Nutmeg

Other

Gut Health

Kamal Patel

AxiosError

Myristica fragrans (of the family Myristicaceae) is a plant which bears seeds, and said seeds are ground into a powder and commonly referred to as Nutmeg. The tree which bears these seeds grows up to 10-20m tall and is indigenous to India, Indonesia, and Srilanka.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC270058/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. &amp;amp; Perry. (clove) in male mice: a comparative study
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a>Nutmeg seeds have been used in traditional medicine as a general tonix and nervous system stimulant, but also for the purposes of treating paralysis, respiratory ailments, and sickness or improving the libido, appetite, and blood circulation; it also bears the properties of being a stomachic and carminative agent.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC270058/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. &amp;amp; Perry. (clove) in male mice: a comparative study
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a><a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hayfaa AA, Sahar AM, Awatif MA. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946667" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of analgesic activity and toxicity of alkaloids in Myristica fragrans seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Pain Res (2013 Jul 31)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a><blockquote>
Nutmeg refers to the seeds of the plant Myristica fragrans, and these seeds appear to have general aphrodisiac properties and are said to interact with the nervous system, digestive system, and blood circulation
</blockquote>

Components of the overall seed (unless otherwise specified) include:<ul>
<li>Macelignan ((8R, 8′S)-7-(3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl)-7′-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-8,8′-dimethylbutane<a href="#ref-3" id="ref-link-3" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200818580" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The structure of macelignan from Myristica fragrans
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[3]</a>) in the rhizome.<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shin K, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643632" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Macelignan attenuated allergic lung inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in murine experimental asthma
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Life Sci (2013 Jun 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a></li>
<li>Myrislignan, an acylic neolignan<a href="#ref-5" id="ref-link-5" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Li F, Yang XW. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964618" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Biotransformation of myrislignan by rat liver microsomes in vitro
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytochemistry (2008 Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[5]</a></li>
</ul>The fatty acid component of nutmeg includes:<ul>
<li>Trimyristin (triglyceride composed of three myristic acids) at 20-25% total dehydrated seed weight</li>
</ul>The essential oil component (5-10% dry seed weight<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>) of the nutmeg seeds includes:<ul>
<li>Sabinene (21.38%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>Myristicin (5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-methylenodioxybenzene), seen as the main bioactive of nutmeg<a href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Bakkali F, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996351" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Biological effects of essential oils--a review
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chem Toxicol (2008 Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[7]</a> present at 13.57%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> and also present in <a href="/supplements/dill/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Dill&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anethum graveolens (Dill) is a vegetable whose fruits (not commonly eaten) have traditionally been used for intestinal and feminine health. Preliminary trials on triglycerides fail to show promise, and most therapeutic usages are still unexplored.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">dill</a> to a limited degree</li>
<li>Elemicin (1-allyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene) at 1.42%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
<li>4-terpineol (13.92%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>) and α-terpineol (3.11%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>Safrole (4.28%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>Methyl eugeunol (0.77%), Isoeugeunol (1.74%), and Methoxyeugeunol (0.10%)<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
<li>α-pinene (10.23%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>α-thujene (0.78%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>α-myrcena (2.38%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>β-asarone (0.03%<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>)</li>
<li>α-terpinene (2.72%) and γ-terpinene (3.98%) as well as Terpinolene (1.62%)<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
<li>Limonene (5.57%)<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
<li>β-ocimene (0.03%)<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
<li>Linalool (0.75%)<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
<li>Citronellol (0.77%)<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a></li>
</ul><img src="https://examine.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/files/v5/Q51oJCOI5bOgjjXPVxtmRBrGCC5nF7cZVAtXpU5Q.png" alt="image"><blockquote>
Keep in mind that Myristicin (phenolic), Myristin/Myristic acid (fatty acids), and the flavonoid <a href="/supplements/myricetin/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Myricetin&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;One of the many bioflavonoids, usually investigated as being more involved with anti-osteoporotic effects and bone health than other flavonoids like Kaempferol or Quercetin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">Myricetin</a> are all different but similarly named molecules
</blockquote>

