Weight Loss & Maintenance
This goal refers to people with a BMI >25 attempting to reach/maintain their ideal weight. While interventions that work for people with a BMI >25 may also work for people with a lower BMI, the context is often sufficiently different that this isn't assured.
Weight Loss & Maintenance falls under theFat Losscategory.
Last Updated:May 1, 2023
Looking for a Supplement guide?
Our Supplement Guides give you unbiased research-based recommendations that you can immediately apply to improve your health. Weight Loss & Maintenance is related to the following Supplement Guide:Marasmus is a disease of caloric restriction, but you most likely don't have it. Your metabolic rate can definitely slow down during weight loss, but it will never slow to the point where it causes you to gain weight; in this sense, "starvation mode" is a myth.
For the purpose of this article, 'Starvation Mode' is defined as a concept where your metabolic rate declines during the process of caloric restriction or weight loss to such a degree that further weight loss becomes impossible or weight gain occurs.
Starvation mode, according to the above definition, is for all practical intents and purposes a myth. It seems to have originated from the Minnesota Starvation Experiment[1], where participants were given 50% of their maintenance calories for months. They lost weight until their body simply had no source for ample calories (fat storage or food intake).
The notion that weight loss can be outright halted secondary to caloric restriction is currently unsupported, although a reduction of metabolic rate may occur. The process of losing weight itself can reduce caloric expenditure as all tissue requires some energy to exist, and most of the reduction in energy expenditure from weight loss can be accounted for from this.[2]
In regards to case studies, there is one recorded report of an obese man fasting for 382 days (medically supervised) which was associated with a lowered metabolic rate but not a cessation of weight loss due to it.[3]
The number of calories you burn is based on your resting metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, and physical activity.
The words “slow metabolism” are incredibly overused. As in “I just can’t lose weight anymore; my metabolism has really slowed down.” Or “I’m not like you, I can’t just eat everything I want. Your metabolism’s faster than mine.”
Before blaming weight-loss failures on metabolic rates, let’s take a comprehensive look at how metabolic rates differ between people, what makes up your metabolic rate, and how all that changes when dieting or exercising.
What exactly goes into metabolism?
To understand metabolism, you have to understand just a few basic terms. The energy your body burns in a day is called your total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), which has three components: resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and activity energy expenditure.
1. Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Technically, “metabolism” is the sum of all the chemical processes that keep your body alive. Colloquially, most people think of “metabolism” as the energy burn from the resting metabolic rate (RMR), which is the energy your body uses to stay alive, accounting for about about 70% of the TDEE of sedentary people.[4][5] And yes, there do exist people with a “fast metabolism” — a.k.a. high RMR — but their metabolic advantage isn’t as overwhelming as you’d think.
Most people (68%) stay within just 8% of the average RMR, and the vast majority (96%) within 16%. In other words, 96% of people stay within 200–300 kcal of the average RMR.[6]
Your RMR is mostly determined by your fat-free mass (FFM), even though most of it is water and thus not metabolically active. Your brain and visceral organs add up to only 12% of the active components of your FFM (even less if you’re muscular), yet they use a lot of energy: 200–440 kcal/kg/day (91–200 kcal/lb/day). By comparison, your skeletal muscle at rest requires only 13 kcal/kg/day (6 kcal/lb/day), which is still a lot more than the 4.5 kcal/kg/day (2 kcal/lb/day) you need to maintain your fat stores.[5]
It turns out that your natural RMR is a poor predictor of future weight gain,[7][8] which suggests that people with a high RMR compensate for burning more by eating more. Conversely, people with a low RMR may compensate for burning less by eating less — with one notable exception. One meta-analysis of 12 studies showed that high rates of weight regain were associated with a 3–5% lower RMR in formerly obese compared with control individuals.[9] But was the RMR of these formerly obese people their “natural” RMR? Probably not.…
Contrary to popular belief, obesity is associated with a high metabolic rate[10], as a heavier body needs more energy to do just about everything, from running down to breathing. However, people who slash down calories to lose a lot of weight very fast risk slowing their metabolism to below its “natural” level — maybe permanently. They feel hungry all the time, as their body fights to recover the energy stores (mostly, the fat) it lost too fast.
RMR can also slow as you age, since the older you get, the less FFM you have and the fewer energy-generating mitochondria dwell in your cells. It can also differ according to sex (not only do men normally have a higher FFM:BF ratio, but their organs consume more calories)[11], genetics, and possibly gut bacteria. However, aside from your FFM, the factor that has the greatest impact on your RMR is temperature — both internal and external.
Even when both you and the weather are fine, you spend some ⅔ of your RMR to maintain a constant body temperature. To increase your core temperature by one degree celsius can require your RMR to go up by 10–13%.[12][13] That’s why cold exposure (through ice baths and other methods) has been promoted for weight loss.
Although people can have a fast or slow metabolism, extremes are pretty rare, often resulting from disease or prior obesity. Around 96% of people stay within 200–300 kcal of the average metabolism. Moreover, resting metabolic rates (RMRs) are not well correlated with weight gain.
2. Thermic effect of food (TEF)
Some of the calories in the food you ingest will be used to digest, absorb, and metabolize the rest of the food, and some will end burned off as heat. The overall process is known indifferently as thermic effect of food (TEF), dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), or specific dynamic action (SDA).
TEF represents about 10% of the caloric intake of healthy adults eating a standard mixed diet,[14] but your actual number will depend on various factors, such as your lean body mass and the size and composition of your meal. The energy required to digest each macronutrient (its TEF) can be expressed as a percentage of the energy provided by this macronutrient:[15]
- Fat provides 9 Calories per gram, and its TEF is 0–3%.
- Carbohydrate provides 4 Calories per gram, and its TEF is 5–10%.
- Protein provides 4 Calories per gram, and its TEF is 20–30%.
This is one of the reasons why increasing your protein intake can help you lose fat, in addition to preserving your muscle mass when you eat below maintenance.
Protein burns, by far, the most energy of any of the three macronutrients. For that reason, and because of its protective effect on muscle mass, protein plays a central role in many diet templates.
3. Activity energy expenditure (AEE)
Activity energy expenditure (AEE) is the most variable aspect of the TDEE, ranging from 15% in very sedentary individuals to 50% in highly active individuals.[16] It comprises both physical activity (PA) and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), also known as non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
PA covers significant physical effort, such as lifting weights, running, or riding a bike, whereas SPA covers minor, often subconscious acts of daily life,[17] such as fidgeting,[18] chewing, walking short distances, or maintaining one’s posture. Studies in respiratory chambers[19][20] and in free-living environments suggest that SPA accounts for 4–17% of the TDEE, or about 100–700 kcal/day.
