What is coenzyme Q10?
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble, vitamin-like compound synthesized by the body from mevalonate and tyrosine. CoQ10 plays a crucial role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in mitochondria, and serves as a potent endogenous (i.e., produced in the body) antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals in lipid structures.[10][11][12]
While the body naturally produces CoQ10, it can also be obtained from supplements or specific foods (refer to the question “What are the main sources of coenzyme Q10?” for more details). CoQ10 exists in either its oxidized form (ubiquinone) or its reduced form (ubiquinol), with the body interchanging the two depending on the cell’s oxidative state.[11][10] The ubiquinol/ubiquinone ratio is often used as an indicator to measure the body’s response to oxidative stress. A low ubiquinol and high ubiquinone ratio may suggest ineffective conversion between the two, potentially indicating decreased antioxidant activity.[13]
What are the main benefits of coenzyme Q10?
CoQ10 is a key endogenous antioxidant; however, its production in the body can be affected by age, underlying medical conditions, and other factors. One meta-analysis, involving healthy participants and those with cardiovascular or metabolic disease, revealed that supplementation with 30–500 mg daily of CoQ10 significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) scores and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (an oxidative stress marker) compared to the control group, although it did not significantly affect levels of another endogenous antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD).[11]
Another meta-analysis indicated that supplementation with CoQ10 significantly lowered levels of inflammatory markers such as c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect.[14]
Additionally, CoQ10 demonstrated potential for reduction of migraine and non-migraine headaches in both adults[6] and children aged 6–12 years.[15]
Furthermore, extensive research has explored the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of CoQ10, yielding promising results. For detailed information on CoQ10's main benefits on cardiovascular and metabolic health, please refer to the question “What are coenzyme Q10’s main benefits on cardiovascular and metabolic health?”
Finally, preliminary evidence suggests that supplementation with CoQ10 (300 mg) may be effective in reducing symptoms associated with fibromyalgia.[16]
Can coenzyme Q10 reduce statin-related side effects and pathologies?
Does coenzyme Q10 have an impact on fertility?
What is the impact of coenzyme Q10 on skin health?
Can supplementation with coenzyme Q10 improve exercise performance?
What are coenzyme Q10’s main benefits for cardiovascular and metabolic health?
What are the main drawbacks of coenzyme Q10?
Supplementation with CoQ10 is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, even at high dosages (1,200 mg per day)[4] and for durations up to 12 months.[4]
Regarding potential interactions, there is mixed clinical evidence that CoQ10 may interact with warfarin.[17][18][19] Additionally, animal studies suggest a potential interaction between CoQ10 and theophylline (a drug used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).[20]
How does coenzyme Q10 work?
CoQ10 acts as a non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidant,[21] exerting its effects by increasing the production of key antioxidants (e.g., SOD) and by inhibiting lipid peroxyl radicals, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation levels.[4] Additionally, CoQ10 serves as a cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, transporting electrons from complex I and II to complex III to synthesize ATP, and reducing the production of superoxide (a free radical).[11] Furthermore, CoQ10 appears to regenerate α-tocopherol (vitamin E’s active metabolite) from its radical state back to its antioxidative state.[22][11] Finally, another potential mechanism observed in vitro and in animal studies is the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), which regulates the cellular response to oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to verify this mechanism of action.[11]
CoQ10 appears to improve glycemic control in individuals affected by type 2 diabetes (characterized by elevated oxidative stress and abnormalities in mitochondrial function), thanks to its antioxidant activity.[5][13]
CoQ10 may improve the lipid profile through several potential mechanisms. In vitro studies showed that exposure of endothelial cells to CoQ10 was linked to downregulation of lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1), to which oxidized LDL (oxLDL) bind causing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and stimulation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative stress resistance.[23][24] Furthermore, CoQ10 may increase fatty acid oxidation, therefore reducing the level of free fatty acids in mitochondria,[25] and it may decrease triglyceride levels by increasing lipolysis.[24]
What are other names for Coenzyme Q10
- CoQ10
- Ubiquinone
- Ubiquinol
- 4-benzoquinone
- Vitamin Q
- Idebenone (Synthetic derivative)
Dosage information
The total daily requirement for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), encompassing both endogenous synthesis and external sources like food or supplements, is estimated to be approximately 500 mg per day. Notably, only a minimal amount of around 5 mg daily is typically acquired through dietary intake.[1][2]
For supplementation, the recommended dosage usually falls within 100–200 mg per day.[3][4][5] Although some studies have explored doses as high as 1200 mg per day,[4], there is currently no evidence that a higher dosage offers additional benefits.