Following inhalation of nutmeg essential oil (1mL per rat cage) for two hours, detectable serum concentrations have been reported for myristicin (3.8-7.1μg/mL), safrole (1.3μg/mL after two hours only), and 4-terpineol (1.5-6.3μg/mL) showing time dependent accumulation.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>

Following administration to the rat and in vitro analysis in liver microsomes, myristicin (100mg/kg orally) has been noted to be enzymatically hydroxylated (1'-hydroxymyristicin) and enzymatically formed 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-dihydroxybenzene (oxidation of the methylenedioxy group).<a href="#ref-8" id="ref-link-8" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Lee HS, Jeong TC, Kim JH. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521577" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;In vitro and in vivo metabolism of myristicin in the rat
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl (1998 Feb 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[8]</a>Myrislignan (acyclic neolignan in the seeds) has been noted to form seven metabolites referred to as myrislignanometins A-G in liver microsomes, whereas C/D and E/F were isomers pairs.<a href="#ref-5" id="ref-link-5" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Li F, Yang XW. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964618" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Biotransformation of myrislignan by rat liver microsomes in vitro
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Phytochemistry (2008 Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[5]</a> <blockquote>
Myriscitin appears to form two metabolites in the rat, one of which is a hydroxylated variant (similar to other phenolics such as safrole and elemicin) and the other is simply oxidation of the methylenedioxy group
</blockquote>It was initially hypothesized that elemicin and myristicin can form known hallucinogenic drugs in the brain following amination processes (formation of 3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxyamphetamine from myricitin and mescaline from elemicin<a href="#ref-9" id="ref-link-9" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shulgin AT, Sargent T, Naranjo C. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5615546" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Psychopharmacol Bull (1967 Dec)&lt;/div&gt;'>[9]</a>) since the only structural modification is said amination; this pathway was initially doubted to occur<a href="#ref-10" id="ref-link-10" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shulgin AT. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5336379" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Nature (1966 Apr 23)&lt;/div&gt;'>[10]</a> and has not been demonstrated in vivo.Other studies on the metabolism of myriscitin or elemicin, either in vitro or in vivo, have failed to detect either mescaline or amphetamine-like compounds<a href="#ref-8" id="ref-link-8" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Lee HS, Jeong TC, Kim JH. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521577" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;In vitro and in vivo metabolism of myristicin in the rat
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl (1998 Feb 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[8]</a> and measuring human urine following nutmeg ingestion has failed to find the aforementioned amphetamine derivative.<a href="#ref-11" id="ref-link-11" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Beyer J, Ehlers D, Maurer HH. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16885726" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Abuse of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.): studies on the metabolism and the toxicologic detection of its ingredients elemicin, myristicin, and safrole in rat and human urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ther Drug Monit (2006 Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[11]</a><blockquote>
Currently no evidence to support conversion of nutmeg bioactives into known amphetamines (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxyamphetamine) or phenethylamines (mescaline) following oral consumption
</blockquote>

In human urine following ingestion of nutmeg neither parent myristicin nor elemicin could be detected and instead the metabolites of O-demethylelemicin, O-demethyldihydroxyelemicin, demethylenylmyristicin, dihydroxymyristicin, and demethylenylsafrole have been detected.<a href="#ref-11" id="ref-link-11" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Beyer J, Ehlers D, Maurer HH. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16885726" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Abuse of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.): studies on the metabolism and the toxicologic detection of its ingredients elemicin, myristicin, and safrole in rat and human urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ther Drug Monit (2006 Aug)&lt;/div&gt;'>[11]</a>In the rat given 100mg/kg myristicin, urinary metabolites include 1'-hydroxymyristicin and 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-dihydroxybenzene (oxidation of the methylenedioxy group).<a href="#ref-8" id="ref-link-8" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Lee HS, Jeong TC, Kim JH. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521577" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;In vitro and in vivo metabolism of myristicin in the rat
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl (1998 Feb 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[8]</a>