Outside your resting metabolic rate and the energy that’s burned by eating food, somewhere between 15 and 50% of your energy burn comes from activity. This activity can be exercise or any of the dozens of activities/movements associated with living.
So what can change someone’s metabolic rate?
1. What can increase your RMR
Exercise! Yes, your resting metabolic rate can increase. The increase in metabolic activity from exercise can outlast your workout. In fact, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) can last for more than a day after you stop exercising, depending on the duration and intensity of your physical activity.
Aerobic activities and anaerobic activities affect your RMR differently. Aerobic activities tend to burn more calories during exercise, but not a lot afterward (low EPOC). Anaerobic activities, on the other hand, can stoke your furnace for hours after you stopped exercising (high EPOC).[21] In addition, anaerobic activities are better for building muscle, which requires additional energy.[22]
But what happens after you’ve reached a plateau and your muscle mass stops increasing? Do your muscles now require only maintenance levels of energy (13 kcal/kg/day, as we’ve seen), even if you exercise daily? No, they need more, because each time you exercise you damage them and must expend energy to repair them. This still counts as “muscle maintenance” (muscles get constantly destroyed and rebuilt even in sedentary people), but the caloric cost is much higher.
What other methods are there to increase your RMR? As we’ve seen, it’s been estimated that for every degree celsius increase in core temperature, your RMR rises by 10–13%. Therefore, some people wrap themselves in cold packs, turn down the heat in their houses, wear less clothing outside, or even bathe in ice. That would certainly increase their RMR, but these methods can be unsafe if improperly used or if you have certain medical conditions.
We probably need to mention meal frequency, but only to note that there’s no evidence to support the idea that eating more often will increase your RMR.[23][24][25][26] Rather, it’s the total number of calories that determines changes in body weight.
Of course, many are the supplements touted to boost your metabolic rate, but very few actually have evidence in even limited populations. We cover these in greater depth in our Fat Loss Supplement Guide.
One of the most useful fat loss hacks doesn’t address RMR, but rather spontaneous physical activity (SPA). Standing for around half of your work day can burn almost 200 extra kilocalories, compared to sitting.[27] That’s a simple, reliable, sweat-free way to burn calories.
Regular exercise can increase your resting metabolic rate, as can other methods, such as cold exposure (with an eye to safety). Moreover, although taking the stairs rather than the elevator or standing while working won’t noticeably boost your RMR, this kind of small effort can be an easy way to burn more calories each day.
2. What can decrease your RMR
Unfortunately, losing weight translates into a decrease in RMR.[28] The very process of eating below maintenance will reduce your RMR by 5–15%, as your body becomes more sensitive to various hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate how energy is used and expended.[29]
This reaction is known as adaptive thermogenesis.[30] During a hypocaloric diet, not only will your body clamor for more calories (you’ll be hungry), but it will also prevent your cells from spending as much energy (if you play sports, your performance will likely decline).
If you’ve dieted sensibly, your RMR should return to normal when you resume eating enough calories to equal your TDEE. You may also maintain your RMR through periodic “refeeding” days, when you refill your liver glycogen stores and try to convince your body that you’re not really dieting so hard.
Your RMR will decrease as you lose weight, since weighing less means having less body tissue to support (among other factors). Unless you diet too hard for too long, your RMR should normalize after the dieting period is over.
In popular lore, someone with “a fast metabolism” is someone whose high resting metabolic rate (RMR) allows him or her to eat a seemingly infinite amount of food without any fat gain. Past their growing years, such people don’t exist. While some adults do have a higher natural RMR than their peers, interindividual variations tend to stay within a range of 200–300 kcal/day. Moreover, people with higher caloric requirements tend to compensate by eating more, so that one’s natural RMR is a poor predictor of weight gain.
The good news is that if you want to rev up your metabolism, you can. Anaerobic activities can increase your RMR for more than a day; they can also increase your muscle mass, thus further heightening your caloric requirements. They’re a safer way to lose fat than cutting your caloric intake drastically, which can result in your body fighting back, your RMR taking a lasting hit, and endless yo-yo dieting. Yes, to shed fat, you do need to spend more energy than you ingest; but the more severe the deficit, the easier it’ll be to regain whatever fat you lost.
When it comes to figuring out what to eat for weight loss, the most important factor is eating less. When you consume less calories than you spend you will lose weight and the diet that helps you lose weight best will be the one that allows you to consume less calories without causing much distress or lethargy. The key is to pick a diet that you can adhere to.
Your bodyweight depends on your total caloric intake more than on your macronutrient ratios (how many of your calories come from carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol). Increased caloric intake as an independent variable is more than sufficient to explain the current obesity epidemic,[31] without the need to find a scapegoat, such as high-fructose corn syrup.[32]
A trial in a controlled setting (a metabolic ward) compared several isocaloric diets composed of 15% protein, 15-85% carbohydrate, and 0-70% fat. It concluded that caloric restriction, not macronutrient ratios, determined weight loss.[33] Comparing low- and high-carbohydrate diets over 6 weeks[34] and 12 weeks[35] led to the same conclusion, as did comparing a low-fat/high-protein diet with a high-fat/standard-protein diet.[36]
Another trial in a metabolic ward noted that, in healthy individuals overeating for 8 weeks, caloric intake alone accounted for the increase in body fat. However, caloric expenditure, total weight, and lean mass increased with protein as a percentage of caloric intake.[37] In contrast, a previous study on the impact of protein on weight loss had noted that women lost as much weight on a high-protein diet as on a high-carb diet, but that subjects with high triglycerides lost more fat on the high-protein diet.[38]
In people suffering from hyperinsulinemia,[39][40][41] insulin resistance,[42] or type-2 diabetes,[43][44][45][46] the results are mostly the same: Caloric restriction, not macronutrient ratios, leads to weight loss. Two studies noted, however, that lean mass was better preserved in women (but not men) on a high-protein diet,[40][46] and one study did find a greater weight loss (nearly entirely from fat) in the high-protein group (men and women).[41]
In conclusion, losing weight requires a negative energy balance,[47] which can be obtained by eating less, as we have seen, but also by exercising more.[48][49]
Independent of your diet’s macronutrient ratios, a negative energy balance (consuming fewer calories than your body needs) is responsible for weight loss.
