Coenzyme Q10

Last Updated: February 26, 2024

Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule found in mitochondria that has a critical role in producing energy for the body. It also plays an important role in the endogenous antioxidant system.

Coenzyme Q10 is most often used for

What is coenzyme Q10?

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble, vitamin-like compound synthesized by the body from mevalonate and tyrosine. CoQ10 plays a crucial role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in mitochondria, and serves as a potent endogenous (i.e., produced in the body) antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals in lipid structures.[10][11][12]

While the body naturally produces CoQ10, it can also be obtained from supplements or specific foods (refer to the question “What are the main sources of coenzyme Q10?” for more details). CoQ10 exists in either its oxidized form (ubiquinone) or its reduced form (ubiquinol), with the body interchanging the two depending on the cell’s oxidative state.[11][10] The ubiquinol/ubiquinone ratio is often used as an indicator to measure the body’s response to oxidative stress. A low ubiquinol and high ubiquinone ratio may suggest ineffective conversion between the two, potentially indicating decreased antioxidant activity.[13]

What are the main benefits of coenzyme Q10?

CoQ10 is a key endogenous antioxidant; however, its production in the body can be affected by age, underlying medical conditions, and other factors. One meta-analysis, involving healthy participants and those with cardiovascular or metabolic disease, revealed that supplementation with 30–500 mg daily of CoQ10 significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) scores and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (an oxidative stress marker) compared to the control group, although it did not significantly affect levels of another endogenous antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD).[11]

Another meta-analysis indicated that supplementation with CoQ10 significantly lowered levels of inflammatory markers such as c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect.[14]

Additionally, CoQ10 demonstrated potential for reduction of migraine and non-migraine headaches in both adults[6] and children aged 6–12 years.[15]

Furthermore, extensive research has explored the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of CoQ10, yielding promising results. For detailed information on CoQ10's main benefits on cardiovascular and metabolic health, please refer to the question “What are coenzyme Q10’s main benefits on cardiovascular and metabolic health?”

Finally, preliminary evidence suggests that supplementation with CoQ10 (300 mg) may be effective in reducing symptoms associated with fibromyalgia.[16]

What are the main drawbacks of coenzyme Q10?

Supplementation with CoQ10 is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, even at high dosages (1,200 mg per day)[4] and for durations up to 12 months.[4]

Regarding potential interactions, there is mixed clinical evidence that CoQ10 may interact with warfarin.[17][18][19] Additionally, animal studies suggest a potential interaction between CoQ10 and theophylline (a drug used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).[20]

How does coenzyme Q10 work?

CoQ10 acts as a non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidant,[21] exerting its effects by increasing the production of key antioxidants (e.g., SOD) and by inhibiting lipid peroxyl radicals, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation levels.[4] Additionally, CoQ10 serves as a cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, transporting electrons from complex I and II to complex III to synthesize ATP, and reducing the production of superoxide (a free radical).[11] Furthermore, CoQ10 appears to regenerate α-tocopherol (vitamin E’s active metabolite) from its radical state back to its antioxidative state.[22][11] Finally, another potential mechanism observed in vitro and in animal studies is the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), which regulates the cellular response to oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to verify this mechanism of action.[11]

CoQ10 appears to improve glycemic control in individuals affected by type 2 diabetes (characterized by elevated oxidative stress and abnormalities in mitochondrial function), thanks to its antioxidant activity.[5][13]

CoQ10 may improve the lipid profile through several potential mechanisms. In vitro studies showed that exposure of endothelial cells to CoQ10 was linked to downregulation of lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1), to which oxidized LDL (oxLDL) bind causing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and stimulation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative stress resistance.[23][24] Furthermore, CoQ10 may increase fatty acid oxidation, therefore reducing the level of free fatty acids in mitochondria,[25] and it may decrease triglyceride levels by increasing lipolysis.[24]

What else is Coenzyme Q10 known as?
Note that Coenzyme Q10 is also known as:
  • CoQ10
  • Ubiquinone
  • Ubiquinol
  • 4-benzoquinone
  • Vitamin Q
Coenzyme Q10 should not be confused with:
Dosage information

The total daily requirement for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), encompassing both endogenous synthesis and external sources like food or supplements, is estimated to be approximately 500 mg per day. Notably, only a minimal amount of around 5 mg daily is typically acquired through dietary intake.[1][2]

For supplementation, the recommended dosage usually falls within 100–200 mg per day.[3][4][5] Although some studies have explored doses as high as 1200 mg per day,[4], there is currently no evidence that a higher dosage offers additional benefits.