4-terpineol (as well as α-terpineol) have been noted to augment signalling at the GABAA in a manner somewhat antagonistic to citral and/or cineol coincubation, albeit at high concentrations of 610µM.<a href="#ref-12" id="ref-link-12" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Aoshima H, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11686934" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Kinetic analyses of alcohol-induced potentiation of the response of GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha(1) and beta(1) subunits
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Biochem (2001 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[12]</a><a href="#ref-13" id="ref-link-13" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hossain SJ, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083865" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Effects of tea components on the response of GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus Oocytes
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Agric Food Chem (2002 Jul 3)&lt;/div&gt;'>[13]</a> Despite serum levels reaching less than 10µM via aromatherapy, pure 4-terpineol has reduced locomotion<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> implying an interaction with the GABAergic signalling system.

The antidepressive effects of nutmeg (10mg/kg of the n-hexane extract) appear to be attenuated with p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis.<a href="#ref-14" id="ref-link-14" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dhingra D, Sharma A. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579733" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antidepressant-like activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Med Food (2006 Spring)&lt;/div&gt;'>[14]</a>

The antidepressive effects of nutmeg (10mg/kg of the n-hexane extract) appear to be attenuated with prazosin, an antagonist of the α1-adrenergic receptors.<a href="#ref-14" id="ref-link-14" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dhingra D, Sharma A. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579733" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antidepressant-like activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Med Food (2006 Spring)&lt;/div&gt;'>[14]</a>

The antidepressive effects of nutmeg (10mg/kg of the n-hexane extract) appear to be attenuated with coadministration of the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride.<a href="#ref-14" id="ref-link-14" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dhingra D, Sharma A. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579733" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antidepressant-like activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Med Food (2006 Spring)&lt;/div&gt;'>[14]</a>500mg/kg of the extract appears to be more effective than imipramine (15mg/kg) in reducing haloperidol induced catalepsy after 3 hours of monitoring.<a href="#ref-15" id="ref-link-15" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&amp;article=33" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of the anti–depressant activity of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) in male rats
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[15]</a>

In mice, 5-20mg/kg of myristica fragrans (n-hexane extract) for three days was able to reduce depressive symptoms with peak efficacy at 10mg/kg with a potency comparable to injections of imipramine (15mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20mg/kg) in the forced swim and tail suspension tests.<a href="#ref-14" id="ref-link-14" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dhingra D, Sharma A. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579733" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Antidepressant-like activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Med Food (2006 Spring)&lt;/div&gt;'>[14]</a>A 500mg/kg basic extract of myristica fragrans was later found to be comparable to imipramine (15mg/kg) again in rats subject to a forced swim test and also reduced reserpineinduced immobility.<a href="#ref-15" id="ref-link-15" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&amp;article=33" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of the anti–depressant activity of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) in male rats
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[15]</a>

Inhalation of nutmeg essential oil (0.1-0.5mL per rat cage) reduced locomotion by 62.81-68.62% relative to control with time dependence but weak dose dependence.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a> This was due to three components detected in the blood (Myristicin at 3.7-7.1μg/mL, Safrole at 1.3μg/mL, and 4-terpineol at 1.49-6.28μg/mL) When comparing the aromatherapeutic potency of nutmeg against <a href="/supplements/lavender/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Lavender&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lavender is a plant in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. It is an aromatic plant, and its essential oil is often used in aromatherapy for relief of stress and anxiety.reference|url=https://naturalingredient.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/7999475-Prusinowska-and-Smigielski.pdf|title=Composition, biological properties and therapeutic effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.). A review|authors=Prusinowska et al|journal=Herba Polonica|published=2014&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">Lavender</a> oil, nutmeg appeared to be more potent.<a href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000115/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Identification of Compounds in the Essential Oil of Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) That Inhibit Locomotor Activity in Mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[6]</a>Myristica fragrans (500mg/kg) has failed to potentiate phenobarbitone induced sleep time.<a href="#ref-15" id="ref-link-15" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&amp;article=33" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of the anti–depressant activity of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) in male rats
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[15]</a>