But what about the magic of fad diets?
Many diets, fad or not, do work. This is mainly because they reduce calories.
Several diets restrict your carbohydrate intake. The ketogenic diet is very high in fats, low in proteins, and very low in carbohydrates. The Atkins diet is high in fats, high in proteins, and very low in carbohydrates. The “paleo diet” (hunter-gatherer diet) is high in fats, high in proteins, and low in carbohydrates.
Fats and proteins digest more slowly than carbohydrates, so are more satiating. In addition, most diets (including the three already mentioned) recommend the consumption of foods that are less calorie-dense (more fibers and a higher water content: a pound of broccoli packs less calories than a pound of grains). Finally, carbohydrates participate in the synthesis of serotonin, which can cause cravings in some obese individuals.
You can also refer to our page on how much protein you need per day to figure out the exact number.
Therefore, people on a low-carb diets lose weight because they naturally eat less and avoid the large binges caused by carbohydrate cravings. People on very-low-carb diets can also lose weight very quickly on the short term because the depletion of their glycogen stores leads to the excretion of bound water. That explains why two trials found that people on a low-carb diet had lost more weight than people on a low-fat diet after 6 months but not 12.[50]
Consuming your macronutrients together (balanced diet) or separately (dissociated diet, also known as “food combining”) makes no difference with regard to weight or fat loss.[51]
Since prolonged fasting might increase heat expenditure, diets that manipulate fasting (Intermittent Fasting, Alternate Day Fasting) may have some benefits on the “calories out” side of things. Yet, even here, weight lost is mostly due to the fact that you control eating: It is much harder to overeat in 8 hours than in 16.
Finally, it doesn’t matter when or how many times you eat every day.
A worthwhile read is a major study that showed a low-fat versus a low-carb diet did not matter for weight loss.
For more information on what you need to eat for weight loss, see our Fat Loss Stacks page.
Ready to burn fat?
Our constantly updated Fat Loss Supplements Guide is a complete, precise, step-by-step guide on supplementing for optimal fat loss. And backed with a unconditional 100% money back guarantee.
- ^Minnesota Starvation Experiment
- ^Schwartz A, Doucet ERelative changes in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: a systematic reviewObes Rev.(2010 Jul)
- ^Features of a successful therapeutic fast of 382 days' duration
- ^Lam YY, Ravussin EAnalysis of energy metabolism in humans: A review of methodologiesMol Metab.(2016 Sep 20)
- ^Müller MJ, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Schautz B, Bosy-Westphal AAdvances in the understanding of specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues in humansCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.(2013 Sep)
- ^Donahoo WT, Levine JA, Melanson ELVariability in energy expenditure and its componentsCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.(2004 Nov)
- ^Amatruda JM, Statt MC, Welle SLTotal and resting energy expenditure in obese women reduced to ideal body weightJ Clin Invest.(1993 Sep)
- ^Weinsier RL, Nelson KM, Hensrud DD, Darnell BE, Hunter GR, Schutz YMetabolic predictors of obesity. Contribution of resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fuel utilization to four-year weight gain of post-obese and never-obese womenJ Clin Invest.(1995 Mar)
- ^Astrup A, Gøtzsche PC, van de Werken K, Ranneries C, Toubro S, Raben A, Buemann BMeta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjectsAm J Clin Nutr.(1999 Jun)
- ^Bosy-Westphal A, Braun W, Schautz B, Müller MJIssues in characterizing resting energy expenditure in obesity and after weight lossFront Physiol.(2013 Mar 25)
- ^Wang Z, Ying Z, Bosy-Westphal A, Zhang J, Heller M, Later W, Heymsfield SB, Müller MJEvaluation of specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues: comparison between men and womenAm J Hum Biol.(2011 May-Jun)
- ^Landsberg LCore temperature: a forgotten variable in energy expenditure and obesity?Obes Rev.(2012 Dec)
- ^Rising R, Fontvieille AM, Larson DE, Spraul M, Bogardus C, Ravussin ERacial difference in body core temperature between Pima Indian and Caucasian menInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1995 Jan)
- ^de Jonge L, Bray GAThe thermic effect of food and obesity: a critical reviewObes Res.(1997 Nov)
- ^Tappy LThermic effect of food and sympathetic nervous system activity in humansReprod Nutr Dev.(1996)
- ^Levine JANon-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2002 Dec)
- ^Garland T Jr, Schutz H, Chappell MA, Keeney BK, Meek TH, Copes LE, Acosta W, Drenowatz C, Maciel RC, van Dijk G, Kotz CM, Eisenmann JCThe biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectivesJ Exp Biol.(2011 Jan 15)
- ^Johannsen DL, Ravussin ESpontaneous physical activity: relationship between fidgeting and body weight controlCurr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes.(2008 Oct)
- ^Ravussin E, Lillioja S, Anderson TE, Christin L, Bogardus CDeterminants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamberJ Clin Invest.(1986 Dec)
- ^Snitker S, Tataranni PA, Ravussin ESpontaneous physical activity in a respiratory chamber is correlated to habitual physical activityInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2001 Oct)
- ^Astrup A, Thorbek G, Lind J, Isaksson BPrediction of 24-h energy expenditure and its components from physical characteristics and body composition in normal-weight humansAm J Clin Nutr.(1990 Nov)
- ^Phillips SMThe science of muscle hypertrophy: making dietary protein countProc Nutr Soc.(2011 Feb)
- ^Leidy HJ, Campbell WWThe effect of eating frequency on appetite control and food intake: brief synopsis of controlled feeding studiesJ Nutr.(2011 Jan)
- ^Palmer MA, Capra S, Baines SKAssociation between eating frequency, weight, and healthNutr Rev.(2009 Jul)
- ^Taylor MA, Garrow JSCompared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term energy balance in obese patients in a chamber calorimeterInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2001 Apr)
- ^Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice AMMeal frequency and energy balanceBr J Nutr.(1997 Apr)
- ^Buckley JP, Mellor DD, Morris M, Joseph FStanding-based office work shows encouraging signs of attenuating post-prandial glycaemic excursionOccup Environ Med.(2014 Feb)
- ^Schwartz A, Doucet ERelative changes in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: a systematic reviewObes Rev.(2010 Jul)
- ^Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Norton LEMetabolic adaptation to weight loss: implications for the athleteJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2014 Feb 27)
- ^Rosenbaum M, Leibel RLAdaptive thermogenesis in humansInt J Obes (Lond).(2010 Oct)
- ^Swinburn B, Sacks G, Ravussin EIncreased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesityAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Dec)