In the context of migraine prevention, a dosage of 300 mg per day of CoQ10 has been studied with positive outcomes.[6]
CoQ10 is commonly available in capsule form, with oral administration peaking in blood levels 5–10 hours after intake, and an elimination half-life of approximately 33.19 hours.[7]
Due to its lipophilic nature, it’s advised to take CoQ10 with fat-containing foods, and capsules should ideally be formulated with a lipophilic transport (e.g., a carrier oil) for better absorption.[8]
Additionally, grapefruit juice, known to inhibit the transporter P-glycoprotein which mediates CoQ10 efflux in intestinal cells, has been found to enhance CoQ10 absorption when combined in vitro.[9]
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In this prospective cohort study, a greater intake of CoQ10 from single food sources was associated with a greater risk of new-onset hypertension, and a greater diversity of dietary sources of CoQ10 was associated with a lower risk.
Frequently asked questions
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble, vitamin-like compound synthesized by the body from mevalonate and tyrosine. CoQ10 plays a crucial role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in mitochondria, and serves as a potent endogenous (i.e., produced in the body) antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals in lipid structures.[10][11][12]
While the body naturally produces CoQ10, it can also be obtained from supplements or specific foods (refer to the question “What are the main sources of coenzyme Q10?” for more details). CoQ10 exists in either its oxidized form (ubiquinone) or its reduced form (ubiquinol), with the body interchanging the two depending on the cell’s oxidative state.[11][10] The ubiquinol/ubiquinone ratio is often used as an indicator to measure the body’s response to oxidative stress. A low ubiquinol and high ubiquinone ratio may suggest ineffective conversion between the two, potentially indicating decreased antioxidant activity.[13]
The main dietary sources of coenzyme Q10 include:[47]
| Food category | Food containing CoQ10 | Ubiquinol/Ubiquinone Content (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|
| Meat (terrestrial) | Pork heart | 118.1–282 |
| Reindeer meat | 157 | |
| Chicken heart | 92.3–192 | |
| Beef heart | 113.3 | |
| Chicken liver | 116.2–132.2 | |
| Chicken breast | 7.8–17.1 | |
| Beef liver | 39.2–50.5 | |
| Chicken thigh | 24.2–25.0 | |
| Beef shoulder | 40.1 | |
| Beef sirloin | 14.0 | |
| Chicken wing | 11.0 | |
| Beef thigh | 30.3 | |
| Beef tenderloin | 26.5 | |
| Meat (aquatic) | Herring heart | 120.0–148.4 |
| Yellowtail | 12.8–20.7 (higher in young fish: 33.4) | |
| Mackerel, general | 43.3 | |
| Mackerel heart | 105.5–109.8 | |
| Mackerel red meat | 67.5–67.7 | |
| Mackerel white meat | 10.6–15.5 | |
| Horse mackerel | 3.6–20.7 (note: one source states 130) | |
| Sardines | 5.1–64.3 | |
| Baltic herring | 10.6–15.9 | |
| Cuttlefish | 4.7–8.2 | |
| Salmon | 4.3–7.6 | |
| Albacore (Tuna) | 6.2 | |
| Tuna general | 4.9 (canned sources: 14.9–15.9) | |
| Pike | 5.4 | |
| Flat fish | 1.8–5.5 | |
| Shrimp | 2.8 | |
| Scallop | 5.0 | |
| Bogue sea bream | 3.7 | |
| Octopus | 3.5 | |
| Annular sea bream | 3.4 | |
| Common pandora | 3.1 | |
| European hake | 2.9 | |
| Red mullet | 2.4 | |
| Striped mullet | 2.4 | |
| Red band fish | 2.4 | |
| Brill | 1.9 | |
| Common mussel | 9.5 | |
| Grooved carpet shell | 6.6 | |
| Dairy and Eggs | Butter | 7.1 |
| Cheeses, general | 1.4–2.1 | |
| Emmental | 1.3 | |
| Edam | 1.2 | |
| Cow’s milk | 0.5–1.9 (lower in UHT milk and lower-fat products) | |
| Yogurt, kefir, cream, curd | 0.3–1.2 (correlated with fat content) | |
| Eggs | 0.7–3.7 (yolk up to 5.2) |
CoQ10 is a key endogenous antioxidant; however, its production in the body can be affected by age, underlying medical conditions, and other factors. One meta-analysis, involving healthy participants and those with cardiovascular or metabolic disease, revealed that supplementation with 30–500 mg daily of CoQ10 significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) scores and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (an oxidative stress marker) compared to the control group, although it did not significantly affect levels of another endogenous antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD).[11]
Another meta-analysis indicated that supplementation with CoQ10 significantly lowered levels of inflammatory markers such as c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect.[14]
Additionally, CoQ10 demonstrated potential for reduction of migraine and non-migraine headaches in both adults[6] and children aged 6–12 years.[15]
Furthermore, extensive research has explored the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of CoQ10, yielding promising results. For detailed information on CoQ10's main benefits on cardiovascular and metabolic health, please refer to the question “What are coenzyme Q10’s main benefits on cardiovascular and metabolic health?”