In the context of migraine prevention, a dosage of 300 mg per day of CoQ10 has been studied with positive outcomes.[6]

CoQ10 is commonly available in capsule form, with oral administration peaking in blood levels 5–10 hours after intake, and an elimination half-life of approximately 33.19 hours.[7]

Due to its lipophilic nature, it’s advised to take CoQ10 with fat-containing foods, and capsules should ideally be formulated with a lipophilic transport (e.g., a carrier oil) for better absorption.[8] Additionally, grapefruit juice, known to inhibit the transporter P-glycoprotein which mediates CoQ10 efflux in intestinal cells, has been found to enhance CoQ10 absorption when combined in vitro.[9]

Examine Database: Coenzyme Q10
What works and what doesn't?

Unlock the full potential of Examine

Get started

Don't miss out on the latest research

Update History
21 days ago

Large content update and several new FAQs

major

We updated our description of CoQ10's mechanism of action, drawbacks (including drug-supplement interactions), and overall benefits. Additionally, we added FAQs about dietary sources and forms, as well as CoQ10's effects on fertility, skin health, athletic performance, and cardiovascular health. Finally, we also wrote a FAQ about CoQ10's interaction with statins and other factors affecting CoQ10 levels in the body.

Written By

Reviewed By

References
  1. ^Mantle D, Dybring ABioavailability of Coenzyme Q: An Overview of the Absorption Process and Subsequent Metabolism.Antioxidants (Basel).(2020-May-05)
  2. ^Hargreaves I, Heaton RA, Mantle DDisorders of Human Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: An Overview.Int J Mol Sci.(2020-Sep-13)
  3. ^Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Hou S, Liu Z, Liu M, Dong X, Zhan Y, Tian Z, Yang YDose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2022-Dec-22)
  4. ^Saboori S, Rad EY, Mardani M, Khosroshahi MZ, Nouri Y, Falahi EEffect of Q10 supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2019)
  5. ^Liang Y, Zhao D, Ji Q, Liu M, Dai S, Hou S, Liu Z, Mao Y, Tian Z, Yang YEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.EClinicalMedicine.(2022-Oct)
  6. ^Sándor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Saenger U, Fumal A, Magis D, Seidel L, Agosti RM, Schoenen JEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trialNeurology.(2005 Feb 22)
  7. ^Suhairul Sazali, Salziyan Badrin, Mohd Noor Norhayati, Nur Suhaila IdrisCoenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysisBMJ Open.(2021 Jan 5)
  8. ^Beg S, Javed S, Kohli KBioavailability enhancement of coenzyme Q10: an extensive review of patents.Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul.(2010-Nov)
  9. ^Itagaki et al.Grapefruit juice enhance the uptake of coenzyme Q10 in the human intestinal cell-line Caco-2Food Chemistry.(2010-05-15)
  10. ^Sood B, Keenaghan MCoenzyme Q10
  11. ^Dai S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Liu M, Liu Z, Hou S, Yang YEffects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adults: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Antioxidants (Basel).(2022-Jul-13)
  12. ^Rajeshwar K.K.A. et al"Chapter2.3 - Coenzyme Q: An endogenous antioxidant." In Antioxidants Effects in Health: The Bright and the Dark Side, eds. SM Nabavi and AS Silva, pp. 91-104. Portugal: National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.) and Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA)(2022)
  13. ^Shi-Ying Zhang, Kai-Lin Yang, Liu-Ting Zeng, Xiao-He Wu, Hui-Yong HuangEffectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisInt J Endocrinol.(2018 Sep 16)
  14. ^Hou S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Ji Q, Fan Z, Liu Z, Liu M, Yang YEfficacy and Optimal Dose of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Inflammation-Related Biomarkers: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Mol Nutr Food Res.(2023-Jul)
  15. ^Slater SK, Nelson TD, Kabbouche MA, LeCates SL, Horn P, Segers A, Manning P, Powers SW, Hershey ADA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, add-on study of CoEnzyme Q10 in the prevention of pediatric and adolescent migraineCephalalgia.(2011 Jun)