- ^Lack of evidence for high fructose corn syrup as the cause of the obesity epidemic
- ^Leibel RL, Hirsch J, Appel BE, Checani GCEnergy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation in diet compositionAm J Clin Nutr.(1992 Feb)
- ^Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, de Tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven GSimilar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate dietsAm J Clin Nutr.(1996 Feb)
- ^Golay A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y, Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac NWeight-loss with low or high carbohydrate dietInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1996 Dec)
- ^Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Keogh JB, Foster P, Clifton PMCarbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipidsAm J Clin Nutr.(2005 Apr)
- ^Bray GA, Smith SR, de Jonge L, Xie H, Rood J, Martin CK, Most M, Brock C, Mancuso S, Redman LMEffect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2012 Jan 4)
- ^Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PMEffect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese womenAm J Clin Nutr.(2005 Jun)
- ^Keogh JB, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Clifton PMLong-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinaemic men and womenBr J Nutr.(2007 Feb)
- ^Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PMEffect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and womenAm J Clin Nutr.(2003 Jul)
- ^Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Luscombe ND, Wittert GA, Clifton PMLong-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjectsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2004 May)
- ^McLaughlin T, Carter S, Lamendola C, Abbasi F, Yee G, Schaaf P, Basina M, Reaven GEffects of moderate variations in macronutrient composition on weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in obese, insulin-resistant adultsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Oct)
- ^Sargrad KR, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Boden GEffect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Diet Assoc.(2005 Apr)
- ^Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TPEffect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetesAnn Intern Med.(2005 Mar 15)
- ^Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Clifton PMEffect of energy restriction, weight loss, and diet composition on plasma lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(1999 Jun)
- ^Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton PEffect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2002 Mar)
- ^Freire RScientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular dietsNutrition.(2020 Jan)
- ^Thomson RL, Buckley JD, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Norman RJ, Brinkworth GDThe effect of a hypocaloric diet with and without exercise training on body composition, cardiometabolic risk profile, and reproductive function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Sep)
- ^Strasser B, Spreitzer A, Haber PFat loss depends on energy deficit only, independently of the method for weight lossAnn Nutr Metab.(2007)
- ^Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper AAtkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight lossLancet.(2004 Sep 4-10)
- ^Golay A, Allaz AF, Ybarra J, Bianchi P, Saraiva S, Mensi N, Gomis R, de Tonnac NSimilar weight loss with low-energy food combining or balanced dietsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2000 Apr)
- Blood glucose - Adab Z, Eghtesadi S, Vafa MR, Heydari I, Shojaii A, Haqqani H, Arablou T, Eghtesadi MEffect of turmeric on glycemic status, lipid profile, hs-CRP, and total antioxidant capacity in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetes mellitus patientsPhytother Res.(2019 Apr)
- Blood glucose - Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A, Fogacci F, Bove M, Giovannini M, Borghi CEffects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialEur J Nutr.(2019 Feb 22)
- Weight - Mohammadi A, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M, Amini M, Khojasteh R, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GAEffects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trialPhytother Res.(2013 Mar)
- Weight - Unhapipatpong C, Polruang N, Shantavasinkul PC, Julanon N, Numthavaj P, Thakkinstian AThe effect of curcumin supplementation on weight loss and anthropometric indices: an umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023-May)
- Blood glucose - Nasim Abedimanesh, S Zahra Bathaie, Saeed Abedimanesh, Behrooz Motlagh, Ahmad Separham, Alireza OstadrahimiSaffron and crocin improved appetite, dietary intakes and body composition in patients with coronary artery diseaseJ Cardiovasc Thorac Res.(2017)
- Blood glucose - Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Hashemzadeh N, Shirzadi E, Derakhshan Z, Djazayeri A, Akhondzadeh SThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trialJ Res Med Sci.(2018 Feb 20)
- Weight - Gout B, Bourges C, Paineau-Dubreuil SSatiereal, a Crocus sativus L extract, reduces snacking and increases satiety in a randomized placebo-controlled study of mildly overweight, healthy womenNutr Res.(2010 May)
- Blood glucose - Westphal S, Borucki K, Taneva E, Makarova R, Luley CExtended-release niacin raises adiponectin and leptinAtherosclerosis.(2007 Aug)
- Blood glucose - Partsalaki I, Karvela A, Spiliotis BEMetabolic impact of a ketogenic diet compared to a hypocaloric diet in obese children and adolescentsJ Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.(2012)
- Blood glucose - Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TPEffect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetesAnn Intern Med.(2005 Mar 15)
- Blood glucose - Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, James AP, Mamo JC, Clifton PMComparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular riskNutr Metab (Lond).(2006 Jan 11)
- Blood glucose - Vazquez JA, Kazi ULipolysis and gluconeogenesis from glycerol during weight reduction with very-low-calorie dietsMetabolism.(1994 Oct)
- Blood glucose - Yancy WS Jr, Westman EC, McDuffie JR, Grambow SC, Jeffreys AS, Bolton J, Chalecki A, Oddone EZA randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight lossArch Intern Med.(2010 Jan 25)
- Blood glucose - Urbain P, Strom L, Morawski L, Wehrle A, Deibert P, Bertz HImpact of a 6-week non-energy-restricted ketogenic diet on physical fitness, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy adultsNutr Metab (Lond).(2017 Feb 20)
- Blood glucose - Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DAA randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2003 Apr)
- Blood glucose - Hernandez TL, Sutherland JP, Wolfe P, Allian-Sauer M, Capell WH, Talley ND, Wyatt HR, Foster GD, Hill JO, Eckel RHLack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate dietAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Mar)