Injections of trimyristin (10-100mg/kg) in rats was able to cause an anxiogenic response in various tests, and when anxiolytic drugs (buspirone, diazepam, ondansetron) were coadministreted trimyristin was able to attenuate their effects.<a href="#ref-16" id="ref-link-16" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sonavane GS, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812528" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Pharmacol Biochem Behav (2002 Jan-Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[16]</a><blockquote>
Injections of the major fatty acid in nutmeg seeds appears to cause anxiety in research rodents
</blockquote>

In mice, 500mg/kg of the alkaloids failed to cause analgesia in an acetic-acid induced writhing model while in female mice only 1,000mg/kg exerted analgesic properties (23%) but significantly less potent than diclofenac.<a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hayfaa AA, Sahar AM, Awatif MA. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946667" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of analgesic activity and toxicity of alkaloids in Myristica fragrans seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Pain Res (2013 Jul 31)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a>

Myristicin appears to be a potential drug of abuse at 20g or more due to it being a hallucinogen,<a href="#ref-17" id="ref-link-17" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dawidowicz AL, Dybowski MP. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440626" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Simple and rapid determination of myristicin in human serum
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Toxicol (2013 Jan)&lt;/div&gt;'>[17]</a> which has been confirmed to occur in a series of case studies (see toxicology section) albeit with questionable safety.

Antigen induced allergic inflammation in the lungs appears to be reduced with macelignan to mice (400-800mg/kg orally alongside the antigen), due to a relative reduction in the activity of GATA3 (transcription factor needed for IL-4 production<a href="#ref-18" id="ref-link-18" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Pai SY, Truitt ML, Ho IC. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14769923" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;GATA-3 deficiency abrogates the development and maintenance of T helper type 2 cells
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004 Feb 17)&lt;/div&gt;'>[18]</a>) in Th2 cells and subsequently less IL-4 production,<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shin K, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643632" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Macelignan attenuated allergic lung inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in murine experimental asthma
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Life Sci (2013 Jun 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a> which would reduce the mucus secretion IL-4 stimulates<a href="#ref-19" id="ref-link-19" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Wills-Karp M. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10358759" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Immunologic basis of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Annu Rev Immunol (1999)&lt;/div&gt;'>[19]</a> which was noted in the lungs following macelignan treatment.<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shin K, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643632" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Macelignan attenuated allergic lung inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in murine experimental asthma
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Life Sci (2013 Jun 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a> IFN-γ and IL-17 (both secreted by T-cells) were unaffected, and there were only alterations in eosinophil content of the lungs (macrophage, neutrophils, and total leukocytes unaffected).<a href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Shin K, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643632" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Macelignan attenuated allergic lung inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in murine experimental asthma
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Life Sci (2013 Jun 13)&lt;/div&gt;'>[4]</a>

Myristica fragrans 50% ethanolic extract at 500mg/kg to male rats was able to increase mounting frequency within one hour (331%) and three hours (642%) post treatment, a potency greater than an equal dose of <a href="/supplements/clove/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Clove&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a spice that has traditional usage as an aphrodisiac as well as for dental disorders, respiratory disorders, headache, and sore throat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">Clove</a> and while it was lesser than the refers of Viagra (5mg/kg) at the one hour point it was equal after three hours.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC270058/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. &amp;amp; Perry. (clove) in male mice: a comparative study
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a>