Finally, preliminary evidence suggests that supplementation with CoQ10 (300 mg) may be effective in reducing symptoms associated with fibromyalgia.[16]
In one pilot study, CoQ10 supplementation in men with asthenozoospermia (poor seminal motility) appeared to be somewhat effective at improving seminal motility, though not sperm count or sperm morphology,[29] while another study also noted an increase in sperm density with CoQ10 supplementation.[30]
Additionally, one study involving men with a low fertilization rate in an infertility clinic reported an increase in fertility when taking 60 mg of CoQ10 daily for 103 days before in vitro fertilization, suggesting an improvement in sperm function.[31] Moreover, in another study, 200 mg of COQ10 daily for 6 months improved sperm motility in men, leading to increased fertility, with 3 out of 22 couples achieving spontaneous pregnancy within 3 months of the discontinuation of therapy.[29]
Aged skin is strongly correlated with abnormal mitochondrial function, elevated oxidant levels, and a decline in CoQ10 levels. This decline is evident with aging, irrespective of UV radiation exposure, but is exacerbated by excessive UV radiation, leading to oxidative stress. This reduction in CoQ10 is also associated with diminished mitochondrial membrane potential and a shift from lipolysis to glycolysis for sustaining energy metabolism.[32] For these reasons, CoQ10 is believed to offer skin protection due to its role as a mitochondrial factor and antioxidant.[33]
In vitro studies have demonstrated that CoQ10 may improve skin elasticity by increasing elastin expression[34] and preserving collagen.[35] CoQ10 may also have anti-wrinkle effects by protecting against UV damage,[36] and depigmentation potential[34] with more pronounced effects in cells purposely depleted of CoQ10.[37]
Furthermore, the application of a cream containing 0.01% of CoQ10 twice daily for a week, both in older and younger individuals, increased and preserved mitochondrial membrane function, suggesting a potential benefit of using CoQ10 in anti-aging skin care products.[32]
Additionally, a few studies have used combination therapies, usually with vitamin E, retinyl palmitate (highly bioactive form of vitamin A), grape seed extract (as oil), and linseed oil, and found that topical application of these combination therapies protected against UV and reduced wrinkling in aged subjects.[38]
Results to date have been mixed. In one study involving older athletes concurrently taking statin drugs (cholesterol-lowering drugs), supplementation with 200 mg of CoQ10 for 6 weeks improved leg strength, as assessed by leg extensions.[39] On the other hand, another study including younger trained and untrained individuals found that neither a single dose of CoQ10 (200 mg) before exercise nor 2 weeks of continuous supplementation had any significant effect on muscular force production or muscular fatigue.[40]
Regarding anaerobic cardiovascular exercise performance, the evidence of the benefits of CoQ10 supplementation is not conclusive.[39] However, when untrained individuals supplemented with CoQ10 (300 mg) for one week before a 210-minute cycling test, they reported less fatigue rel
CoQ10's impact on the lipid profile in adults varies across studies and depends on the participants' health status, making it challenging to generalize findings. In one meta-analysis that included both healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, supplementation with CoQ10 effectively lowered (improved) total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels.[24] Another meta-analysis involving individuals with chronic kidney disease observed improvements in TC, LDL, MDA, and creatine levels with CoQ10 supplementation, although levels of CRP, TG, high-density lipoprotein HDL, fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance did not vary significantly compared to placebo.[41] Conversely, one meta-analysis of studies whose participants had coronary artery disease, specifically myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and chronic heart failure, found no significant impact of supplementation with CoQ10 on the lipid profile.[42]
Furthermore, supplementation with CoQ10 appeared to decrease fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin levels, and insulin resistance, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes, when CoQ10 was taken for 12 weeks or longer, and at a dosage greater than 200 mg daily.[5]
Additionally, for people with heart failure, who often present with CoQ10 deficiencies, supplementation with CoQ10 may be beneficial.[21] One meta-analysis suggested that CoQ10 significantly decreased the risk of mortality and increased the exercise capacity (measured as exercise duration or walking distance) compared to placebo, although it had no significant effect on left ventricular ejection fraction or cardiac function.[43]
Regarding blood pressure, CoQ10 may reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) in individuals with cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, dyslipidemia), particularly when doses of 200 mg per day or higher are taken for longer than 12 weeks. However, more high-quality data is needed to confirm these findings.[3]
