Do artificial sweeteners spike insulin?

No^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

Protein Supplement can cause a spike in Insulin, but not aspartame^[6]. Furthermore, consuming aspartame with or without carbohydrates resulted in aspartame not contributing to an insulin spike^[7].

Diabetics were found to have no spike in insulin after ingesting nonnutritive sweeteners^[8]. Swishing a solution in the mouth had no effect^[9]

About the only study suggesting sweeteners could spike insulin was found in vitro rat pancreatic cells when coupled with glucose and done with direction transfusion (instead of ingested orally)^[10]

the data from extensive in vivo studies in human subjects show that low-energy sweeteners do not have any of the adverse effects predicted by in vitro, in situ or knockout studies in animals. ^[11]

References

1. Spiers PA, et al Aspartame: neuropsychologic and neurophysiologic evaluation of acute and chronic effects . Am J Clin Nutr. (1998)
2. Ford HE, et al Effects of oral ingestion of sucralose on gut hormone response and appetite in healthy normal-weight subjects . Eur J Clin Nutr. (2011)
3. Ma J, et al Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on gastric emptying and incretin hormone release in healthy subjects . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. (2009)
4. Anton SD, et al Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels . Appetite. (2010)
5. Steinert RE, et al Effects of carbohydrate sugars and artificial sweeteners on appetite and the secretion of gastrointestinal satiety peptides . Br J Nutr. (2011)
6. Møller SE Effect of aspartame and protein, administered in phenylalanine-equivalent doses, on plasma neutral amino acids, aspartate, insulin and glucose in man . Pharmacol Toxicol. (1991)
7. Wolf-Novak LC, et al Aspartame ingestion with and without carbohydrate in phenylketonuric and normal subjects: effect on plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin . Metabolism. (1990)
8. Horwitz DL, McLane M, Kobe P Response to single dose of aspartame or saccharin by NIDDM patients . Diabetes Care. (1988)
9. Teff KL, Devine J, Engelman K Sweet taste: effect on cephalic phase insulin release in men . Physiol Behav. (1995)
10. Malaisse WJ, et al Effects of artificial sweeteners on insulin release and cationic fluxes in rat pancreatic islets . Cell Signal. (1998)
11. Andrew G. Renwicka,Samuel V. Molinarya Sweet-taste receptors, low-energy sweeteners, glucose absorption and insulin release . British Journal of Nutrition. (2010)