- Blood glucose - Parker N Hyde, Teryn N Sapper, Christopher D Crabtree, Richard A LaFountain, Madison L Bowling, Alex Buga, Brandon Fell, Fionn T McSwiney, Ryan M Dickerson, Vincent J Miller, Debbie Scandling, Orlando P Simonetti, Stephen D Phinney, William J Kraemer, Sarah A King, Ronald M Krauss, Jeff S VolekDietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight lossJCI Insight.(2019 Jun 20)
- Weight - Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, Sears BKetogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate dietsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 May)
- Blood glucose - Han JR, Deng B, Sun J, Chen CG, Corkey BE, Kirkland JL, Ma J, Guo WEffects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjectsMetabolism.(2007 Jul)
- Metabolic Rate - A A Papamandjaris, M D White, P J JonesComponents of total energy expenditure in healthy young women are not affected after 14 days of feeding with medium-versus long-chain triglyceridesObes Res.(1999 May)
- Blood glucose - Aghdassi E, Arendt BM, Salit IE, Mohammed SS, Jalali P, Bondar H, Allard JPIn patients with HIV-infection, chromium supplementation improves insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trialCurr HIV Res.(2010 Mar)
- Blood glucose - Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, Han H, White CL, Williamson DAEffects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satietyDiabetes Technol Ther.(2008 Oct)
- Blood glucose - Kim CW, Kim BT, Park KH, Kim KM, Lee DJ, Yang SW, Joo NSEffects of short-term chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and body composition in overweight children: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Nutr Biochem.(2011 Nov)
- Blood glucose - Król E, Krejpcio Z, Byks H, Bogdański P, Pupek-Musialik DEffects of chromium brewer's yeast supplementation on body mass, blood carbohydrates, and lipids and minerals in type 2 diabetic patientsBiol Trace Elem Res.(2011 Nov)
- Weight - Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Penland JGChromium picolinate supplementation in women: effects on body weight, composition, and iron statusNutrition.(2007 Mar)
- Blood glucose - Krebs JD, Browning LM, McLean NK, Rothwell JL, Mishra GD, Moore CS, Jebb SAAdditive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic womenInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
- Weight - Kunesová M, Braunerová R, Hlavatý P, Tvrzická E, Stanková B, Skrha J, Hilgertová J, Hill M, Kopecký J, Wagenknecht M, Hainer V, Matoulek M, Parízková J, Zák A, Svacina SThe influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and very low calorie diet during a short-term weight reducing regimen on weight loss and serum fatty acid composition in severely obese womenPhysiol Res.(2006)
- Weight - Munro IA, Garg MLDietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA does not promote weight loss when combined with a very-low-energy dietBr J Nutr.(2012 Jan 3)
- 5-HETE - Nielsen MS, Gammelmark A, Madsen T, Obel T, Aardestrup I, Schmidt EBThe effect of low-dose marine n-3 fatty acids on the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase pathway metabolites in overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trialProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2012 Jul)
- Blood glucose - Schwab U, Törrönen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A, Uusitupa MBetaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjectsAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
- Blood glucose - Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, Allen DB, McVean JJ, Clark RR, O'Brien AR, O'Shea M, Scott CE, Schoeller DAEffect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese childrenAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 May)
- Blood glucose - Gaullier JM, Halse J, Høye K, Kristiansen K, Fagertun H, Vik H, Gudmundsen OSupplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humansJ Nutr.(2005 Apr)
- Weight - Leigh E Norris, Angela L Collene, Michelle L Asp, Jason C Hsu, Li-Fen Liu, Julia R Richardson, Dongmei Li, Doris Bell, Kwame Osei, Rebecca D Jackson, Martha A BeluryComparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 Sep)
- Weight - Gaullier JM, Halse J, Høye K, Kristiansen K, Fagertun H, Vik H, Gudmundsen OConjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humansAm J Clin Nutr.(2004 Jun)
- Weight - Diaz ML, Watkins BA, Li Y, Anderson RA, Campbell WWChromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight womenJ Nutr Biochem.(2008 Jan)
- Weight - Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG, Esliger D, Ewaschuk JB, Facci M, Farthing JP, Zello GAThe effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance trainingMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Feb)
- Weight - Larsen TM, Toubro S, Gudmundsen O, Astrup AConjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regainAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Mar)
- Weight - Whigham LD, O'Shea M, Mohede IC, Walaski HP, Atkinson RLSafety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humansFood Chem Toxicol.(2004 Oct)
- Glycemic Control - Watras AC, Buchholz AC, Close RN, Zhang Z, Schoeller DAThe role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gainInt J Obes (Lond).(2007 Mar)
- Appetite - Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MSEffect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2003 Oct)
- Lean Mass - Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MSThe effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjectsInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2003 Jul)
- Blood glucose - Grant M Tinsley, M Lane Moore, Austin J Graybeal, Antonio Paoli, Youngdeok Kim, Joaquin U Gonzales, John R Harry, Trisha A VanDusseldorp, Devin N Kennedy, Megan R CruzTime-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2019 Sep 1)
- Insulin - Kelsey Gabel, Kristin K Hoddy, Nicole Haggerty, Jeehee Song, Cynthia M Kroeger, John F Trepanowski, Satchidananda Panda, Krista A VaradyEffects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot studyNutr Healthy Aging.(2018 Jun 15)
- Weight - Dorothea Kesztyüs, Petra Cermak, Markus Gulich, Tibor KesztyüsAdherence to Time-Restricted Feeding and Impact on Abdominal Obesity in Primary Care Patients: Results of a Pilot Study in a Pre-Post DesignNutrients.(2019 Nov 21)
- Cortisol - Matthew T Stratton, Grant M Tinsley, Michaela G Alesi, Garrett M Hester, Alex A Olmos, Paul R Serafini, Andrew S Modjeski, Gerald T Mangine, Kelsey King, Shelby N Savage, Austin T Webb, Trisha A VanDusseldorpFour Weeks of Time-Restricted Feeding Combined with Resistance Training Does Not Differentially Influence Measures of Body Composition, Muscle Performance, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Blood BiomarkersNutrients.(2020 Apr 17)
- Blood glucose - Nieman DC, Cayea EJ, Austin MD, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Jin FChia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adultsNutr Res.(2009 Jun)
- Blood glucose - Arpita Basu, Mei Du, Misti J Leyva, Karah Sanchez, Nancy M Betts, Mingyuan Wu, Christopher E Aston, Timothy J LyonsBlueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndromeJ Nutr.(2010 Sep)
- Blood glucose - Barbara Frączek, Aleksandra Pięta, Adrian Burda, Paulina Mazur-Kurach, Florentyna TyrałaPaleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?Nutrients.(2021 Mar 21)