Finally, CoQ10 may increase blood flow in people with otherwise-hindered blood flow thanks to its antioxidant properties, which are thought to preserve the actions of nitric oxide (a vasodilating and blood pressure-reducing agent) on the endothelium ( the layer of cells that lines blood vessels).[44]
Supplementation with CoQ10 is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, even at high dosages (1,200 mg per day)[4] and for durations up to 12 months.[4]
Regarding potential interactions, there is mixed clinical evidence that CoQ10 may interact with warfarin.[17][18][19] Additionally, animal studies suggest a potential interaction between CoQ10 and theophylline (a drug used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).[20]
CoQ10 acts as a non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidant,[21] exerting its effects by increasing the production of key antioxidants (e.g., SOD) and by inhibiting lipid peroxyl radicals, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation levels.[4] Additionally, CoQ10 serves as a cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, transporting electrons from complex I and II to complex III to synthesize ATP, and reducing the production of superoxide (a free radical).[11] Furthermore, CoQ10 appears to regenerate α-tocopherol (vitamin E’s active metabolite) from its radical state back to its antioxidative state.[22][11] Finally, another potential mechanism observed in vitro and in animal studies is the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), which regulates the cellular response to oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to verify this mechanism of action.[11]
CoQ10 appears to improve glycemic control in individuals affected by type 2 diabetes (characterized by elevated oxidative stress and abnormalities in mitochondrial function), thanks to its antioxidant activity.[5][13]
CoQ10 may improve the lipid profile through several potential mechanisms. In vitro studies showed that exposure of endothelial cells to CoQ10 was linked to downregulation of lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1), to which oxidized LDL (oxLDL) bind causing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and stimulation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative stress resistance.[23][24] Furthermore, CoQ10 may increase fatty acid oxidation, therefore reducing the level of free fatty acids in mitochondria,[25] and it may decrease triglyceride levels by increasing lipolysis.[24]
CoQ10 deficiency can be attributed to primary or secondary factors.[2]
A primary deficiency is a result of mutations in genes directly involved in the biosynthesis of CoQ10.[2]
A secondary deficiency can also stem from genetic mutations, but ones that affect genes not directly involved in CoQ10 synthesis, or it can be caused by non-genetic factors. For instance, the production of CoQ10 declines with age, peaking at 25 and decreasing by approximately 50% by the age of 65. Furthermore, certain health conditions, such as mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, phenylketonuria, mucopolysaccharidosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes[13], and metabolic syndrome, have been associated with lower CoQ10 levels.[2][26]
Finally, medications like statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs), amitriptyline (an antidepressant), and bisphosphonates (used in the treatment of osteoporosis), may interfere with CoQ10 production and reduce its levels when taken long-term.[PM
Ubiquinone is the most common form of CoQ10 found in supplements. After ingestion, ubiquinone is converted into ubiquinol (the reduced form of CoQ10), which has the most antioxidant properties.[45][46] The effectiveness of supplementation with ubiquinol compared to ubiquinone is still unclear. Some studies suggest that ubiquinol may be more effective,[46] while others report no significant difference between the two.[5]
The bioavailability of CoQ10 depends not just on whether it’s taken in the oxidized or reduced form, but also on the supplement formulation. For absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, CoQ10 crystals obtained via synthesis (in a lab or via the yeast fermentation method) must be dissociated into individual CoQ10 molecules, and this dissociation should be maintained throughout the shelf life of the CoQ10 preparation to be effective. This crystal dispersion process appears to play an important role in increasing the bioavailability of CoQ10. Notably, most studies suggesting the superiority of ubiquinol supplementation did not compare it to ubiquinone-dispersed formulations, likely due to their unavailability at the time of the study.[1]
Update History
Added a warning related to grapefruit
In the dosage section of this page, we suggest potentially taking Coenzyme Q10 with grapefruit. It's worth noting, however, that grapefruit can interact with a number of medications, so individuals should confirm that taking grapefruit won't interact with anything else they're taking.