  16. ^Mario D Cordero, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Manuel de Miguel, Ognjen Culic, Angel M Carrión, José Miguel Alvarez-Suarez, Pedro Bullón, Maurizio Battino, Ana Fernández-Rodríguez, José Antonio Sánchez-AlcazarCan coenzyme q10 improve clinical and molecular parameters in fibromyalgia?Antioxid Redox Signal.(2013 Oct 20)
  17. ^Spigset OReduced effect of warfarin caused by ubidecarenone.Lancet.(1994-Nov-12)
  18. ^Shalansky S, Lynd L, Richardson K, Ingaszewski A, Kerr CRisk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis.Pharmacotherapy.(2007-Sep)
  19. ^Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther KEffect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial.Thromb Haemost.(2002-Jun)
  20. ^Baskaran R, Shanmugam S, Nagayya-Sriraman S, Kim JH, Jeong TC, Yong CS, Choi HG, Yoo BKThe effect of coenzyme Q10 on the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline.Arch Pharm Res.(2008-Jul)
  21. ^Alarcón-Vieco E, Martínez-García I, Sequí-Domínguez I, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez E, Moreno-Herráiz N, Pascual-Morena CEffect of coenzyme Q10 on cardiac function and survival in heart failure: an overview of systematic reviews and -analyses.Food Funct.(2023-Jul-17)
  22. ^Shetty RA, Ikonne US, Forster MJ, Sumien NCoenzyme Q10 and α-tocopherol reversed age-associated functional impairments in mice.Exp Gerontol.(2014-Oct)
  23. ^Rabinovitch et al.AMPK Maintains Cellular Metabolic Homeostasis through Regulation of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen SpeciesCell Reports.(2017-10-03)
  24. ^Liu Z, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Liu M, Hou S, Dong X, Zhaxinima , Yang YEffects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2022-Dec-17)
  25. ^Lee SK, Lee JO, Kim JH, Kim N, You GY, Moon JW, Sha J, Kim SJ, Lee YW, Kang HJ, Park SH, Kim HSCoenzyme Q10 increases the fatty acid oxidation through AMPK-mediated PPARα induction in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.Cell Signal.(2012-Dec)
  26. ^Dludla PV, Nyambuya TM, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Mxinwa V, Mokgalaboni K, Nkambule BB, Louw J, Muller CJF, Tiano LThe impact of coenzyme Q on metabolic and cardiovascular disease profiles in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Endocrinol Diabetes Metab.(2020-Apr)
  27. ^Littarru GP, Langsjoen PCoenzyme Q10 and statins: biochemical and clinical implications.Mitochondrion.(2007-Jun)
  28. ^Mabuchi H, Nohara A, Kobayashi J, Kawashiri MA, Katsuda S, Inazu A, Koizumi J,Effects of CoQ10 supplementation on plasma lipoprotein lipid, CoQ10 and liver and muscle enzyme levels in hypercholesterolemic patients treated with atorvastatin: a randomized double-blind study.Atherosclerosis.(2007-Dec)
  29. ^Giancarlo Balercia, Fabrizio Mosca, Franco Mantero, Marco Boscaro, Antonio Mancini, Giuseppe Ricciardo-Lamonica, GianPaolo LittarruCoenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot studyFertil Steril.(2004 Jan)
  30. ^Safarinejad MREfficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile menJ Urol.(2009 Jul)
  31. ^Lewin A, Lavon HThe effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and functionMol Aspects Med.(1997)
  32. ^S Prahl, T Kueper, T Biernoth, Y Wöhrmann, A Münster, M Fürstenau, M Schmidt, C Schulze, K-P Wittern, H Wenck, G-M Muhr, T BlattAging skin is functionally anaerobic: importance of coenzyme Q10 for anti aging skin careBiofactors.(2008)
  33. ^Hoppe U, Bergemann J, Diembeck W, Ennen J, Gohla S, Harris I, Jacob J, Kielholz J, Mei W, Pollet D, Schachtschabel D, Sauermann G, Schreiner V, Stäb F, Steckel FCoenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizerBiofactors.(1999)
  34. ^M Zhang, L Dang, F Guo, X Wang, W Zhao, R ZhaoCoenzyme Q(10) enhances dermal elastin expression, inhibits IL-1α production and melanin synthesis in vitroInt J Cosmet Sci.(2012 Jun)
  35. ^Thomas Blatt, Gian Paolo LittarruBiochemical rationale and experimental data on the antiaging properties of CoQ(10) at skin levelBiofactors.(2011 Sep-Oct)
  36. ^Inui M, Ooe M, Fujii K, Matsunaka H, Yoshida M, Ichihashi MMechanisms of inhibitory effects of CoQ10 on UVB-induced wrinkle formation in vitro and in vivo.Biofactors.(2008)
