Glucuronolactone is a molecule commonly found as a component of Energy Drinks formulations with surprisingly minimal research on it, given its societal usage
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Glucuronic Acid, Glucaro 1,4-lactone, Glutarate
Glucuronolactone is a molecule that is commonly found in energy drinks (at around 10-60mg, with variance depending on brand), although in studies 'disassembling' the constituents of energy drinks suggest no significant contribution towards energy.[1][2]
In vitro, D-glucuronolactone can be metabolized by a dehydrogenase into D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone (G14L), where D-glucuronolactone appears to metabolize into a dilactone (d-glucaro-1,4-3,6-dilactone) and then spontaneously degrade into G14L.[3]
D-Glucaric acid is the main urinary metabolite of the glucuronic acid pathway,[4][5] which synthesizes Glucuronic Acid for the purposes of conjugation by drug metabolizing enzymes (UGT transferases). Daily urine output of D-Glucaric Acid is approximately 30-100umol.[6][7]
Glucuronolactone is a prodrug for the compound D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone
In animals (non-primapes) that are capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) endogenously, glucuronolactone is used as a pre-requisite for ascorbic acid.[8]
Can be used to synthesize Vitamin C in creatures capable of this conversion, which are not humans
D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone (G14L) appears to be an inhibitor of the β-Glucuronidase enzyme.[3]
Glucuronolactone can be formed when glucuronic acid is degraded in subcritical water interchangeably.[9]
1,4-GL can be seen as protective for blood vessel health by alleviating oxidative/nitrative damage to lipoproteins from reactive species such as hydroperoxide and peroxynitrate, as well as acting as an anti-platelet aggregative compound.[10][11] It may be synergistic with Resveratrol in this regard.[12]
When consuming an energy drink (80mg Caffeine, 1000mg Taurine, 800mg Glucuronolactone; sugar free with B-complex), an overall increase in platelet aggregation appears to occur in otherwise healthy persons with infrequent energy drink consumption.[13] Participants refrained from caffeine for a week prior to testing, and the contribution of Glucuronolactone towards the observed effects was not established.[13]
Via its actions as a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor (of which too much activity is correlated with some forms of cancer), 1,4-GL can be seen as potentially anti-carcinogenic.[14] 1,4-GL and D-Glutarate also have potent anti-proliferative properties.[15]
(Common misspellings for Glucuronolactone include glutrate, glucaronic, glucuronlactone, glucuro)
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