Written By
Large content update and several new FAQs
We updated our description of CoQ10's mechanism of action, drawbacks (including drug-supplement interactions), and overall benefits. Additionally, we added FAQs about dietary sources and forms, as well as CoQ10's effects on fertility, skin health, athletic performance, and cardiovascular health. Finally, we also wrote a FAQ about CoQ10's interaction with statins and other factors affecting CoQ10 levels in the body.
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References
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Examine Database References
- Interleukin 6 - Dahri M, Tarighat-Esfanjani A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Hashemilar MOral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with migraine: Effects on clinical features and inflammatory markersNutr Neurosci.(2018 Jan 3)
- Migraine Symptoms - Dahri M, Hashemilar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Tarighat-Esfanjani AEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 for the prevention of migraine in women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyEur J Integr Med.()
- Migraine Symptoms - Sándor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Saenger U, Fumal A, Magis D, Seidel L, Agosti RM, Schoenen JEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trialNeurology.(2005 Feb 22)
- Migraine Symptoms - Shoeibi A, Olfati N, Soltani Sabi M, Salehi M, Mali S, Akbari Oryani MEffectiveness of coenzyme Q10 in prophylactic treatment of migraine headache: an open-label, add-on, controlled trialActa Neurol Belg.(2017 Mar)
- Migraine Symptoms - Parohan M, Sarraf P, Javanbakht MH, Foroushani AR, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Djalali MThe synergistic effects of nano-curcumin and coenzyme Q10 supplementation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trialNutr Neurosci.(2019 Jun 26)
- Migraine Symptoms - Slater SK, Nelson TD, Kabbouche MA, LeCates SL, Horn P, Segers A, Manning P, Powers SW, Hershey ADA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, add-on study of CoEnzyme Q10 in the prevention of pediatric and adolescent migraineCephalalgia.(2011 Jun)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Cordero MD, Cano-García FJ, Alcocer-Gómez E, De Miguel M, Sánchez-Alcázar JAOxidative stress correlates with headache symptoms in fibromyalgia: coenzyme Q₁₀ effect on clinical improvementPLoS One.(2012)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Sawaddiruk P, Apaijai N, Paiboonworachat S, Kaewchur T, Kasitanon N, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SCCoenzyme Q10 supplementation alleviates pain in pregabalin-treated fibromyalgia patients via reducing brain activity and mitochondrial dysfunctionFree Radic Res.(2019 Aug)
- Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Miyamae T, Seki M, Naga T, Uchino S, Asazuma H, Yoshida T, Iizuka Y, Kikuchi M, Imagawa T, Natsumeda Y, Yokota S, Yamamoto YIncreased oxidative stress and coenzyme Q10 deficiency in juvenile fibromyalgia: amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and fatigue by ubiquinol-10 supplementationRedox Rep.(2013)
- Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Jose Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar, Mario D CorderoCoenzyme q10 regulates serotonin levels and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients: results of a small clinical trialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2014 Apr)
- Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Mario D Cordero, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Manuel de Miguel, Ognjen Culic, Angel M Carrión, José Miguel Alvarez-Suarez, Pedro Bullón, Maurizio Battino, Ana Fernández-Rodríguez, José Antonio Sánchez-AlcazarCan coenzyme q10 improve clinical and molecular parameters in fibromyalgia?Antioxid Redox Signal.(2013 Oct 20)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Dai YL, Luk TH, Yiu KH, Wang M, Yip PM, Lee SW, Li SW, Tam S, Fong B, Lau CP, Siu CW, Tse HFReversal of mitochondrial dysfunction by coenzyme Q10 supplement improves endothelial function in patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trialAtherosclerosis.(2011 Jun)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Burke VCoenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitusDiabetologia.(2002 Mar)
- Blood Pressure - Shah SA, Sander S, Cios D, Lipeika J, Kluger J, White CMElectrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in healthy individuals: a double-blind, randomized controlled trialAnn Pharmacother.(2007 Mar)
- Blood Pressure - Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Hou S, Liu Z, Liu M, Dong X, Zhan Y, Tian Z, Yang YDose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Adv Nutr.(2022-Dec-22)
- Endothelial Function - Gao L, Mao Q, Cao J, Wang Y, Zhou X, Fan LEffects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsAtherosclerosis.(2011 Oct 25)