- Weight - Ehsan Ghaedi, Mohammad Mohammadi, Hamed Mohammadi, Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie, Janmohamad Malekzadeh, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiEffects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsAdv Nutr.(2019 Jul 1)
- Weight - Ehrika Vanessa Almeida de Menezes, Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio, Antônio Augusto Ferreira Carioca, Nara Andrade Parente, Filipe Oliveira Brito, Thereza Maria Magalhães Moreira, Ana Célia Caetano de Souza, Soraia Pinheiro Machado ArrudaInfluence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysisNutr J.(2019 Jul 23)
- Blood glucose - Muhammad S Mansour, Yu-Ming Ni, Amy L Roberts, Michael Kelleman, Arindam Roychoudhury, Marie-Pierre St-OngeGinger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of satiety without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men: a pilot studyMetabolism.(2012 Oct)
- Blood glucose - Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, Tada NAdministration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemiaAtherosclerosis.(2010 Apr)
- Blood glucose - Ngondi JL, Oben JE, Minka SRThe effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in CameroonLipids Health Dis.(2005 May 25)
- Blood glucose - Bang HS, Seo DY, Chung YM, Oh KM, Park JJ, Arturo F, Jeong SH, Kim N, Han JUrsolic Acid-induced elevation of serum irisin augments muscle strength during resistance training in menKorean J Physiol Pharmacol.(2014 Oct)
- Blood glucose - Qidwai W, Hamza HB, Qureshi R, Gilani AEffectiveness, safety, and tolerability of powdered Nigella sativa (kalonji) seed in capsules on serum lipid levels, blood sugar, blood pressure, and body weight in adults: results of a randomized, double-blind controlled trialJ Altern Complement Med.(2009 Jun)
- Weight - Mousavi SM, Sheikhi A, Varkaneh HK, Zarezadeh M, Rahmani J, Milajerdi AEffect of Nigella sativa supplementation on obesity indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2018-Jun)
- Blood glucose - Baer DJ, Stote KS, Paul DR, Harris GK, Rumpler WV, Clevidence BAWhey protein but not soy protein supplementation alters body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese adultsJ Nutr.(2011 Aug)
- Insulin - Pal S, Ellis V, Dhaliwal SEffects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individualsBr J Nutr.(2010 Sep)
- Weight - Frestedt JL, Zenk JL, Kuskowski MA, Ward LS, Bastian EDA whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical studyNutr Metab (Lond).(2008 Mar 27)
- Weight - Sepandi M, Samadi M, Shirvani H, Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Goudarzi F, Akbarzadeh IEffect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022-Aug)
- Appetite - J Lorenzen, R Frederiksen, C Hoppe, R Hvid, A AstrupThe effect of milk proteins on appetite regulation and diet-induced thermogenesisEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 May)
- Blood glucose - Andersson U, Berger K, Högberg A, Landin-Olsson M, Holm CEffects of rose hip intake on risk markers of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over investigation in obese personsEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 May)
- Blood glucose - Koncz D, Tóth B, Bahar MA, Roza O, Csupor DThe Safety and Efficacy of (Bitter Orange) Extracts and -Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2022-Sep-28)
- Weight - Greenway F, de Jonge-Levitan L, Martin C, Roberts A, Grundy I, Parker CDietary herbal supplements with phenylephrine for weight loss.J Med Food.(2006)
- Insulin - C S Mantzoros, A S Prasad, F W Beck, S Grabowski, J Kaplan, C Adair, G J BrewerZinc may regulate serum leptin concentrations in humansJ Am Coll Nutr.(1998 Jun)
- Insulin - Hana Kahleova, James McCann, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Andrea Tura, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA plant-based diet in overweight adults in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: The role of dietary acid loadClin Nutr ESPEN.(2021 Aug)
- Insulin - Hana Kahleova, Andrea Tura, Martin Hill, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardA Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Improves Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Adults: A 16-Week Randomized Clinical TrialNutrients.(2018 Feb 9)
- Weight - Neal D Barnard, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Liz Brandon, Minh Nguyen, Andrea Goergen, Taylor Horne, Gabriel F do Nascimento, Kundanika Lakkadi, Andrea Tura, Richard Holubkov, Hana KahleovaA Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over TrialJ Am Coll Nutr.(2021 Feb 5)
- Weight - Neal D Barnard, Susan M Levin, Yoko YokoyamaA systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in body weight in clinical trials of vegetarian dietsJ Acad Nutr Diet.(2015 Jun)
- Weight - Neal D Barnard, Anthony R Scialli, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy, Amy J Lanou, Jolie GlassThe effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivityAm J Med.(2005 Sep)
- Weight - Hana Kahleova, Kitt Falk Petersen, Gerald I Shulman, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Andrea Tura, Martin Hill, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardEffect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical TrialJAMA Netw Open.(2020 Nov 2)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - F Eichelmann, L Schwingshackl, V Fedirko, K AleksandrovaEffect of plant-based diets on obesity-related inflammatory profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trialsObes Rev.(2016 Nov)
- Blood Pressure - Hope R Ferdowsian, Neal D Barnard, Valerie J Hoover, Heather I Katcher, Susan M Levin, Amber A Green, Joshua L CohenA multicomponent intervention reduces body weight and cardiovascular risk at a GEICO corporate siteAm J Health Promot.(Jul-Aug 2010)
- Blood Pressure - Michael Macknin, Tammie Kong, Adam Weier, Sarah Worley, Anne S Tang, Naim Alkhouri, Mladen GolubicPlant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parentsJ Pediatr.(2015 Apr)
- Blood Pressure - Richard J Bloomer, Trint A Gunnels, JohnHenry M SchrieferComparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific MeasuresHealthcare (Basel).(2015 Jul 14)
- Insulin - Bell ZW, Canale RE, Bloomer RJA dual investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation with licorice flavonoid oil on anthropometric and biochemical markers of health and adiposityLipids Health Dis.(2011 Feb 10)
- Insulin - Chevassus H, Gaillard JB, Farret A, Costa F, Gabillaud I, Mas E, Dupuy AM, Michel F, Cantié C, Renard E, Galtier F, Petit PA fenugreek seed extract selectively reduces spontaneous fat intake in overweight subjectsEur J Clin Pharmacol.(2010 May)
- Appetite - Chevassus H, Molinier N, Costa F, Galtier F, Renard E, Petit PA fenugreek seed extract selectively reduces spontaneous fat consumption in healthy volunteersEur J Clin Pharmacol.(2009 Dec)
- Insulin - Santos NC, de Araujo LM, De Luca Canto G, Guerra ENS, Coelho MS, Borin MFMetabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2018)
