| Effect | None |
| Values | (count/ml) x10⁶. Mean + SD. Ketogenic: before 1.3 (0.3), after 1.3 (0.3) . Low GI: before 1.2 (0.2), after 1.4 (0.4) |
| Trial Design | Randomized trial |
| Trial Length | 1-7 Days |
| Number of Subjects | 16 |
| Sex | Both Genders |
| Age Range | 45-64, 65+ |
| Body Types | Obese, Overweight |
In a randomized crossover trial, 16 overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes were assigned to either a ketogenic diet with less than 10% carbohydrate, 25% protein, and the rest fat, or an isocaloric low-fat, low-glycemic index diet with 55% of calories as carbohydrate, 20% as fat, and 25% as protein for 4 days each, with 9-14 days washout between conditions. All food was provided.
5 participants dropped out, leaving 11 for analysis. The primary outcome was average glucose as assessed through a continuous glucose monitor. The ketogenic group saw a notable reduction in average glucose, standard deviation, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), continuous overall net glycemic action (CONGA), overall less time in hyperglycemia, and no difference for time in hypoglycemia. There was also a statistically significant reduction by the ketogenic diet in fasting glucose and proinsulin, but not c-peptide, triglycerides, or fasting insulin. All other secondary outcomes can be found in the "values" boxes in their respective HEM entries.
