Can sleeping more help you eat less? Original paper
People with overweight who routinely slept less than 6.5 hours per night ate about 150 kcal less per day when they slept 1.2 hours more per night (on average).
This Study Summary was published on March 2, 2022.
Background
Observational research suggests that short sleep duration is an important risk factor for obesity. Previous research has linked each hour of sleep reduction, relative to 7 hours of sleep, to a 9% increase in obesity risk.[1] One potential explanation for this association is that sleep restriction may lead to a higher energy intake. Indeed, according to a 2021 meta-analysis, restricting sleep to no more than 5 hours per night resulted in an average increase in energy intake of around 200 calories per day.[2] That said, it remains unknown if, and to what extent, increasing sleep duration in a real-life setting reduces energy intake in people with overweight. The trial summarized here examined this possibility.
The study
In this 2-week randomized controlled trial, 80 men and women ages 21–40 with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 (i.e., overweight) and habitual sleep duration of less than 6.5 hours per night were randomized to one of two groups:
- Sleep extension group: Participants in this group were provided with individualized sleep hygiene recommendations to follow, with the aim of extending their bedtime duration to 8.5 hours.
- Control group: Participants in this group continued with their usual sleep habits.
The participants in both groups were asked to continue their daily routine without any prescribed diet or physical activity. The researchers continuously monitored the participants’ sleep-wake patterns at home using wrist actigraphy.
The primary outcome was energy intake, which was calculated from the sum of total energy expenditure (measured using the doubly labeled water method, which involves tracking the excretion of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes from the body over time) and change in body energy stores (calculated from changes in body weight and body composition measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Other outcomes of interest were body weight and body composition.
The results
Compared to the participants in the control group, participants in the sleep extension group increased their sleep duration by an average of 1.2 hours per night. Energy intake decreased in the sleep extension group by 156 calories per day, and increased in the control group by 115 calories per day. Overall, there was an inverse association between sleep duration and energy intake, with every one-hour increase in sleep duration associated with a reduction in energy intake of approximately 162 calories per day. There were no changes in energy expenditure in either of the two groups.
In the sleep extension group, there were small reductions in body weight (−0.48 kilograms), fat free mass (−0.36 kilograms), and fat mass (−0.12 kilograms). In contrast, body weight, fat free mass, and fat mass increased in the control group by 0.39, 0.26, and 0.13 kilograms, respectively.
Changes in energy intake among individual participants
Note
According to the study abstract, compared with the control group, the sleep extension group had a statistically significant reduction in energy intake of 270 calories per day. While this is technically true, it’s worth keeping in mind that this between-group difference was not entirely due to a reduction in energy intake in the sleep extension group. Instead, it was partly due to an increase in energy intake of 115 calories per day in the control group.
It’s also worth noting that there were some discrepancies between the preregistered outcomes and the outcomes specified in the published paper. Specifically, several primary outcomes were prespecified (insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, energy intake, beta-cell function, and disposition index), while only one primary outcome (energy intake) was specified in the published paper. This is an issue because it means that the researchers could have tested all five of the preregistered outcomes, and then specified the primary outcome in the published paper as the one for which they discovered statistically significant results.
The big picture
The findings of the study summarized here are supported by the results of a 2019 meta-analysis, which found that healthy individuals consumed an average of 253 calories more in a single meal during short-term sleep restriction of up to 14 days, compared to when they slept normally.[3] The meta-analysis also found that sleep restriction resulted in an increase in body weight of 0.34 kilograms. However, keep in mind that the study under review did not explore the effects of sleep restriction, but, rather, of sleep extension.
Several potential explanations have been proposed for the reduced sleep–obesity link, some of which relate to how sleep may affect energy intake.
The first potential explanation is that short sleep duration may stimulate hunger through its effects on appetite-regulating hormones, and thus lead to higher energy intake. Specifically, short sleep duration may decrease the levels of leptin, a hormone that suppresses appetite, and increase the levels of ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates hunger. However, even though sleep restriction has previously been reported to increase subjective hunger levels,[3] its purported effects on the levels of leptin and ghrelin have not been confirmed in meta-analyses.[3][4] That said, it’s worth noting that hormones other than leptin and ghrelin, such as peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and glucagon-like peptide-1, are involved in appetite and hunger regulation and could play a role in the link between sleep and hunger.
The second potential explanation for the sleep–obesity link is that reduced sleep duration enhances the activity in neuronal centers of the brain associated with pleasure and reward, thereby promoting the consumption of “unhealthy,” energy-dense foods.[5][6] On the other hand, sleep extension may reduce the desire for such foods, ultimately leading to a reduction in energy intake.[7]
One more possible explanation is that more time awake provides more opportunity to eat. This means that more time spent in bed and/or sleeping reduces available time to eat, resulting in a reduction in energy intake.
How shortened sleep may affect energy intake
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This Study Summary was published on March 2, 2022.
References
- ^Qionggui Zhou, Ming Zhang, Dongsheng HuDose-response association between sleep duration and obesity risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studiesSleep Breath.(2019 Dec)
- ^S Fenton, T L Burrows, J A Skinner, M J DuncanThe influence of sleep health on dietary intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studiesJ Hum Nutr Diet.(2021 Apr)
- ^Bingqian Zhu, Changgui Shi, Chang G Park, Xiangxiang Zhao, Sirimon ReutrakulEffects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in healthy adults: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsSleep Med Rev.(2019 Jun)
- ^P L Capers, A D Fobian, K A Kaiser, R Borah, D B AllisonA systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balanceObes Rev.(2015 Sep)
- ^M-P St-Onge, S Wolfe, M Sy, A Shechter, J HirschSleep restriction increases the neuronal response to unhealthy food in normal-weight individualsInt J Obes (Lond).(2014 Mar)
- ^Stephanie M Greer, Andrea N Goldstein, Matthew P WalkerThe impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brainNat Commun.(2013)
- ^Esra Tasali, Florian Chapotot, Kristen Wroblewski, Dale SchoellerThe effects of extended bedtimes on sleep duration and food desire in overweight young adults: a home-based interventionAppetite.(2014 Sep)