- Weight - Ingrid Toews, Szimonetta Lohner, Daniela Küllenberg de Gaudry, Harriet Sommer, Joerg J MeerpohlAssociation Between Intake of Non-Sugar Sweeteners and Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomised and Non-Randomised Controlled Trials and Observational StudiesBMJ.(2019 Jan 2)
- Insulin - Hayley L Loftus, Katie J Astell, Michael L Mathai, Xiao Q SuColeus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled TrialNutrients.(2015 Nov 17)
- Weight - Godard MP, Johnson BA, Richmond SRBody composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese menObes Res.(2005 Aug)
- Weight - Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cascino A, Del Ben M, Laviano A, Muscaritoli M, Antonucci F, Rossi-Fanelli FEating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophanAm J Clin Nutr.(1992 Nov)
- Weight - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Maryam Miraghajani, Michael E Symonds, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediBeneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jan)
- Weight - Klaus D Wutzke, Henrik LorenzThe effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in slightly overweight subjectsMetabolism.(2004 Aug)
- Total cholesterol - Pistone G, Marino A, Leotta C, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Malaguarnera MLevocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigueDrugs Aging.(2003)
- Weight - Karin Ried, Oliver R Frank, Nigel P StocksDark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trialBMC Complement Altern Med.(2009 Jul 8)
- Weight - Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PREffect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjectsInt J Obes (Lond).(2008 Aug)
- Weight - Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Stehle P, Koertke H, Koerfer RVitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markersAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 May)
- Weight - Yasamin Fathi, Shiva Faghih, Mohammad Javad Zibaeenezhad, Sayed Hamid Reza TabatabaeiKefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trialEur J Nutr.(2016 Feb)
- Weight - Killgore WD, Ross AJ, Kamiya T, Kawada Y, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd DACiticoline affects appetite and cortico-limbic responses to images of high-calorie foodsInt J Eat Disord.(2010 Jan)
- Weight - Choudhary D, Bhattacharyya S, Joshi KBody Weight Management in Adults Under Chronic Stress Through Treatment With Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med.(2017 Jan)
- Weight - Ostojic SM, Calleja J, Jourkesh MEffects of short-term dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on body composition in young athletesChin J Physiol.(2010 Feb 28)
- Bone Mineral Density - von Mühlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Bergstrom J, Bettencourt REffect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trialOsteoporos Int.(2008 May)
- Weight - Caitlin A Dow, Scott B Going, Hsiao-Hui S Chow, Bhimanagouda S Patil, Cynthia A ThomsonThe effects of daily consumption of grapefruit on body weight, lipids, and blood pressure in healthy, overweight adultsMetabolism.(2012 Jul)
- Weight - Dallas C, Gerbi A, Tenca G, Juchaux F, Bernard FXLipolytic effect of a polyphenolic citrus dry extract of red orange, grapefruit, orange (SINETROL) in human body fat adipocytes. Mechanism of action by inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE)Phytomedicine.(2008 Oct)
- Weight - Astrup A, Lundsgaard C, Madsen J, Christensen NJEnhanced thermogenic responsiveness during chronic ephedrine treatment in manAm J Clin Nutr.(1985 Jul)
- Weight - Bogacka I, Gettys TW, de Jonge L, Nguyen T, Smith JM, Xie H, Greenway F, Smith SRThe effect of beta-adrenergic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma stimulation on target genes related to lipid metabolism in human subcutaneous adipose tissueDiabetes Care.(2007 May)
- Weight - Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, Solomon JL, Blanchard D, Nasser JA, Strauss R, Meredith THerbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trialInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2002 May)
- Weight - Coffey CS, Steiner D, Baker BA, Allison DBA randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatmentInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2004 Nov)
- Weight - Branch JDEffect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysisInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2003 Jun)
- Weight - Wu Y, Hu X, Chen LEffects of Creatine in Trained Athletes: A Meta-analysis of 21 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.Am J Ther.(2020)
- Weight - Forbes SC, Candow DG, Krentz JR, Roberts MD, Young KCChanges in Fat Mass Following Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training in Adults ≥50 Years of Age: A Meta-Analysis.J Funct Morphol Kinesiol.(2019-Aug-23)
- Body Fat - Antonio J, Ciccone VThe effects of pre versus post workout supplementation of creatine monohydrate on body composition and strengthJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2013 Aug 6)
- Lean Mass - Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati MR, Larijani B, Omidfar KEffects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1Mol Cell Endocrinol.(2010 Apr 12)
- Weight - Meysam Zarezadeh, Amir Hossein Faghfouri, Nima Radkhah, Elaheh Foroumandi, Masoud Khorshidi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Mahtab Zarei, Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Nazanin Hazhir Karzar, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi MamaghaniSpirulina supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2020 Sep 23)
- Weight - Reyhaneh Yousefi, Azadeh Mottaghi, Atoosa SaidpourSpirulina platensis effectively ameliorates anthropometric measurements and obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese or overweight healthy individuals: A randomized controlled trialComplement Ther Med.(2018 Oct)
- Weight - Reza Bagheri, Raoof Negaresh, Mohamad S Motevalli, Alexei Wong, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Mehdi Kargarfard, Amir RashidlamirSpirulina supplementation during gradual weight loss in competitive wrestlersBr J Nutr.(2021 Mar 15)
- Weight - Kim JE, Jeon SM, Park KH, Lee WS, Jeong TS, McGregor RA, Choi MSDoes Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trialNutr J.(2011 Sep 21)
- Weight - Mattes RD, Bormann LEffects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive variablesPhysiol Behav.(2000 Oct 1-15)
- Weight - Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, Pietrobelli A, Greenfield D, Nunez CGarcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(1998 Nov 11)
- Weight - Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Slavotinek JP, Kurmis APEffect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young menEur J Appl Physiol.(2004 Jan)
- Weight - Hsu CH, Tsai TH, Kao YH, Hwang KC, Tseng TY, Chou PEffect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialClin Nutr.(2008 Jun)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Stendell-Hollis NR, Thomson CA, Thompson PA, Bea JW, Cussler EC, Hakim IAGreen tea improves metabolic biomarkers, not weight or body composition: a pilot study in overweight breast cancer survivorsJ Hum Nutr Diet.(2010 Dec)
