. Processing Speed - L D'Angelo, R Grimaldi, M Caravaggi, M Marcoli, E Perucca, S Lecchini, G M Frigo, A CremaA double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on the effect of a standardized ginseng extract on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteersJ Ethnopharmacol.(Apr-May 1986)
  21. Cognitive Decline - Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, Oh MJ, Park HJ, Shim JY, Kim MAn open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's diseaseEur J Neurol.(2008 Aug)
  22. Motor Control - Henrik Sorensen, Jesper SonnneA double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functionsCurrent Therapeutic Research.()
  23. Reaction Time - D O Kennedy, C F Haskell, K A Wesnes, A B ScholeyImproved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginsengPharmacol Biochem Behav.(2004 Nov)
  24. Reaction Time - Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KAModulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adultsPhysiol Behav.(2002 Apr 15)
  25. Attention - Pierre-Antoine Mariage, Areg Hovhannisyan, Alexander G PanossianEfficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover TrialPharmaceuticals (Basel).(2020 Mar 29)
  26. Fatigue Symptoms - Meegun Hong, Yoon Hyeong Lee, Seungwoo Kim, Ki Tae Suk, Chang Seok Bang, Jai Hoon Yoon, Gwang Ho Baik, Dong Joon Kim, Myong Jo KimAnti-inflammatory and antifatigue effect of Korean Red Ginseng in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseJ Ginseng Res.(2016 Jul)
  27. Insulin - Reay JL, Scholey AB, Milne A, Fenwick J, Kennedy DOPanax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteersBr J Nutr.(2009 Jun)
  28. Insulin - Effects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.()
  29. Insulin - Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.()
  30. Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Kim HG, Yoo SR, Park HJ, Lee NH, Shin JW, Sathyanath R, Cho JH, Son CGAntioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trialFood Chem Toxicol.(2011 Sep)
  31. Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Kim JY, Park JY, Kang HJ, Kim OY, Lee JHBeneficial effects of Korean red ginseng on lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and LDL oxidation in healthy participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialNutr J.(2012 Jul 17)
  32. Inflammation - Jung HL, Kwak HE, Kim SS, Kim YC, Lee CD, Byurn HK, Kang HYEffects of Panax ginseng supplementation on muscle damage and inflammation after uphill treadmill running in humansAm J Chin Med.(2011)
  33. Blood glucose - De Souza LR, Jenkins AL, Sievenpiper JL, Jovanovski E, Rahelić D, Vuksan VKorean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root fractions: differential effects on postprandial glycemia in healthy individualsJ Ethnopharmacol.(2011 Sep 1)
  34. Insulin - Park BJ, Lee YJ, Lee HR, Jung DH, Na HY, Kim HB, Shim JYEffects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cardiovascular Risks in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled StudyKorean J Fam Med.(2012 Jul)
  35. Erections - Hong B, Ji YH, Hong JH, Nam KY, Ahn TYA double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary reportJ Urol.(2002 Nov)
  36. Erections - Choi HK, Seong DH, Rha KHClinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunctionInt J Impot Res.(1995 Sep)
  37. Erections - de Andrade E, de Mesquita AA, Claro Jde A, de Andrade PM, Ortiz V, Paranhos M, Srougi MStudy of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl.(2007 Mar)
  38. Glycemic Control - Reeds DN, Patterson BW, Okunade A, Holloszy JO, Polonsky KS, Klein SGinseng and ginsenoside Re do not improve β-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetesDiabetes Care.(2011 May)
  39. HbA1c - Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio AGinseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patientsDiabetes Care.(1995 Oct)
  40. Menopausal Symptoms - Kim SY, Seo SK, Choi YM, Jeon YE, Lim KJ, Cho S, Choi YS, Lee BSEffects of red ginseng supplementation on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled trialMenopause.(2012 Apr)
  41. Depression Symptoms - Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, Limoni CEffects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine GroupInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(1999)
  42. Libido - Oh KJ, Chae MJ, Lee HS, Hong HD, Park KEffects of Korean red ginseng on sexual arousal in menopausal women: placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover clinical studyJ Sex Med.(2010 Apr)
  43. Oxygen Uptake - A W Ziemba, J Chmura, H Kaciuba-Uscilko, K Nazar, P Wisnik, W GawronskiGinseng treatment improves psychomotor performance at rest and during graded exercise in young athletesInt J Sport Nutr.(1999 Dec)
  44. Creatine Kinase - Yi-Ming Chen, I-Lin Wang, Shu Zhou, Tsung-Yu Tsai, Yen-Shuo Chiu, Wan-Chun ChiuSix weeks of Jilin ginseng root supplementation attenuates drop jump-related muscle injury markers in healthy female college studentsFood Funct.(2021 Mar 1)
