Synephrine

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Synephrine is known as 'Bitter Orange extract', an amine compound found in fruits that exerts effects similar to Ephedrine in the body; albeit not as potent. This 'effect' is inducing fat loss and an increase in the Metabolic Rate through a process called 'beta adrenergic agonism', which is acting on the fat cell causing it to burn fats.

It has a high toxicity threshold and does not adversely affect blood pressure when in the form of Synephrine (rather than the parent compound 'Bitter Melon') and thus looks to be a very safe fat burning compound. Pairing it with two other flavonoid compounds found in grapefruit (Hesperidin and Naringin) seems to nearly triple its potency, this effect is not dose dependent.

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A recommended dosage is 10-20mg, taken thrice a day.

Acute dosages of 50mg are also frequently used, although not thrice a day.

Edit1. Sources and pharmacology

Synephrine is found from the Bitter orange plant, latin name Citrus aurantium. The plant contains a few active ingredients, namely para-synephrine(p-synephrine) and octopamine.^[1][2] Although meta-synephrine and ortho-synephrine could exist in fruits, they have not been observed in C.aurantium.^[3]

Typically, 'synephrine' in supplements refers to P-synephrine despite m-synephrine (also known as phenylephrine) having many of the same properties.^[4]

Edit2. Effects on fat metabolism

2.1. Mechanisms

P-synephrine is a beta-agonist compound similar to Ephedrine^[5][6]. It can increase the metabolic rate via increasing lipolysis and basal metabolic rate.^[1] These effects are independent of diet for the most part, and can exert a passive increase in basal metabolic rate to produce weight loss over an extended period of time.

Synephrine also has alpha-adrenergic antagonist capabilities. Affecting both the A1 and A2 receptors, albeit with a different potency.^[7] In both the cases of alpha and beta agonism, the effects of both forms of synephrine are much less than that of noradrenaline.

2.2. Human studies

It has been implicated in increasing the thermic effect of food, but one study noted this effect only in women.^[8]

Edit3. Potential Synergism

P-synephrine (50mg) was shown to be highly synergistic with both the Bioflavonoids naringin and hesperidin, but not both, in regards to increases in basal metabolic rate.^[9]

Like Ephedrine, P-synephrine also shows synergism with Caffeine and is more pronounced in naive caffeine users.^[10]

Edit4. Safety profile

P-synephrine does not seem to be a causative agent in increasing blood pressure^[11][12][8]

The Bitter Orange itself (the parent plant) has been linked to increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure.^[13] Additionally, a common patented blend of P-synephrine known as Advantra-Z (which contains active bioflavonoids such as naringen and hesperidin) has been linked to an increase in blood pressure.^[11]

Overall, usage of P-synephrine appears to be quite safe and free of most adverse side effects.^[14]

References

1. Haaz S, et al. Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obes Rev. (2006)
2. Determination of adrenergic agonists from extracts and herbal products of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara by LC
3. Ibrahim KE, et al. Quantitative measurement of octopamines and synephrines in urine using capillary column gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. (1984)
4. National Toxicology Program. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (CAS No. 61-76-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. (1987)
5. Jordan R, et al. Beta-adrenergic activities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on guinea-pig atria and trachea. J Pharm Pharmacol. (1987)
6. Arch JR. beta(3)-Adrenoceptor agonists: potential, pitfalls and progress. Eur J Pharmacol. (2002)
7. Brown CM, et al. Activities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on alpha-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol. (1988)
8. Increase in the Thermic Effect of Food in Women by Adrenergic Amines Extracted from Citrus Aurantium
9. Stohs SJ, et al. Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int J Med Sci. (2011)
10. Seifert JG, et al. Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Int J Med Sci. (2011)
11. Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Am J Med. (2005)
12. Sale C, et al. Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males. Int J Obes (Lond). (2006)
13. Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ. Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. Ann Pharmacother. (2006)
14. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. The safety of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res. (2011)

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