Isolated myristicin appears to be safe up to 10mg/kg oral intake in rats.<a href="#ref-20" id="ref-link-20" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hallström H, Thuvander A. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9496377" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Toxicological evaluation of myristicin
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Nat Toxins (1997)&lt;/div&gt;'>[20]</a>500mg/kg of nutmeg (50% ethanolic extract) to rats does not cause any acute toxicological changes within 24 hours of a single oral dose.<a href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC270058/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. &amp;amp; Perry. (clove) in male mice: a comparative study
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[1]</a> Isolated injections of trimyristin (up to 1g/kg in rats) and the acetone-insoluble part of the n-hexane extract (up to 3g/kg) were note acutely toxic.<a href="#ref-16" id="ref-link-16" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sonavane GS, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812528" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Pharmacol Biochem Behav (2002 Jan-Feb)&lt;/div&gt;'>[16]</a>In mice, 5,100mg/kg of the extract (pure alkaloids) appears to be the LD50 value with clinical side-effects of dizziness and hypoactivity being seen at 4,000mg/kg.<a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hayfaa AA, Sahar AM, Awatif MA. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946667" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of analgesic activity and toxicity of alkaloids in Myristica fragrans seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Pain Res (2013 Jul 31)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a> 3,000mg/kg was deemed the NOAEL for mice.<a href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hayfaa AA, Sahar AM, Awatif MA. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946667" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Evaluation of analgesic activity and toxicity of alkaloids in Myristica fragrans seeds in mice
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Pain Res (2013 Jul 31)&lt;/div&gt;'>[2]</a>

Myristicin has been noted to not be genotoxic in rat hepatocytes up to 1mM,<a href="#ref-21" id="ref-link-21" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hasheminejad G, Caldwell J. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8157216" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes alpha- and beta-asarone, myristicin and elimicin as determined by the UDS assay in cultured rat hepatocytes
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chem Toxicol (1994 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[21]</a> and while elemicin is inherently genotoxic (at 100µM to a lesser degree than α-asarone and β-asarone from <a href="/supplements/sweet-flag/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Sweet Flag&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acorus calamus is a plant used in traditional medicine. Due to its β-asarone content, it has been deemed unfit for human consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">Acorus calamus</a>).<a href="#ref-21" id="ref-link-21" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Hasheminejad G, Caldwell J. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8157216" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes alpha- and beta-asarone, myristicin and elimicin as determined by the UDS assay in cultured rat hepatocytes
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Food Chem Toxicol (1994 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[21]</a>