  37. ^López LC, Quinzii CM, Area E, Naini A, Rahman S, Schuelke M, Salviati L, Dimauro S, Hirano MTreatment of CoQ(10) deficient fibroblasts with ubiquinone, CoQ analogs, and vitamin C: time- and compound-dependent effects.PLoS One.(2010-Jul-30)
  38. ^Deichmann RE, Lavie CJ, Dornelles ACImpact of coenzyme Q-10 on parameters of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle performance in older athletes taking statins.Phys Sportsmed.(2012-Nov)
  39. ^Cooke M, Iosia M, Buford T, Shelmadine B, Hudson G, Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Leutholtz B, Willoughby D, Kreider REffects of acute and 14-day coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance in both trained and untrained individuals.J Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2008-Mar-04)
  40. ^Bakhshayeshkaram M, Lankarani KB, Mirhosseini N, Tabrizi R, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Asemi ZThe Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Curr Pharm Des.(2018)
  41. ^Jorat MV, Tabrizi R, Mirhosseini N, Lankarani KB, Akbari M, Heydari ST, Mottaghi R, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lipid profiles among patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lipids Health Dis.(2018-Oct-09)
  42. ^Lei L, Liu YEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.BMC Cardiovasc Disord.(2017-Jul-24)
  43. ^Crane FLBiochemical functions of coenzyme Q10.J Am Coll Nutr.(2001-Dec)
  44. ^Zhang Y, Liu J, Chen XQ, Oliver Chen CYUbiquinol is superior to ubiquinone to enhance Coenzyme Q10 status in older menFood Funct.(2018 Nov 14)
  45. ^Pravst I, Zmitek K, Zmitek JCoenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategiesCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2010 Apr)
Examine Database References
  1. Interleukin 6 - Dahri M, Tarighat-Esfanjani A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Hashemilar MOral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with migraine: Effects on clinical features and inflammatory markersNutr Neurosci.(2018 Jan 3)
  2. Migraine Symptoms - Dahri M, Hashemilar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Tarighat-Esfanjani AEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 for the prevention of migraine in women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyEur J Integr Med.()
  3. Migraine Symptoms - Sándor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Saenger U, Fumal A, Magis D, Seidel L, Agosti RM, Schoenen JEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trialNeurology.(2005 Feb 22)
  4. Migraine Symptoms - Shoeibi A, Olfati N, Soltani Sabi M, Salehi M, Mali S, Akbari Oryani MEffectiveness of coenzyme Q10 in prophylactic treatment of migraine headache: an open-label, add-on, controlled trialActa Neurol Belg.(2017 Mar)
  5. Migraine Symptoms - Parohan M, Sarraf P, Javanbakht MH, Foroushani AR, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Djalali MThe synergistic effects of nano-curcumin and coenzyme Q10 supplementation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trialNutr Neurosci.(2019 Jun 26)
  6. Migraine Symptoms - Slater SK, Nelson TD, Kabbouche MA, LeCates SL, Horn P, Segers A, Manning P, Powers SW, Hershey ADA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, add-on study of CoEnzyme Q10 in the prevention of pediatric and adolescent migraineCephalalgia.(2011 Jun)
  7. General Oxidation - Cordero MD, Cano-García FJ, Alcocer-Gómez E, De Miguel M, Sánchez-Alcázar JAOxidative stress correlates with headache symptoms in fibromyalgia: coenzyme Q₁₀ effect on clinical improvementPLoS One.(2012)
  8. General Oxidation - Sawaddiruk P, Apaijai N, Paiboonworachat S, Kaewchur T, Kasitanon N, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SCCoenzyme Q10 supplementation alleviates pain in pregabalin-treated fibromyalgia patients via reducing brain activity and mitochondrial dysfunctionFree Radic Res.(2019 Aug)
  9. Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Miyamae T, Seki M, Naga T, Uchino S, Asazuma H, Yoshida T, Iizuka Y, Kikuchi M, Imagawa T, Natsumeda Y, Yokota S, Yamamoto YIncreased oxidative stress and coenzyme Q10 deficiency in juvenile fibromyalgia: amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and fatigue by ubiquinol-10 supplementationRedox Rep.(2013)
