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Asparagus racemosus

Asparagus racemosus is an herb used in Ayurveda medicine. It is not the commonly consumed vegetable, but it is a related plant.

Our evidence-based analysis on asparagus racemosus features 49 unique references to scientific papers.

Kamal Patel
Research analysis led by Kamal Patel .
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Examine.com Team
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Summary of Asparagus racemosus

Primary Information, Benefits, Effects, and Important Facts

Asparagus racemosus is an herb used in Ayurveda medicine. It is not the vegetable usually called asparagus.

Supplementing Asparagus racemosus will aid digestion, since the plant has anti-ulcer effects. It will also aid the immune system when antibodies are fighting off a threat. Asparagus racemosus also has aphrodisiac, antidepressant and anxiety-reducing effects.

But for anxiety, depression and libido, Asparagus racemosus is outclassed by other herbs. For example, Ashwagandha is more effective at reducing anxiety and depression, while Panax ginseng provides more physical benefits.

Though Asparagus racemosus has been used as a galactagogue to increase breast milk production, this area needs further research before Asparagus racemosus supplementation can be specifically recommended.

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Things To Know & Note

Is a Form Of

Primary Function:

Also Known As

Asparagus, Asparagus Extract, Shatavari

Do Not Confuse With

Asparagus (Vegetable)

Caution Notice

Examine.com Medical Disclaimer

  • One study in rats noted teratogenic (birth defect inducing) effects, but this has not been reinvestigated

How to Take Asparagus racemosus

Recommended dosage, active amounts, other details

Rat studies using the root of Asparagus racemosus (Note: this is not the vegetable commonly called asparagus) use doses in the 100-200mg/kg of bodyweight range. This translates to an estimated human dose of 16-32 mg/kg of bodyweight, or:

• 1,100-2,200 mg for a 150lb person • 1,400-2,900 mg for a 200lb person • 1,800-3,600 mg for a 250lb person

The dosage ranges above are based on rat studies. There have not been any human studies done on Asparagus racemosus, so the optimal human dosage is unknown.

Research Breakdown on Asparagus racemosus

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1Sources and Composition

1.1Sources

Asparagus Racemosus (called Shatavari in Ayurveda where it is established as Rasayana) is a herb that has historical usage as a treatment for dyspepsia and gastric ulcers as well as being used as a galactogogue (promotes lactation),[1] the latter being similar to Ayurvedic usage of Fenugreek. The roots of the herb are used, and are known to be bittersweet and have also been reported to be used in Siddha and Unani medicine.[2]

Other properties generally attributed to the roots are emollient (moisturizing), cooling, nervine tonic, constipating, galactogogue, aphrodisiac, diuretic, rejuvenating, carminative, stomachic, and antiseptic.[1][3]

It belongs to the plant family Asparagaceae with Asparagus being the plant genus, and aside from Racemosus two other species are sometimes used for medicinal purposes; adscendens and gonaclades.[1] This plant family consists of well over 300 species spread amongst temperate and tropical regions.[4]

The plant that is commonly eaten as a vegetable is the species Asparagus Officinalis,[5] and may not possess the same bioactivities as Asparagus Racemosus.

Asparagus Racemosus is a herbal medicine that is related to but is not the commonly eaten vegetable; same genus but different species

1.2Composition

Asparagus Racemosus roots (main supplemental source) tends to contain:

  • Shatavarin IV,[6] a steroidal saponin (8.53+/-0.38%)[2] and Shatavarin I; both of which are seen as the main bioactives[7][4]

  • Shatavaroside C[6]

  • Shatavarol[6]

  • Immunoside at 0.038+/-0.003%,[2] this is a glycoside of Sarsasapogenin[8]

  • Racemoside A,[6] also found in the fruits[9]

  • Daidzein (one of the two soy isoflavones) at 57.8mcg/100g[10]

  • Secoisolariciresinol at 68.4mcg/100g[10]

  • Ursolic Acid[6]

  • Beta-Sitosterol and Stigmaterol[6]

  • A small ecdysteroid content[11]

  • Vitamin C at 42.4+/-5.1mg/100mL basic extract[12]

  • Minerals, such as Zinc (44-148mg/kg), Copper (up to 34mg/kg), Manganese (up to 84mg/kg), Iron (up to 2g/kg), and Cobalt (sometimes up to 122mg/kg, mostly undetectable)[13]