- Blood Flow - Belardinelli R, Muçaj A, Lacalaprice F, Solenghi M, Seddaiu G, Principi F, Tiano L, Littarru GPCoenzyme Q10 and exercise training in chronic heart failureEur Heart J.(2006 Nov)
- Total cholesterol - Liu Z, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Liu M, Hou S, Dong X, Zhaxinima , Yang YEffects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2022-Dec-17)
- Inflammation - Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guardia L, Rangel-Zuñiga O, Delgado-Lista J, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Casado N, Cruz-Teno C, Tinahones FJ, Villalba JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda JMediterranean Diet Supplemented With Coenzyme Q10 Modifies the Expression of Proinflammatory and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in Elderly Men and WomenJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2011 Oct 20)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Mohseni M, Vafa M, Zarrati M, Shidfar F, Hajimiresmail SJ, Rahimi Forushani ABeneficial Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Intereukin-6 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Reduction, Preliminary Results of a Double-blind Trial in Acute Myocardial InfarctionInt J Prev Med.(2015 Aug 7)
- Seminal Motility - Safarinejad MREfficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile menJ Urol.(2009 Jul)
- Seminal Motility - Lewin A, Lavon HThe effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and functionMol Aspects Med.(1997)
- Seminal Motility - Giancarlo Balercia, Fabrizio Mosca, Franco Mantero, Marco Boscaro, Antonio Mancini, Giuseppe Ricciardo-Lamonica, GianPaolo LittarruCoenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot studyFertil Steril.(2004 Jan)
- Sperm Quality - Nadjarzadeh A, Sadeghi MR, Amirjannati N, Vafa MR, Motevalian SA, Gohari MR, Akhondi MA, Yavari P, Shidfar FCoenzyme Q10 improves seminal oxidative defense but does not affect on semen parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trialJ Endocrinol Invest.(2011 Sep)
- Blood glucose - Serag H, El Wakeel L, Adly ACoenzyme Q10 administration has no effect on sICAM-1 and metabolic parameters of pediatrics with type 1 diabetes mellitusInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2020 Jan 16)
- Blood glucose - Fallah M, Askari G, Soleimani A, Feizi A, Asemi ZClinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patientsInt Urol Nephrol.(2018 Nov)
- Leptin - Gholami M, Zarei P, Sadeghi Sedeh B, Rafiei F, Khosrowbeygi AEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on serum values of adiponectin, leptin, 8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde in women with type 2 diabetesGynecol Endocrinol.(2018 Dec)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Shi-Ying Zhang, Kai-Lin Yang, Liu-Ting Zeng, Xiao-He Wu, Hui-Yong HuangEffectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisInt J Endocrinol.(2018 Sep 16)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Dludla PV, Nyambuya TM, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Mxinwa V, Mokgalaboni K, Nkambule BB, Louw J, Muller CJF, Tiano LThe impact of coenzyme Q on metabolic and cardiovascular disease profiles in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Endocrinol Diabetes Metab.(2020-Apr)
- HbA1c - Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, Croft KDCoenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetesEur J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
- Endothelial Function - Hamilton SJ, Chew GT, Watts GFCoenzyme Q10 improves endothelial dysfunction in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Care.(2009 May)
- Interleukin 6 - Mirhashemi SM, Najafi V, Raygan F, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiometabolic markers in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with stable myocardial infarction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialARYA Atheroscler.(2016 Jul)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Lee YJ, Cho WJ, Kim JK, Lee DCEffects of coenzyme Q10 on arterial stiffness, metabolic parameters, and fatigue in obese subjects: a double-blind randomized controlled studyJ Med Food.(2011 Apr)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Hou S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Dai S, Ji Q, Fan Z, Liu Z, Liu M, Yang YEfficacy and Optimal Dose of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Inflammation-Related Biomarkers: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Mol Nutr Food Res.(2023-Jul)
- Exercise Capacity - Ostman B, Sjödin A, Michaëlsson K, Byberg LCoenzyme Q10 supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress in humansNutrition.(2011 Nov 11)
- Blood Flow - Tiano L, Belardinelli R, Carnevali P, Principi F, Seddaiu G, Littarru GPEffect of coenzyme Q10 administration on endothelial function and extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with ischaemic heart disease: a double-blind, randomized controlled studyEur Heart J.(2007 Sep)