  10. Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Jose Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar, Mario D CorderoCoenzyme q10 regulates serotonin levels and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients: results of a small clinical trialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2014 Apr)
  11. Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Mario D Cordero, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Manuel de Miguel, Ognjen Culic, Angel M Carrión, José Miguel Alvarez-Suarez, Pedro Bullón, Maurizio Battino, Ana Fernández-Rodríguez, José Antonio Sánchez-AlcazarCan coenzyme q10 improve clinical and molecular parameters in fibromyalgia?Antioxid Redox Signal.(2013 Oct 20)
  12. Lipid Peroxidation - Dai YL, Luk TH, Yiu KH, Wang M, Yip PM, Lee SW, Li SW, Tam S, Fong B, Lau CP, Siu CW, Tse HFReversal of mitochondrial dysfunction by coenzyme Q10 supplement improves endothelial function in patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trialAtherosclerosis.(2011 Jun)
  13. Blood Pressure - Shah SA, Sander S, Cios D, Lipeika J, Kluger J, White CMElectrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in healthy individuals: a double-blind, randomized controlled trialAnn Pharmacother.(2007 Mar)
  14. Blood Pressure - Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Burke VCoenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitusDiabetologia.(2002 Mar)
  15. Blood Pressure - Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Hou S, Liu Z, Liu M, Dong X, Zhan Y, Tian Z, Yang YDose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2022-Dec-22)
  16. Endothelial Function - Gao L, Mao Q, Cao J, Wang Y, Zhou X, Fan LEffects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAtherosclerosis.(2011 Oct 25)
  17. Blood Flow - Belardinelli R, Muçaj A, Lacalaprice F, Solenghi M, Seddaiu G, Principi F, Tiano L, Littarru GPCoenzyme Q10 and exercise training in chronic heart failureEur Heart J.(2006 Nov)
  18. Total cholesterol - Liu Z, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Liu M, Hou S, Dong X, Zhaxinima , Yang YEffects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2022-Dec-17)
  19. Inflammation - Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guardia L, Rangel-Zuñiga O, Delgado-Lista J, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Casado N, Cruz-Teno C, Tinahones FJ, Villalba JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda JMediterranean Diet Supplemented With Coenzyme Q10 Modifies the Expression of Proinflammatory and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in Elderly Men and WomenJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2011 Oct 20)
  20. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Mohseni M, Vafa M, Zarrati M, Shidfar F, Hajimiresmail SJ, Rahimi Forushani ABeneficial Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Intereukin-6 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Reduction, Preliminary Results of a Double-blind Trial in Acute Myocardial InfarctionInt J Prev Med.(2015 Aug 7)
  21. Seminal Motility - Safarinejad MREfficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile menJ Urol.(2009 Jul)
  22. Seminal Motility - Lewin A, Lavon HThe effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and functionMol Aspects Med.(1997)
  23. Seminal Motility - Giancarlo Balercia, Fabrizio Mosca, Franco Mantero, Marco Boscaro, Antonio Mancini, Giuseppe Ricciardo-Lamonica, GianPaolo LittarruCoenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot studyFertil Steril.(2004 Jan)
  24. Sperm Quality - Nadjarzadeh A, Sadeghi MR, Amirjannati N, Vafa MR, Motevalian SA, Gohari MR, Akhondi MA, Yavari P, Shidfar FCoenzyme Q10 improves seminal oxidative defense but does not affect on semen parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trialJ Endocrinol Invest.(2011 Sep)
  25. Blood glucose - Serag H, El Wakeel L, Adly ACoenzyme Q10 administration has no effect on sICAM-1 and metabolic parameters of pediatrics with type 1 diabetes mellitusInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2020 Jan 16)