- Body Fat - Wang H, Wen Y, Du Y, Yan X, Guo H, Rycroft JA, Boon N, Kovacs EM, Mela DJEffects of catechin enriched green tea on body compositionObesity (Silver Spring).(2010 Apr)
- Body Fat - Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Dulloo AG, Tremblay A, Tappy L, Rumpler W, Westerterp-Plantenga MSThe effects of catechin rich teas and caffeine on energy expenditure and fat oxidation: a meta-analysisObes Rev.(2011 Jul)
- Body Fat - Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MSThe effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysisInt J Obes (Lond).(2009 Sep)
- Fat Oxidation - Boschmann M, Thielecke FThe effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot studyJ Am Coll Nutr.(2007 Aug)
- Weight - Ostojic SM, Ahmetovic ZThe effect of 4 weeks treatment with a 2-gram daily dose of pyruvate on body composition in healthy trained menInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2009 May)
- Weight - Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Hoyson R, Janosky JE, Wolf RPyruvate supplementation of a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet: effects on plasma lipid concentrations and body composition in hyperlipidemic patientsAm J Clin Nutr.(1994 Feb)
- Body Fat - Koh-Banerjee PK, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Bowden RG, Cowan PN, Almada AL, Kreider RBEffects of calcium pyruvate supplementation during training on body composition, exercise capacity, and metabolic responses to exerciseNutrition.(2005 Mar)
- Weight - Riche DM, Riche KD, Blackshear CT, McEwen CL, Sherman JJ, Wofford MR, Griswold MEPterostilbene on metabolic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trialEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2014)
- Weight - Knab AM, Shanely RA, Jin F, Austin MD, Sha W, Nieman DCQuercetin with vitamin C and niacin does not affect body mass or compositionAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2011 Jun)
- Weight - Abidov M, Ramazanov Z, Seifulla R, Grachev SThe effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fatDiabetes Obes Metab.(2010 Jan)
- Weight - Khezri, S, et alBeneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trialJ. Funct. Foods.()
- Weight - Esposito K, Kastorini CM, Panagiotakos DB, Giugliano DMediterranean diet and weight loss: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Metab Syndr Relat Disord.(2011-Feb)
- Waist circumference - López-Gil JF, García-Hermoso A, Sotos-Prieto M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Kales SNMediterranean Diet-Based Interventions to Improve Anthropometric and Obesity Indicators in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2023-Jul)
- Weight - Jafari A, Gholizadeh E, Sadrmanesh O, Tajpour S, Yarizadeh H, Zamani B, Sohrabi ZThe effect of folic acid supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2023-Feb)
- Weight - Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wang P, Qing Y, Sun CThe effects of capsaicin intake on weight loss among overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Nutr.(2023-Nov-14)
- Blood Pressure - Yoshioka M, Imanaga M, Ueyama H, Yamane M, Kubo Y, Boivin A, St-Amand J, Tanaka H, Kiyonaga AMaximum tolerable dose of red pepper decreases fat intake independently of spicy sensation in the mouthBr J Nutr.(2004 Jun)
- Appetite - Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, Triki R, Caulin C, Segrestaa JMCorrelation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psylliumGut.(1992 Aug)
- Appetite - H J Delargy, K R O'Sullivan, R J Fletcher, J E BlundellEffects of amount and type of dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble) on short-term control of appetiteInt J Food Sci Nutr.(1997 Jan)
- Appetite - Turnbull WH, Thomas HGThe effect of a Plantago ovata seed containing preparation on appetite variables, nutrient and energy intakeInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(1995 May)
- Appetite - Suzanne E M de Bruijn, Cees de Graaf, Renger F Witkamp, Gerry JagerExplorative Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Intervention Study with Low Doses of Inhaled Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Reveals No Effect on Sweet Taste Intensity Perception and Liking in HumansCannabis Cannabinoid Res.(2017 Jun 1)
- Appetite - Nathalie Weltens, Inge Depoortere, Jan Tack, Lukas Van OudenhoveEffect of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to food stimuli and food intake in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2019 Apr 1)
- Leptin - Mehdi Farokhnia, Gray R McDiarmid, Matthew N Newmeyer, Vikas Munjal, Osama A Abulseoud, Marilyn A Huestis, Lorenzo LeggioEffects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory studyTransl Psychiatry.(2020 Feb 19)
- Appetite - Gavrieli A, Yannakoulia M, Fragopoulou E, Margaritopoulos D, Chamberland JP, Kaisari P, Kavouras SA, Mantzoros CSCaffeinated coffee does not acutely affect energy intake, appetite, or inflammation but prevents serum cortisol concentrations from falling in healthy menJ Nutr.(2011 Apr 1)
- Fat Oxidation - Conger SA, Tuthill LM, Millard-Stafford MLDoes Caffeine Increase Fat Metabolism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2023-Mar-01)
- Fat Oxidation - Collado-Mateo D, Lavín-Pérez AM, Merellano-Navarro E, Coso JDEffect of Acute Caffeine Intake on the Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2020-Nov-24)
- Appetite - Anton SD, Martin CK, Han H, Coulon S, Cefalu WT, Geiselman P, Williamson DAEffects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levelsAppetite.(2010 Aug)
- Blood Pressure - Martinet A, Hostettmann K, Schutz YThermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesityPhytomedicine.(1999 Oct)
- Metabolic Rate - Alkhatib AYerba Maté (Illex Paraguariensis) ingestion augments fat oxidation and energy expenditure during exercise at various submaximal intensitiesNutr Metab (Lond).(2014 Sep 2)
- Blood Pressure - Egert S, Rimbach G, Müller MJNo evidence for a thermic effect of the dietary flavonol quercetin: a pilot study in healthy normal-weight womenEur J Appl Physiol.(2011 May)
- Food Intake - Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SWBeta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, Part I: effects on strength and fat free massMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2000 Dec)
- Food Intake - Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Almada ALEffects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strengthInt J Sports Med.(1999 Nov)
- Subjective Well-Being - Lorenza S Colzato, Bryant J Jongkees, Roberta Sellaro, Wery P M van den Wildenberg, Bernhard HommelEating to stop: tyrosine supplementation enhances inhibitory control but not response executionNeuropsychologia.(2014 Sep)
- Metabolic Rate - Jessen AB, Toubro S, Astrup AEffect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization in menAm J Clin Nutr.(2003 Jun)
- Metabolic Rate - Horton TJ, Geissler CAAspirin potentiates the effect of ephedrine on the thermogenic response to a meal in obese but not lean womenInt J Obes.(1991 May)