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Nadjarzadeh A, Shidfar F, Amirjannati N, Vafa MR, Motevalian SA, Gohari MR, Nazeri Kakhki SA, Akhondi MM, Sadeghi MREffect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia.(2014 Mar)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Yubero-Serrano EM, Delgado-Casado N, Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Tasset-Cuevas I, Santos-Gonzalez M, Caballero J, Garcia-Rios A, Marin C, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Fuentes F, Villalba JM, Tunez I, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda JPostprandial antioxidant effect of the Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 in elderly men and womenAge (Dordr).(2011 Dec)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Liao P, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Zheng NJ, Zhang XEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver mitochondrial function and aerobic capacity in adolescent athletesZhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi.(2007 Nov)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Dai S, Tian Z, Zhao D, Liang Y, Liu M, Liu Z, Hou S, Yang YEffects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adults: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Antioxidants (Basel).(2022-Jul-13)
- Adiponectin - Gökbel H, Gergerlioğlu HS, Okudan N, Gül I, Büyükbaş S, Belviranli MEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma adiponectin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in menJ Med Food.(2010 Feb)
- HbA1c - Liang Y, Zhao D, Ji Q, Liu M, Dai S, Hou S, Liu Z, Mao Y, Tian Z, Yang YEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.EClinicalMedicine.(2022-Oct)
- Weight - Saboori S, Rad EY, Mardani M, Khosroshahi MZ, Nouri Y, Falahi EEffect of Q10 supplementation on body weight and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2019)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Jahangard L, Yasrebifar F, Haghighi M, Ranjbar A, Mehrpooya MInfluence of adjuvant Coenzyme Q10 on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with bipolar disorders during the depressive episodeMol Biol Rep.(2019 Oct)
- Depression Symptoms - Mehrpooya M, Yasrebifar F, Haghighi M, Mohammadi Y, Jahangard LEvaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical TrialJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2018 Oct)
- Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - K Adarsh, H Kaur, V MohanCoenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in isolated diastolic heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)Biofactors.(2008)
- Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - Lei L, Liu YEfficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.BMC Cardiovasc Disord.(2017-Jul-24)
- Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) - Fumagalli S, Fattirolli F, Guarducci L, Cellai T, Baldasseroni S, Tarantini F, Di Bari M, Masotti G, Marchionni NCoenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyClin Cardiol.(2011 Apr)
- Weight - Abdollahzad H, et alCoenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Are there any effects on cardiovascular risk factors?Eur J Integr Med..()
- Power Output - Bloomer RJ, Canale RE, McCarthy CG, Farney TMImpact of oral ubiquinol on blood oxidative stress and exercise performanceOxid Med Cell Longev.(2012)
- Fatigue Symptoms - Gökbel H, Gül I, Belviranl M, Okudan NThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary menJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Jan)
- Fatigue Symptoms - Mizuno K, Tanaka M, Nozaki S, Mizuma H, Ataka S, Tahara T, Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kuratsune H, Kajimoto O, Watanabe YAntifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigueNutrition.(2008 Apr)
- Exercise-Induced Oxidation - Gül I, Gökbel H, Belviranli M, Okudan N, Büyükbaş S, Başarali KOxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plasma after repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise: the effect of coenzyme Q10J Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2011 Jun)
- Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) - Glover EI, Martin J, Maher A, Thornhill RE, Moran GR, Tarnopolsky MAA randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in mitochondrial disordersMuscle Nerve.(2010 Nov)
- Blood Pressure - Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RDRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertensionSouth Med J.(2001 Nov)
- Blood Pressure - Young JM, Florkowski CM, Molyneux SL, McEwan RG, Frampton CM, Nicholls MG, Scott RS, George PMA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of coenzyme Q10 therapy in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndromeAm J Hypertens.(2012 Feb)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - Izadi A, Ebrahimi S, Shirazi S, Taghizadeh S, Parizad M, Farzadi L, Gargari BPHormonal and Metabolic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and/or Vitamin E in Patients With Polycystic Ovary SyndromeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2019 Feb 1)