Unprocessed Asparagus Racemosus may have an Inulin content (dietary fiber).[14]

Shatavarin and the Shatavarosides are commonly seen as the main bioactive components of Asparagus Racemosus, although other compounds may also be bioactive

While the fruits contain:

  • Racemoside A, B, and C[9]

  • Sarsasapogenin, the aglycone of Racemosides A-C[9]

In general, the total flavonoid content of Asparagus Racemosus (roots) tends to be 36.7+/-3.9mg/100mL and the polyphenolic content being 88.2+/-9.2mg/100mL; Asparagus Racemosus does not show a good antioxidant profile in vitro.[12]

It should be noted that Asparagamine A, also known as Didehydrostemefoline,[15] does not exist in Asparagus Racemosus. It was initially named Asparagamine A due to the plant it was isolated from initially thought to be Asparagus Racemosus,[16] but it properly belongs to the plant Stemona japonica[17] and other plants of the Stemonaceae family.[16] One study assessing Asparagus Racemosus products on the market has confirmed a lack of Asparagamine A in this plant.[18]

'Asparagamine A', better known as Didehydrostemefoline, was mistakenly thought to exist in Asparagus Racemosus but has since been noted to not possess this compound despite the name

2Neurology and the Brain

2.1Depression

Asparagus Racemosus has shown some anti-depressant effects as assessed by Forced Swim Test and Learned Helplessness when a concentrated extract (62.2% saponins) is given at 100-400mg/kg possibly via serotonergic mechanisms, as 5-HTP induced head twitches were enhanced while L-DOPA induced hyperactivity was not.[19] This may be mediated by MAO inhibition;[20] Asparagus Racemosus does not appear to favor either subset preferentially, and inhibits both MAO-A and MAO-B with an IC50 of 11.72+/-0.82mg/mL and 14.70+/-0.93mg/mL, respectively. Inhibition of both MAO enzymes is competitive, and significantly weaker than the standard drugs used (Moclobimide and Selegeline).[20]

Other studies have been conducted on Asparagus and Depression, but are confounded with other nutrient inclusions; Perment (Ashwagandha, Bacopa Monnieri, and Clitoria Ternatea) was used in one study[21] and Siotone (Ashwagandha and Holy Basil) in another.[22]

May have putitative anti-depressive effects, but there is no indication that these are potent nor any evidence in humans at this moment in time

2.2Learning

Asparagus Racemosus appears to have pro-cognitive effects at 50-200mg/kg related to the cholinergic system,[23] which may be related to acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity.[20] When tested in vitro, a saponin extract of Asparagus has an IC50 value of 12.35+/-1.16mg/mL on acetylcholinesterase inhibition; this was significantly less potent than the standard drug Galantamine (0.30+/-0.01mg/mL).[20] Some inhibitory actions were also seen on Butyryl cholinesterase with an IC50 value of 15.92+/-1.57mg/mL, and significantly less potent than the standard drug Physostigmine (0.09+/-0.01);[20] all inhibition appears to be competitive, and in vivo it appears to be dose dependent.[23]

The aforementioned learning study used a 62.2% saponin content methanolic extract, and noted that all concentrations tested (50, 100, 200mg/kg) were effective in increasing spatial memory at similar potencies to 500mg/kg Piracetam, used as a reference drug, with no dose-dependence being noted with Asparagus treatment.[23]

Appears to have nootropic properties at relatively low doses, via acetylcholinesterase inhibition

2.3Stress

The ethanolic extract of Asparagus Racemosus was fed to rats at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg who were then subject to stress tests (restraint, swimming endurance, and chemical-induced stress).[24] Asparagus produced anti-stress effects in a dose-dependent manner, but was less potent than 2mg/kg Diazepam; with Diazepam being 7% more effective than 400mg/kg Asparagus Racemosus.[24] Asparagus Racemosus at 100mg/kg was less effective than 100mg/kg Ashwagandha in reducing the effects of restraint stress, but became more potent when the dose was increased to 400mg/kg.[24]

