Inflammation

FAQ
Human Effect Matrix
Citations

Should I take Fish Oil if I am sick?

The Human Effect Matrix looks at human studies (excluding animal/petri-dish studies) to tell you what what supplements affect Inflammation

Grade	Level of Evidence
A	Robust research conducted with repeated double blind clinical trials
B	Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo controlled
C	Single double blind study or multiple cohort studies
D	Uncontrolled or observational studies only

Level of Evidence	Supplement	Magnitude of Effect Size	Scientific Consensus	Comments
A	Fish Oil	Minor	41% See all 17 studies	Highly mixed and unreliable influences on circulating inflammatory cytokines (although, due to immunosuppression on cellular adhesion factors, the overall effect may still... show be antiinflammatory)
B	Coenzyme Q10		66% See all 3 studies	Classical inflammatory cytokines do not appear to be altered much following CoQ10 supplementation, although there may still be a minor antiinflammatory effect
B	Ginger	Minor	100% See all 4 studies	Inflammatory parameters seem to be reduced following ginger consumption
B	Vitamin C		100% See all 4 studies	No significant alterations seen in inflammatory cytokines associated with Vitamin C supplementation
B	Conjugated Linoleic Acid		100% See all 4 studies	Insufficient evidence to support significant changes in inflammatory status.
B	Curcumin	Notable	100% See all 4 studies	There appears to be a decrease in disease states or conditions characterized by inflammation associated with curcumin ingestion, does not appear to be too discriminatory... show in which inflammatory states it benefits
B	Serrapeptase	Minor	66% See all 4 studies	Appears to reduce swelling and inflammation following surgery or trauma, although to a lesser degree than corticosteroids. There is a lack of practical evidence for the... show claims behind serrapeptase (instead, studies tend to only look at post-surgery inflammation)
C	L-Carnitine	Minor	100% See study	Possible antiinflammatory effect on exercise-induced inflammatory biomarkers
C	Quercetin		50% See 2 studies	Mixed influence on inflammation, but does not appear to at all be practically significant
C	Whey Protein		100% See study	Insufficient evidence to support whey protein as interacting with inflammation and biomarkers of inflammation
C	Melatonin	Minor	100% See study	A reduction in inflammatory cytokines is noted with melatonin supplementation
C	Spirulina	Minor	50% See 2 studies	Some various and uncertain changes in cytokines that are seen as indicators of inflammation; not enough human interventions to draw conclusions.
C	Alpha-Lipoic Acid	Minor	50% See 2 studies	Mixed effects depending on what inflammatory biomarker or cytokine is measured; practical significance unknown
C	Benfotiamine		100% See study	Insufficient evidence with the preliminary evidence failing to any influence on circulating cytokines.
C	Olive leaf extract		100% See study	No significant effects on biomarkers of inflammation when measured
C	Stinging Nettle	Minor	100% See 2 studies	Appears to reduce LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine release, and thus is likely to have anti-inflammatory effects. The potency of this is not overly remarkable
C	Theaflavins		100% See study	No significant influence on inflammatory cytokines noted with theaflavins supplementation
C	Salvia hispanica		100% See study	No significant alteration in serum biomarkers noted with chia seeds
C	Japanese Knotweed	Notable	100% See study	The study in question measured nF-kB activity and noted a 25% decrease, which is somewhat novel (not a common measurement) and to quite a large degree; may be related to... show the Resveratrol or stilbene content
C	Pycnogenol		100% See study	No significant influence on standard inflammatory cytokines
C	Glutamine		100% See study	No significant influence on inflammatory cytokines except perhaps IL-6 seen with glutamine supplementation
C	Panax Ginseng	Minor	100% See study	A decrease in IL-6 concentrations has been noted
C	Phosphatidylserine		100% See study	No significant influence on inflammatory cytokines
C	Vitamin D		100% See study	No significant influence on select inflammatory cytokines
D	Coffee	Minor	100% See study	A decrease in some inflammatory cytokines has been noted with coffee ingestion
D	Boron	Minor	100% See study	Some influence on typically inflammatory cytokines, practical relevance of these changes unknown
D	Bromelain	Minor	100% See study	Requires more evidence, but at the moment appears somewhat effective
D	Hibiscus Sabdariffa	Minor	100% See study	Possible decreases in MCP-1 with mixed or no influence on other inflammatory cytokines

References

Byleveld PM, et al. Fish oil feeding delays influenza virus clearance and impairs production of interferon-gamma and virus-specific immunoglobulin A in the lungs of mice. J Nutr. (1999)
Schwerbrock NM, et al. Fish oil-fed mice have impaired resistance to influenza infection. J Nutr. (2009)
Byleveld M, et al. Fish oil feeding enhances lymphocyte proliferation but impairs virus-specific T lymphocyte cytotoxicity in mice following challenge with influenza virus. Clin Exp Immunol. (2000)
Chopra D, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of paracetamol, serratiopeptidase, ibuprofen and betamethasone using the dental impaction pain model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (2009)
Murugesan K, Sreekumar K, Sabapathy B. Comparison of the roles of serratiopeptidase and dexamethasone in the control of inflammation and trismus following impacted third molar surgery. Indian J Dent Res. (2012)
Panagariya A, Sharma AK. A preliminary trial of serratiopeptidase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India. (1999)
Esch PM, Gerngross H, Fabian A. Reduction of postoperative swelling. Objective measurement of swelling of the upper ankle joint in treatment with serrapeptase-- a prospective study. Fortschr Med. (1989)
Kee WH, et al. The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a randomised double-blind controlled trial. Singapore Med J. (1989)
Bracale G, Selvetella L. Clinical study of the efficacy of and tolerance to seaprose S in inflammatory venous disease. Controlled study versus serratio-peptidase. Minerva Cardioangiol. (1996)
Tachibana M, et al. A multi-centre, double-blind study of serrapeptase versus placebo in post-antrotomy buccal swelling. Pharmatherapeutica. (1984)
Mazzone A, et al. Evaluation of Serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res. (1990)
Shimura S, et al. Effect of expectorants on relaxation behavior of sputum viscoelasticity in vivo. Biorheology. (1983)
Majima Y, et al. The effect of an orally administered proteolytic enzyme on the elasticity and viscosity of nasal mucus. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (1988)
Nakamura S, et al. Effect of the proteolytic enzyme serrapeptase in patients with chronic airway disease. Respirology. (2003)

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Table of Contents

Frequently Asked Questions Related to Inflammation

Human Effect Matrix

Scientific Support & Reference Citations

References

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