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Music

Music, in this sense, actually refers to the audio perception from your favorite songs, remixes, or renditions. It can affect the brain significantly, and vicariously through that may influence the body. Euphoria or de-stressing to tunes should be evidence of this.

Our evidence-based analysis on music features 13 unique references to scientific papers.

Kamal Patel
Research analysis led by Kamal Patel.
All content reviewed by the Examine.com Team. Published: Jul 2, 2013
Last Updated:

Summary of Music

Primary Information, Benefits, Effects, and Important Facts

Music is best defined as an abstract stimulus that we perceive with our ears, and then form patterns with our minds that results in a completely unique experience.

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Things To Know & Note

Is a Form Of

Other Functions:

Primary Function:

Also Known As

Audio

Caution Notice

Examine.com Medical Disclaimer

Music can induce any feeling of stimulation, anxiolytic, or calming effects. This effect is dependent on the music itself and one's own preferences.

How to Take Music

Recommended dosage, active amounts, other details

Loud and to your liking, but not enough to destroy your ear drums.

Scientific Research on Music

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1Music and Dopamine

Music has the ability to release dopamine. The effect of this seems to be via a calmodulin-dependent system.[1] 

Dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens occurs during peak emotional arousal (the best part) and from caudate (another brain organ) during periods of anticipation for the peak emotional arousal.[2]

2Effects on Blood Pressure

Via a calcium/calmodulin-dependent dopamine-synthesizing system, dopamine can potentially reduce blood pressure.[3] Via this mechanism, music has been shown to reduce blood pressure (albeit in lab animals) and has more potency at higher frequencies (albeit still being calming music).[4] This effect may be only applicable to those with higher blood pressure in the first place (and hopefully not only rats).[5]

3Music and Pain Relief

Music has been found reduce the intensity of pain experienced.[6][7][8]

4Music and Exercise

Music administered during exercise has the ability to increase time to exhaustion during aerobic exercise while reducing blood pressure and heart rate, hypothesized to be via relaxation mechanisms.[9] Differences in adrenaline between the two groups were noted. These changes in adrenaline stop upon cessation of music, are dependent on the tempo of the music, and do not seem to be causative of the changes in performance during exercise to a significant degree.[10]

Listening to motivational music (music that encourages motion and activity) encourages enhanced blood lactate clearance possibly via unintentional additional movement.[11]</di|authors=Eliakim M, Bodner E, Eliakim A, Nemet D, Meckel Y|journal=J Strength Cond Res]

5Music and Addiction

Music appears to have the potential to augment already addictive behaviors via association. This result can be either positive or detrimental depending on context.[12][13]

References

  1. ^ Sutoo D, Akiyama K. Music improves dopaminergic neurotransmission: demonstration based on the effect of music on blood pressure regulation. Brain Res. (2004)
  2. ^ Salimpoor VN, et al. Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music. Nat Neurosci. (2011)
  3. ^ Sutoo D, Akiyama K. Regulation of blood pressure with calcium-dependent dopamine synthesizing system in the brain and its related phenomena. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. (1997)
  4. ^ Akiyama K, Sutoo D. Effect of different frequencies of music on blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett. (2011)
  5. ^ Lemmer B. Effects of music composed by Mozart and Ligeti on blood pressure and heart rate circadian rhythms in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Chronobiol Int. (2008)
  6. ^ Nilsson S, et al. School-aged children's experiences of postoperative music medicine on pain, distress, and anxiety. Paediatr Anaesth. (2009)
  7. ^ Bradshaw DH, et al. Individual differences in the effects of music engagement on responses to painful stimulation. J Pain. (2011)
  8. ^ Cepeda MS, et al. Music for pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2006)
  9. ^ Szmedra L, Bacharach DW. Effect of music on perceived exertion, plasma lactate, norepinephrine and cardiovascular hemodynamics during treadmill running. Int J Sports Med. (1998)
  10. ^ Yamamoto T, et al. Effects of pre-exercise listening to slow and fast rhythm music on supramaximal cycle performance and selected metabolic variables. Arch Physiol Biochem. (2003)
  11. ^ Effect of Motivational Music on Lactate Levels during Recovery from Intense Exercise.
  12. ^ Polston JE, et al. Music and methamphetamine: conditioned cue-induced increases in locomotor activity and dopamine release in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2011)
  13. ^ Feduccia AA, Duvauchelle CL. Auditory stimuli enhance MDMA-conditioned reward and MDMA-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine, serotonin and locomotor responses. Brain Res Bull. (2008)

This page is regularly updated, to include the most recently available clinical trial evidence.

Each member of our research team is required to have no conflicts of interest, including with supplement manufacturers, food companies, and industry funders. The team includes nutrition researchers, registered dietitians, physicians, and pharmacists. We have a strict editorial process.

This page features 13 references. All factual claims are followed by specifically-applicable references. Click here to see the full set of references for this page.

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