One study of physical stress (5 hours of constant swimming in mice) noted that corticosterone levels in serum, used as a biomarker of stress, were unable to be significantly reduced by either the aqueous or methanolic extracts of Asparagus Racemosus. The active control of Panax Ginseng reduced the stress-induced increase by 25.6% but was significantly outperformed by both Chlorophytum arundinaceum and Asparagus adscendens, able to reduce levels of corticosterone below resting control.[25] 

Appears to have moderately potent anti-stress effects in rats, but is outclassed by other compounds

3Interactions with Glucose Metabolism

3.1Absorption

Asparagus Racemosus ethanolic extract appears to reduce glucose absorption (as evidenced by faster transit time and reduced serum glucose AUC) in the intestines of rats and inhibited sucrase activity (approximately 25%) after an oral dose of 1250mg/kg taken alongside carbohydrates.[26]

3.2Insulin

In vitro usage with the ethanolic extract of Asparagus Racemosus appears to induce glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 adipocyte independent of glucose, but has the uptake rate significantly enhanced when insulin is introduced into the medium.[26]

Over 28 days of feeding to rats at 1250mg/kg, the ethanolic extract appears to increase serum insulin levels by 30%.[26] This was thought to be secondary to direct influences on pancreatic Beta-cells.[27]

4Inflammation and Immunity

4.1Antigen-Specific Immunity

At oral doses between 6.25-200mg/kg, administration of Asparagus Racemosus to mice orally for a week prior to exposure to an antigen was able to upregulate the percentage of T-Cells expressing CD3+ and CD4+/CD8+ positive cells, suggesting T-cell activating potential in a dose dependent manner with best results at 100mg/kg bodyweight. At this dose and compared to the active control of Levamisole (2.5mg/kg), Asparagus Racemosus was able to enhance total T-Cells 31.5% above control, T-Helper cells by 23.7%, and Cytotoxic T-Cells by 19.7%; all three parameters underperformend relative to Levamisole being 90.9%, 88.4%, and 85.4% as potent, respectively.[2] A saponin was isolated from the EtOAc extract that, at doses of 1, 3, or 10mg/kg was more effective than the whole Asparagus Racemosus extract at the aforementioned doses, but still underperformed 2.3mg/kg Levamisole.[28] Oral administration of Asparagus Racemosus has been noted to be beneficial elsewhere.[29]

Another study assessing Immunoside (Sarsasapogenin glycoside) as an adjuvant noted that while the active control of Aluminum salts (0.5mg/mL) increased the efficacy of the antibody response (HBsAg) by 1.3-fold that Immunoside at 3, 10, and 30mcg increased the response 1.69, 2.03 and 2.79 fold, although 100mcg decreased response; a similar degree of response was seen after 15 and 28 days sensitization.[8] While aluminum oxide increased splenocyte proliferation by 24%, these three doses of Sarsasapogenin increased proliferation by 43%, 72% and 158%, and 30mcg/mL was significantly more effective than Aluminum on prolierating CD3, CD19, and CD4/8 cells.[8]

May potentiate the body's response to antigens, similar to Panax Ginseng which has been suspected for having a role as adjunct therapy alongside vaccination

4.2Natural Killer Cells

The aqueous extract of Asparagus Racemosus was able to enhance peak levels of Natural Killer (NK) Cells by 16.9+/-4.4% (5.6mcg/mL) yet when it was controlled for the polysaccharide content the increase in NK Cells was 51.8+/-1.2% (25mcg/mL) in human PBM cells.[30] Both appeared to be somewhat bioactive at the low concentrations of 0.2mcg/mL, and the fructooligosaccharides were 8% more effective than the positive control of Protein bound polysaccharide (PSK).[30]

Appears to have the ability to enhance NK cell levels at concentrations that may be biologically relevant

5Interactions with Hormones

5.1Estrogen

Asparagus Racemosus is traditionally known as belonging to a genus of phytoestrogenous plants,[4] and Asparagus Racemosus was once implicated in estrogenic effects in a rat uterotrophic assay using the brand name Menosan, which was confounded with other herbs such as Saraca Indica and Glycyrrhiza glabra; this study was conducted by the company producing the supplement combination (Himilaya).[31]

Asparagus (Officinalis) does appear to possess a Secoisolariciresinol lignan content,[32][10] and its diglucoside form does possess estrogenic effects;[33] it has further been argued that this content may apply to Asparagus Racemosus due to the species of the Asparagus genus not being genomically diverse.[4] However, no conclusive evidence exists for a connection between Asparagus Racemosus per se and estrogenic actions.

