| Effect | Increase |
| Trial Design | Double blind |
| Trial Length | 1-7 Days |
| Number of Subjects | 12 |
| Sex | Male |
| Age Range | 18-29 |
| Body Types | Trained, Average |
Supplementation of betaine at 1.25g twice daily for one week appears to, when exercising in a fasted state, increase IGF-1 (7.8%) and reduce cortisol concentrations (6.1%) and nonsignificantly increase growth hormone (6.1%) relative to placebo.Funding issues for this study:
This study noted that the decrease in Akt/P70S6K signalling (anabolic signalling) during exercise was attenuated with betaine, but AMPK was not affected.
Partially funded by Dupont Nutrition and Health