Myristicin is sometimes abused due it being a hallucinogen, leading to 'myristicin' or 'nutmeg' toxicity due to an overdose,<a href="#ref-17" id="ref-link-17" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Dawidowicz AL, Dybowski MP. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440626" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Simple and rapid determination of myristicin in human serum
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Toxicol (2013 Jan)&lt;/div&gt;'>[17]</a><a href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demetriades AK, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735280" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Emerg Med J (2005 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[22]</a> which are almost always associated with the intent to induce hallucinations.<a href="#ref-23" id="ref-link-23" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Forrester MB. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323572" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 1998-2004
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Hum Exp Toxicol (2005 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[23]</a><a href="#ref-24" id="ref-link-24" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stein U, Greyer H, Hentschel H. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343860" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning--report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poison information centre
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Sci Int (2001 Apr 15)&lt;/div&gt;'>[24]</a>The doses of which toxicity have been reported include 50g in a shake of which 2/3rds was reportedly drank in a teenage girl (nonlethal),<a href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demetriades AK, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735280" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Emerg Med J (2005 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[22]</a> 14g in an 8 year old (lethal),<a href="#ref-25" id="ref-link-25" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045778/" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg Poisoning
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'>[25]</a> a 55 year old women with an unknown oral dose (lethal but used alongside flunitrazepam; hypothesized dose based on serum values of myricitin being around 30-40g)<a href="#ref-24" id="ref-link-24" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stein U, Greyer H, Hentschel H. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343860" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning--report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poison information centre
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Sci Int (2001 Apr 15)&lt;/div&gt;'>[24]</a>, a 13 year old female with 15-24g nutmeg (alongside <a href="/supplements/cannabis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Cannabis&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cannabis is the common name and genus for a few plants used around the world due to their psychoactive properties. Its major component, known as THC, possesses acute benefits but is subject to rapid tolerance. Additionally, nonpsychoactive components like CBD may have chronic benefits. While therapeutic, particularly for pain relief, the plant is not a panacea.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">marijuana</a>; nonlethal)<a href="#ref-26" id="ref-link-26" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sangalli BC, Chiang W. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185977" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Toxicology of nutmeg abuse
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (2000)&lt;/div&gt;'>[26]</a>, . In doing an analysis of past reports there have been reports of 80g (nonlethal), 133g (nonlethal), 40g with <a href="/supplements/alcohol/" class="popover" data-tooltip="&lt;div&gt;&lt;h6&gt;Alcohol&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol is one of the world’s favorite intoxicants. It is frequently found at social gatherings because it provides an anxiety-reducing effect. Consuming too much alcohol will result in alcohol poisoning, which can be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;">alcohol</a> (nonlethal), and 14-21g (nonlethal).<a href="#ref-24" id="ref-link-24" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stein U, Greyer H, Hentschel H. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343860" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning--report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poison information centre
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Sci Int (2001 Apr 15)&lt;/div&gt;'>[24]</a>Cardiovascular symptoms that have been reported include tachycardia, sinus arrythmia, and increased respiratory rate while both mild hypotension and hypertension have been reported.<a href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demetriades AK, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735280" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Emerg Med J (2005 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[22]</a><a href="#ref-26" id="ref-link-26" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sangalli BC, Chiang W. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185977" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Toxicology of nutmeg abuse
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (2000)&lt;/div&gt;'>[26]</a><a href="#ref-24" id="ref-link-24" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stein U, Greyer H, Hentschel H. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343860" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning--report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poison information centre
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Sci Int (2001 Apr 15)&lt;/div&gt;'>[24]</a> Neurological symptoms that have been reported include giddiness, nausea, delirium and hallucinations, anxiety, restlessness, (general) algesia, blurred vision, and feelings of impending doom.<a href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demetriades AK, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735280" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Emerg Med J (2005 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[22]</a><a href="#ref-26" id="ref-link-26" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sangalli BC, Chiang W. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185977" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Toxicology of nutmeg abuse
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (2000)&lt;/div&gt;'>[26]</a><a href="#ref-23" id="ref-link-23" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Forrester MB. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323572" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 1998-2004
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Hum Exp Toxicol (2005 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[23]</a> Symptoms occur about 4-6 hours after ingestion and may persist for up to 72 hours at worst<a href="#ref-24" id="ref-link-24" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Stein U, Greyer H, Hentschel H. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343860" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning--report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poison information centre
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Forensic Sci Int (2001 Apr 15)&lt;/div&gt;'>[24]</a><a href="#ref-26" id="ref-link-26" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sangalli BC, Chiang W. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185977" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Toxicology of nutmeg abuse
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (2000)&lt;/div&gt;'>[26]</a><a href="#ref-23" id="ref-link-23" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Forrester MB. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323572" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 1998-2004
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Hum Exp Toxicol (2005 Nov)&lt;/div&gt;'>[23]</a> and case studies have noted dissipation in 16<a href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Demetriades AK, et al. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735280" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Low cost, high risk: accidental nutmeg intoxication
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Emerg Med J (2005 Mar)&lt;/div&gt;'>[22]</a> or 48 hours (some dizziness after the third day remained).<a href="#ref-26" id="ref-link-26" class="ref-link popover" data-tooltip='&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="mb-3"&gt;Sangalli BC, Chiang W. &lt;a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185977" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;Toxicology of nutmeg abuse
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (2000)&lt;/div&gt;'>[26]</a><blockquote>
Nutmeg toxicity has been reported numerous times associated with persons who are using the spice in an attempt to induce cheap hallucinations. The toxicology reports are highly variable, and while some persons tolerate or have mild adverse effects to high doses there have been fatalities associated with more moderate dosages
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