Currently insufficient evidence to implicated Asparagus Racemosus for increasing estrogen

6Interactions with Sexuality

6.1Male Sexuality

A water-soluble extract of Asparagus Racemosus, when fed to male rats at a dose of 200mg/kg bodyweight, was able to increas testicular size slightly (6.8%, possibly secondary to increased spermatogenesis[34]) and increased attraction towards females rats approximately twofold; this was of equal efficacy when compared to Curculigo orchioides and slightly lesser than Chlorophytum borivilianum which reached 2.5-fold.[35] All herbs (200mg/kg) outperformed 0.5mg/kg of testosterone injected twice weekly.[35]

Mounting Latency was reduced by 32% in Asparagus Racemosus treated animals, and the Intromission Latency and Penile Erectile Index were reduced by 31% and increased 143%, respectively.[35] Intromission frequency increased, while mounting and ejaculation frequency trended to increase but failed to be significant; on all parameters Asparagus was outperformed Chlorophytum borivilianum.[35] This improvement in erections has been noted elsewhere with 100mg/kg,[34] and was again outperformed by C.Borivilianum.

Appears to possess some aphrodisiac properties

7Interactions with Organ Systems

7.1Stomach

In a rat model of ulcerogenesis, a basic extract of Asparagus Racemosus at 100mg/kg appeared to be effective in reducing both stress-induced and Indomethacin (NSAID)-induced ulcers, but more effective at the latter.[36] This was later replicated with Indomethacin, where 100mg/kg Asparagus Racemosus was noted to reduce gastric acid secretion with a protective effect similar to 30mg/kg of Ranitidine Hydrochloride.[37]

One study assessed a variety of chemical-induced ulcers and noted protection at 100mg/kg against alcohol-induced ulcers (11.8%), Cysteamine-induced ulcers (85.3%), Aspirin ulcers (75.1%), and Pyloris Ligation induced ulcers (93.6%).[38] Protection was dose dependent in all situations except alcohol (where protection was poor at all tested concentrations) and outperformed the reference drug sucralfate (250mg/kg) in all conditions except alcohol-induced ulcers.[38]

Appears to have moderately potent anti-ulcer activity, but no human studies have been conducted; oddly, may not work against alcohol-induced ulcers

7.2Intestines

One study in rats assessing intestinal motility noted that 150, 200, and 250mg/kg of Asparagus Racemosus (aqueous or ethanolic extract) both showed efficacy in reducing how long castor oil (used to induce diarrhea) acted, exerting anti-diarhhoeal effects of similar potency.[39] In a test on general intestinal transit speed compared against atropine (0.1mg/kg; IP injection used as a positive control) the ethanolic extract at 200mg/kg was 86% as effective as atropine while the aqueous extract was 22.5% as effective; both were less effective, however.[39]

May possess anti-diarrhoeal effects and slow intestinal transit

7.3Breasts and Lactation

Asparagus Racemosus is one of the few herbs that has potential to influence lactation, alongside Fenugreek and Milk Thistle.[40]

7.4Bladder and Urinary Tract

Asparagus Racemosus (AR) ethanolic extract appears to have a degree of efficacy in protecting against kidney stones at highers doses (800 and 1600mg/kg),[41] and exerted a protective effect against ethylene-glycol induced kidney stones.[42]

May reduce kidney stone formation, unknown practical relevance

Asparagus Racemosus also appears to possess diuretic properties, which are attributed to it historically.[43] This diuretic effect has been noted in rats given multiple doses of Asparagus Racemosus, but showed most significance at the highest dose (3200mg/kg), where urine output was increased 36.8% while the control drug furosemide (25mg/kg) increased urination by 60.5%.[44]

Possesses a diuretic effect, but appears to only be significant at higher doses

7.5Kidneys

100-250mg/kg ethanolic extract for 4 weeks after diabetes is induced in rats (streptozotocin) shows moderate protective effects on the kidneys, attenuating adverse changes in oxidative markers (MDA, enzmyes) and creatinine.[45] A renoprotective effect has also been noted in a study on urolithiasis, where creatinine levels induced by treatment were attenuated significantly with high dose (800, 1600mg/kg) ethanolic extract Asparagus Racemosus alongside less histological damage.[41]