  26. Blood glucose - Fallah M, Askari G, Soleimani A, Feizi A, Asemi ZClinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patientsInt Urol Nephrol.(2018 Nov)
  27. Leptin - Gholami M, Zarei P, Sadeghi Sedeh B, Rafiei F, Khosrowbeygi AEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on serum values of adiponectin, leptin, 8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde in women with type 2 diabetesGynecol Endocrinol.(2018 Dec)
  28. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Shi-Ying Zhang, Kai-Lin Yang, Liu-Ting Zeng, Xiao-He Wu, Hui-Yong HuangEffectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisInt J Endocrinol.(2018 Sep 16)
  29. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Dludla PV, Nyambuya TM, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Mxinwa V, Mokgalaboni K, Nkambule BB, Louw J, Muller CJF, Tiano LThe impact of coenzyme Q on metabolic and cardiovascular disease profiles in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Endocrinol Diabetes Metab.(2020-Apr)
  30. HbA1c - Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, Croft KDCoenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetesEur J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
  31. Endothelial Function - Hamilton SJ, Chew GT, Watts GFCoenzyme Q10 improves endothelial dysfunction in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Care.(2009 May)
  32. Interleukin 6 - Mirhashemi SM, Najafi V, Raygan F, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiometabolic markers in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with stable myocardial infarction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialARYA Atheroscler.(2016 Jul)
  33. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Lee YJ, Cho WJ, Kim JK, Lee DCEffects of coenzyme Q10 on arterial stiffness, metabolic parameters, and fatigue in obese subjects: a double-blind randomized controlled studyJ Med Food.(2011 Apr)
  34. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Hou S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Ji Q, Fan Z, Liu Z, Liu M, Yang YEfficacy and Optimal Dose of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Inflammation-Related Biomarkers: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Mol Nutr Food Res.(2023-Jul)
  35. Exercise Capacity - Ostman B, Sjödin A, Michaëlsson K, Byberg LCoenzyme Q10 supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress in humansNutrition.(2011 Nov 11)
  36. Blood Flow - Tiano L, Belardinelli R, Carnevali P, Principi F, Seddaiu G, Littarru GPEffect of coenzyme Q10 administration on endothelial function and extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with ischaemic heart disease: a double-blind, randomized controlled studyEur Heart J.(2007 Sep)
  37. Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Nadjarzadeh A, Shidfar F, Amirjannati N, Vafa MR, Motevalian SA, Gohari MR, Nazeri Kakhki SA, Akhondi MM, Sadeghi MREffect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia.(2014 Mar)
  38. Lipid Peroxidation - Liao P, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Zheng NJ, Zhang XEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver mitochondrial function and aerobic capacity in adolescent athletesZhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi.(2007 Nov)
  39. Adiponectin - Gökbel H, Gergerlioğlu HS, Okudan N, Gül I, Büyükbaş S, Belviranli MEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma adiponectin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in menJ Med Food.(2010 Feb)
  40. HbA1c - Liang Y, Zhao D, Ji Q, Liu M, Dai S, Hou S, Liu Z, Mao Y, Tian Z, Yang YEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.EClinicalMedicine.(2022-Oct)
  41. General Oxidation - Yubero-Serrano EM, Delgado-Casado N, Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Tasset-Cuevas I, Santos-Gonzalez M, Caballero J, Garcia-Rios A, Marin C, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Fuentes F, Villalba JM, Tunez I, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda JPostprandial antioxidant effect of the Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 in elderly men and womenAge (Dordr).(2011 Dec)