  45. Blood glucose - Rhee MY, Kim YS, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Kim HYEffect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertensionJ Altern Complement Med.(2011 Jan)
  46. Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms - Jae-Hyeok Heo, Soon-Tae Lee, Kon Chu, Min Jung Oh, Hyun-Jung Park, Ji-Young Shim, Manho KimHeat-processed ginseng enhances the cognitive function in patients with moderately severe Alzheimer's diseaseNutr Neurosci.(2012 Nov)
  47. Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms - Lee, Soon-Tae., Chu, Kon., Kim, Jeong-Min., Park, Hyun-Jeong., Kim, Man-Ho Cognitive improvement by ginseng in Alzheimer's diseaseJournal of Ginseng Research.()
  48. Overall Cancer Risk - Yun TK, Choi SYPreventive effect of ginseng intake against various human cancers: a case-control study on 1987 pairsCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.(1995 Jun)
  49. Overall Cancer Risk - Taik-Koo Yun, Shu Zheng, Soo-Yong Choi, Shan Rong Cai, Yun-Sil Lee, Xi Yong Liu, Kyung Ja Cho, Kun Young ParkNon-organ-specific preventive effect of long-term administration of Korean red ginseng extract on incidence of human cancersJ Med Food.(2010 Jun)
  50. Fatigue Symptoms - Tahereh Fathi Najafia, Narjes Bahrib, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Sahar Feyza, Farnaz Blokia, Safora Savarkar, Shayesteh JahanfarTreatment of cancer-related fatigue with ginseng: A systematic review and meta-analysisJournal of Herbal Medicine.()
  51. Erections - Kim TH, Jeon SH, Hahn EJ, Paek KY, Park JK, Youn NY, Lee HLEffects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) extract on male patients with erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl.(2009 May)
  52. Blood glucose - Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay AEffects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environmentIndian J Med Res.(2011 Jan)
  53. Testosterone - Salvati G, Genovesi G, Marcellini L, Paolini P, De Nuccio I, Pepe M, Re MEffects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertilityPanminerva Med.(1996 Dec)
  54. Serum DHEA - Hae-Jin Ko, Inbo Kim, Jong-Bae Kim, Yong Moon, Min-Cheol Whang, Keun-Mi Lee, Seung-Pil JungEffects of Korean red ginseng extract on behavior in children with symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trialJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.(2014 Nov)
  55. Blood Flow - Jovanovski E, Jenkins A, Dias AG, Peeva V, Sievenpiper J, Arnason JT, Rahelic D, Josse RG, Vuksan VEffects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) and its isolated ginsenosides and polysaccharides on arterial stiffness in healthy individualsAm J Hypertens.(2010 May)
  56. Blood Flow - Ahn CM, Hong SJ, Choi SC, Park JH, Kim JS, Lim DSRed ginseng extract improves coronary flow reserve and increases absolute numbers of various circulating angiogenic cells in patients with first ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarctionPhytother Res.(2011 Feb)
  57. Vaccine Augmentation - Scaglione F, Cattaneo G, Alessandria M, Cogo REfficacy and safety of the standardised Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold correctedDrugs Exp Clin Res.(1996)
  58. Insomnia Signs and Symptoms - Won-Suk Sung, Ha-Ra Kang, Chan-Yung Jung, Seong-Sik Park, Seung-Ho Lee, Eun-Jung KimEfficacy of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) for middle-aged and moderate level of chronic fatigue patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialComplement Ther Med.(2020 Jan)
  59. Schizophrenia symptoms - Eric Y H Chen, Christy L M HuiHT1001, a proprietary North American ginseng extract, improves working memory in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyPhytother Res.(2012 Aug)
  60. Subjective Well-Being - Cardinal BJ, Engels HJGinseng does not enhance psychological well-being in healthy, young adults: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trialJ Am Diet Assoc.(2001 Jun)
  61. Subjective Well-Being - Ellis JM, Reddy PEffects of Panax ginseng on quality of lifeAnn Pharmacother.(2002 Mar)
  62. Cognition - Masoud Etemadifar, Farnaz Sayahi, Seyed-Hossein Abtahi, Hamidreza Shemshaki, Gholam-Ali Dorooshi, Mohammad Goodarzi, Mojtaba Akbari, Mahboobeh Fereidan-EsfahaniGinseng in the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot studyInt J Neurosci.(2013 Jul)
  63. Sleep Quality - Kitaoka K, Uchida K, Okamoto N, Chikahisa S, Miyazaki T, Takeda E, Séi HFermented ginseng improves the first-night effect in humansSleep.(2009 Mar)
  64. Intermediate-Term Memory - Key-Chung Park, Hui Jin, Renhua Zheng, Sehyun Kim, Seung-Eun Lee, Bo-Hyung Kim, Sung-Vin YimCognition enhancing effect of panax ginseng in Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialTransl Clin Pharmacol.(2019 Sep)
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