7.6Liver

One study has assessed the anti-oxidative ability of Asparagus Racemosus on the liver of rats noted that 50mg/kg of Asparagus Racemosus was able to attenuate damage induced by Isoniazid, a medication causing toxic symptoms in some patients. Isoniazid appears to induce CYP2E1 which mediates toxicity[46] and may be secondary to depletion of glutathione s-transferases;[47] Asparagus appears to attenuate the increase in CYP2E1 to 86% of toxin-control yet appeared to have more significant protective effects on liver enzymes, which were reduced to increases of 40% (ALP), 21.6% (ALT), and 38.4% (AST), assuming toxin-control is 100%.[48] These were thought to be secondary to antioxidative properties of Asparagus Racemosus.

8Safety and Toxicology

8.1General

In animal interventions, doses of up to 2500mg/kg of the water extract[2] and 2000mg/kg of the ethanolic extract appear to be well tolerated.[41]

One study using a methanolic extract of 100mg/kg for 60 days appeared to exert teratogenic effects to rat pups.[49]

References

  1. ^ a b c Goyal RK, Singh J, Lal H. Asparagus racemosus--an update. Indian J Med Sci. (2003)
  2. ^ a b c d e Gautam M, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of Asparagus racemosus on systemic Th1/Th2 immunity: implications for immunoadjuvant potential. J Ethnopharmacol. (2009)
  3. ^ Indigenous Drugs of India.
  4. ^ a b c d Boonsom T, et al. Molecular analysis of the genus Asparagus based on matK sequences and its application to identify A. racemosus, a medicinally phytoestrogenic species. Fitoterapia. (2012)
  5. ^ Shao Y, et al. Steroidal saponins from Asparagus officinalis and their cytotoxic activity. Planta Med. (1997)
  6. ^ a b c d e f Sharma U, Kumar N, Singh B. Furostanol saponin and diphenylpentendiol from the roots of Asparagus racemosus. Nat Prod Commun. (2012)
  7. ^ Chemical constituents of Asparagus.
  8. ^ a b c Sidiq T, et al. A novel sarsasapogenin glycoside from Asparagus racemosus elicits protective immune responses against HBsAg. Immunol Lett. (2011)
  9. ^ a b c Mandal D, et al. Steroidal saponins from the fruits of Asparagus racemosus. Phytochemistry. (2006)
  10. ^ a b c Horn-Ross PL, et al. Assessing phytoestrogen exposure in epidemiologic studies: development of a database (United States). Cancer Causes Control. (2000)
  11. ^ Dinan L, Savchenko T, Whiting P. Phytoecdysteroids in the genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae). Phytochemistry. (2001)
  12. ^ a b IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS ROOTS.
  13. ^ Negi JS, et al. Variation of trace elements contents in Asparagus racemosus (Willd). Biol Trace Elem Res. (2010)
  14. ^ Singh RS, Dhaliwal R, Puri M. Development of a stable continuous flow immobilized enzyme reactor for the hydrolysis of inulin. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. (2008)
  15. ^ Kongkiatpaiboon S, Gritsanapan W. HPLC quantitative analysis of insecticidal didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline in Stemona collinsiae root extracts. Phytochem Anal. (2012)
  16. ^ a b Seger C, et al. Two pyrrolo{1,2-a}azepine type alkaloids from Stemona collinsae Craib: structure elucidations, relationship to asparagamine A, and a new biogenetic concept of their formation. Chem Biodivers. (2004)
  17. ^ Dietz J, Martin SF. Novel Entry to the Tricyclic Core of Stemofoline and Didehydrostemofoline. Tetrahedron Lett. (2011)
  18. ^ Kumeta Y, et al. Chemical analysis reveals the botanical origin of shatavari products and confirms the absence of alkaloid asparagamine A in Asparagus racemosus. J Nat Med. (2012)
  19. ^ Singh GK, et al. Antidepressant activity of Asparagus racemosus in rodent models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2009)
  20. ^ a b c d e Meena J, et al. Asparagus racemosus competitively inhibits in vitro the acetylcholine and monoamine metabolizing enzymes. Neurosci Lett. (2011)
  21. ^ Ramanathan M, Balaji B, Justin A. Behavioural and neurochemical evaluation of Perment an herbal formulation in chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depressive model. Indian J Exp Biol. (2011)
  22. ^ Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti A. Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas. Indian J Exp Biol. (2000)