  42. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) - Dai S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Liu M, Liu Z, Hou S, Yang YEffects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adults: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Antioxidants (Basel).(2022-Jul-13)
  43. Weight - Saboori S, Rad EY, Mardani M, Khosroshahi MZ, Nouri Y, Falahi EEffect of Q10 supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2019)
  44. Lipid Peroxidation - Jahangard L, Yasrebifar F, Haghighi M, Ranjbar A, Mehrpooya MInfluence of adjuvant Coenzyme Q10 on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with bipolar disorders during the depressive episodeMol Biol Rep.(2019 Oct)
  45. Depression Symptoms - Mehrpooya M, Yasrebifar F, Haghighi M, Mohammadi Y, Jahangard LEvaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical TrialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2018 Oct)
  46. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - K Adarsh, H Kaur, V MohanCoenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in isolated diastolic heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)Biofactors.(2008)
  47. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - Lei L, Liu YEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.BMC Cardiovasc Disord.(2017-Jul-24)
  48. Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) - Fumagalli S, Fattirolli F, Guarducci L, Cellai T, Baldasseroni S, Tarantini F, Di Bari M, Masotti G, Marchionni NCoenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyClin Cardiol.(2011 Apr)
  49. Weight - Abdollahzad H, et alCoenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Are there any effects on cardiovascular risk factors?Eur J Integr Med..()
  50. Power Output - Bloomer RJ, Canale RE, McCarthy CG, Farney TMImpact of oral ubiquinol on blood oxidative stress and exercise performanceOxid Med Cell Longev.(2012)
  51. Fatigue Symptoms - Gökbel H, Gül I, Belviranl M, Okudan NThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary menJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Jan)
  52. Fatigue Symptoms - Mizuno K, Tanaka M, Nozaki S, Mizuma H, Ataka S, Tahara T, Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kuratsune H, Kajimoto O, Watanabe YAntifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigueNutrition.(2008 Apr)
  53. Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Gül I, Gökbel H, Belviranli M, Okudan N, Büyükbaş S, Başarali KOxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plasma after repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise: the effect of coenzyme Q10J Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2011 Jun)
  54. Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) - Glover EI, Martin J, Maher A, Thornhill RE, Moran GR, Tarnopolsky MAA randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in mitochondrial disordersMuscle Nerve.(2010 Nov)
  55. Blood Pressure - Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RDRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertensionSouth Med J.(2001 Nov)
  56. Blood Pressure - Young JM, Florkowski CM, Molyneux SL, McEwan RG, Frampton CM, Nicholls MG, Scott RS, George PMA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of coenzyme Q10 therapy in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndromeAm J Hypertens.(2012 Feb)
  57. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - Izadi A, Ebrahimi S, Shirazi S, Taghizadeh S, Parizad M, Farzadi L, Gargari BPHormonal and Metabolic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and/or Vitamin E in Patients With Polycystic Ovary SyndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2019 Feb 1)
  58. Progesterone - Tianqing Zhang, Qi He, Hao Xiu, ZiZhu Zhang, Yao Liu, Zhenrong Chen, Hengjing HuEfficacy and Safety of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisReprod Sci.(2022 Aug 8)
  59. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Zhang P, Yang C, Guo H, Wang J, Lin S, Li H, Yang Y, Ling WTreatment of coenzyme Q10 for 24 weeks improves lipid and glycemic profile in dyslipidemic individualsJ Clin Lipidol.(2018 Mar - Apr)