  23. ^ a b c Ojha R, et al. Asparagus recemosus enhances memory and protects against amnesia in rodent models. Brain Cogn. (2010)
  24. ^ a b c Joshi T, Sah SP, Singh A. Antistress activity of ethanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus Willd roots in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. (2012)
  25. ^ Kanwar AS, Bhutani KK. Effects of Chlorophytum arundinaceum, Asparagus adscendens and Asparagus racemosus on pro-inflammatory cytokine and corticosterone levels produced by stress. Phytother Res. (2010)
  26. ^ a b c Hannan JM, et al. Antihyperglycaemic activity of Asparagus racemosus roots is partly mediated by inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancement of cellular insulin action. Br J Nutr. (2011)
  27. ^ Hannan JM, et al. Insulin secretory actions of extracts of Asparagus racemosus root in perfused pancreas, isolated islets and clonal pancreatic beta-cells. J Endocrinol. (2007)
  28. ^ Sharma P, et al. A unique immuno-stimulant steroidal sapogenin acid from the roots of Asparagus racemosus. Steroids. (2011)
  29. ^ Gautam M, et al. Immunoadjuvant potential of Asparagus racemosus aqueous extract in experimental system. J Ethnopharmacol. (2004)
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  31. ^ Evaluation of the estrogenic effect of Menosan using the rat models of uterotrophic assay.
  32. ^ Thompson LU, et al. Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr Cancer. (1991)
  33. ^ Tou JC, Chen J, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its lignan precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, affect pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats. J Nutr. (1998)
  34. ^ a b Thakur M, et al. Improvement of penile erection, sperm count and seminal fructose levels in vivo and nitric oxide release in vitro by ayurvedic herbs. Andrologia. (2011)
  35. ^ a b c d Thakur M, et al. A comparative study on aphrodisiac activity of some ayurvedic herbs in male albino rats. Arch Sex Behav. (2009)
  36. ^ Bhatnagar M, Sisodia SS, Bhatnagar R. Antiulcer and antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus Willd and Withania somnifera Dunal in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2005)
  37. ^ Bhatnagar M, Sisodia SS. Antisecretory and antiulcer activity of Asparagus racemosus Willd. against indomethacin plus phyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Herb Pharmacother. (2006)
  38. ^ a b Sairam K, et al. Gastroduodenal ulcer protective activity of Asparagus racemosus: an experimental, biochemical and histological study. J Ethnopharmacol. (2003)
  39. ^ a b Venkatesan N, et al. Anti-diarrhoeal potential of Asparagus racemosus wild root extracts in laboratory animals. J Pharm Pharm Sci. (2005)
  40. ^ Forinash AB, et al. The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother. Ann Pharmacother. (2012)
  41. ^ a b c Jagannath N, et al. Study of antiurolithiatic activity of Asparagus racemosus on albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol. (2012)
  42. ^ Christina AJ, et al. Antilithiatic effect of Asparagus racemosus Willd on ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis in male albino Wistar rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. (2005)
  43. ^ Gaitondé BB, Jetmalani MH. Antioxytocic action of saponin isolated from Asparagus racemosus Willd (Shatavari) on uterine muscle. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. (1969)
  44. ^ Kumar MC, et al. Acute toxicity and diuretic studies of the roots of Asparagus racemosus Willd in rats. West Indian Med J. (2010)
  45. ^ Somania R, et al. Asparagus racemosus Willd (Liliaceae) ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy in STZ induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. (2012)
  46. ^ Yue J, et al. CYP2E1 mediated isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. (2004)
  47. ^ Yue J, et al. Effects of rifampin on CYP2E1-dependent hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in rats. Pharmacol Res. (2009)
  48. ^ Palanisamy N, Manian S. Protective effects of Asparagus racemosus on oxidative damage in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxic rats: an in vivo study. Toxicol Ind Health. (2012)
  49. ^ Goel RK, et al. Teratogenicity of Asparagus racemosus Willd. root, a herbal medicine. Indian J Exp Biol. (2006)

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