  60. Prader-Willi Syndrome Symptoms - Urs Eiholzer, Udo Meinhardt, Valentin Rousson, Nelica Petrovic, Michael Schlumpf, Dagmar l'AllemandDevelopmental profiles in young children with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome: effects of weight and therapy with growth hormone or coenzyme Q10Am J Med Genet A.(2008 Apr 1)
  61. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, Niaz MA, Thakur ASEffect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarctionMol Cell Biochem.(2003 Apr)
  62. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Jorat MV, Tabrizi R, Mirhosseini N, Lankarani KB, Akbari M, Heydari ST, Mottaghi R, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lipid profiles among patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lipids Health Dis.(2018-Oct-09)
  63. Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Lee BJ, Huang YC, Chen SJ, Lin PTCoenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress and increase antioxidant enzyme activity in patients with coronary artery diseaseNutrition.(2011 Oct 11)
  64. Fatigue Symptoms - Sanoobar M, Dehghan P, Khalili M, Azimi A, Seifar FCoenzyme Q10 as a treatment for fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis patients: A double blind randomized clinical trialNutr Neurosci.(2016)
  65. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 - Sanoobar M, Eghtesadi S, Azimi A, Khalili M, Khodadadi B, Jazayeri S, Gohari MR, Aryaeian NCoenzyme Q10 supplementation ameliorates inflammatory markers in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double blind, placebo, controlled randomized clinical trialNutr Neurosci.(2015 May)
  66. Peyronie's Disease Symptoms - Safarinejad MRSafety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in early chronic Peyronie's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized studyInt J Impot Res.(2010 Sep-Oct)
  67. Lipid Peroxidation - Mousavinejad E, Ghaffari MA, Riahi F, Hajmohammadi M, Tiznobeyk Z, Mousavinejad MCoenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant enzyme activity in children with autism spectrum disordersPsychiatry Res.(2018 Jul)
  68. Skin Dryness - Žmitek K, Pogačnik T, Mervic L, Žmitek J, Pravst IThe effect of dietary intake of coenzyme Q10 on skin parameters and condition: Results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyBiofactors.(2017 Jan 2)
  69. UV Skin Damage - S Prahl, T Kueper, T Biernoth, Y Wöhrmann, A Münster, M Fürstenau, M Schmidt, C Schulze, K-P Wittern, H Wenck, G-M Muhr, T BlattAging skin is functionally anaerobic: importance of coenzyme Q10 for anti aging skin careBiofactors.(2008)
  70. Muscle Damage - Kon M, Tanabe K, Akimoto T, Kimura F, Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Okamoto T, Kono IReducing exercise-induced muscular injury in kendo athletes with supplementation of coenzyme Q10Br J Nutr.(2008 Oct)
  71. Pre-Eclampsia Risk - Teran E, Hernandez I, Nieto B, Tavara R, Ocampo JE, Calle ACoenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre-eclampsiaInt J Gynaecol Obstet.(2009 Apr)
  72. Parkinson's Disease Symptoms - Müller T, Büttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn WCoenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's diseaseNeurosci Lett.(2003 May 8)
  73. Parkinson's Disease Symptoms - Zhu ZG, Sun MX, Zhang WL, Wang WW, Jin YM, Xie CLThe efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Neurol Sci.(2017-Feb)
  74. Total cholesterol - Bakhshayeshkaram M, Lankarani KB, Mirhosseini N, Tabrizi R, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Asemi ZThe Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Curr Pharm Des.(2018)
  75. Liver Enzymes - Soleimani Damaneh M, Fatahi S, Aryaeian N, Bavi Behbahani HThe effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Food Sci Nutr.(2023-Sep)
  76. Liver Enzymes - Ardekani A, Tabrizi R, Maleki E, Bagheri Lankarani K, Heydari ST, Moradinazar M, Akbari MEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lipid profiles and liver enzymes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Food Sci Nutr.(2023-Jun)
  77. Fatigue Symptoms - I-Chen Tsai, Chih-Wei Hsu, Chun-Hung Chang, Ping-Tao Tseng, Ke-Vin ChangEffectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Reducing Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsFront Pharmacol.(2022 Aug 24)