- Progesterone - Tianqing Zhang, Qi He, Hao Xiu, ZiZhu Zhang, Yao Liu, Zhenrong Chen, Hengjing HuEfficacy and Safety of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisReprod Sci.(2022 Aug 8)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Zhang P, Yang C, Guo H, Wang J, Lin S, Li H, Yang Y, Ling WTreatment of coenzyme Q10 for 24 weeks improves lipid and glycemic profile in dyslipidemic individualsJ Clin Lipidol.(2018 Mar - Apr)
- Prader-Willi Syndrome Symptoms - Urs Eiholzer, Udo Meinhardt, Valentin Rousson, Nelica Petrovic, Michael Schlumpf, Dagmar l'AllemandDevelopmental profiles in young children with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome: effects of weight and therapy with growth hormone or coenzyme Q10Am J Med Genet A.(2008 Apr 1)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, Niaz MA, Thakur ASEffect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarctionMol Cell Biochem.(2003 Apr)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Jorat MV, Tabrizi R, Mirhosseini N, Lankarani KB, Akbari M, Heydari ST, Mottaghi R, Asemi ZThe effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lipid profiles among patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Lipids Health Dis.(2018-Oct-09)
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Lee BJ, Huang YC, Chen SJ, Lin PTCoenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress and increase antioxidant enzyme activity in patients with coronary artery diseaseNutrition.(2011 Oct 11)
- Fatigue Symptoms - Sanoobar M, Dehghan P, Khalili M, Azimi A, Seifar FCoenzyme Q10 as a treatment for fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis patients: A double blind randomized clinical trialNutr Neurosci.(2016)
- Matrix metallopeptidase 9 - Sanoobar M, Eghtesadi S, Azimi A, Khalili M, Khodadadi B, Jazayeri S, Gohari MR, Aryaeian NCoenzyme Q10 supplementation ameliorates inflammatory markers in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double blind, placebo, controlled randomized clinical trialNutr Neurosci.(2015 May)
- Peyronie's Disease Symptoms - Safarinejad MRSafety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in early chronic Peyronie's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized studyInt J Impot Res.(2010 Sep-Oct)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Mousavinejad E, Ghaffari MA, Riahi F, Hajmohammadi M, Tiznobeyk Z, Mousavinejad MCoenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant enzyme activity in children with autism spectrum disordersPsychiatry Res.(2018 Jul)
- Skin Dryness - Žmitek K, Pogačnik T, Mervic L, Žmitek J, Pravst IThe effect of dietary intake of coenzyme Q10 on skin parameters and condition: Results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyBiofactors.(2017 Jan 2)
- UV Skin Damage - S Prahl, T Kueper, T Biernoth, Y Wöhrmann, A Münster, M Fürstenau, M Schmidt, C Schulze, K-P Wittern, H Wenck, G-M Muhr, T BlattAging skin is functionally anaerobic: importance of coenzyme Q10 for anti aging skin careBiofactors.(2008)
- Muscle Damage - Kon M, Tanabe K, Akimoto T, Kimura F, Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Okamoto T, Kono IReducing exercise-induced muscular injury in kendo athletes with supplementation of coenzyme Q10Br J Nutr.(2008 Oct)
- Pre-Eclampsia Risk - Teran E, Hernandez I, Nieto B, Tavara R, Ocampo JE, Calle ACoenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre-eclampsiaInt J Gynaecol Obstet.(2009 Apr)
- Parkinson's Disease Symptoms - Müller T, Büttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn WCoenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's diseaseNeurosci Lett.(2003 May 8)
- Parkinson's Disease Symptoms - Zhu ZG, Sun MX, Zhang WL, Wang WW, Jin YM, Xie CLThe efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Neurol Sci.(2017-Feb)
- Total cholesterol - Bakhshayeshkaram M, Lankarani KB, Mirhosseini N, Tabrizi R, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Asemi ZThe Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Curr Pharm Des.(2018)
- Liver Enzymes - Soleimani Damaneh M, Fatahi S, Aryaeian N, Bavi Behbahani HThe effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Food Sci Nutr.(2023-Sep)
- Liver Enzymes - Ardekani A, Tabrizi R, Maleki E, Bagheri Lankarani K, Heydari ST, Moradinazar M, Akbari MEffects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lipid profiles and liver enzymes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Food Sci Nutr.(2023-Jun)
- Fatigue Symptoms - I-Chen Tsai, Chih-Wei Hsu, Chun-Hung Chang, Ping-Tao Tseng, Ke-Vin ChangEffectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Reducing Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsFront Pharmacol.(2022 Aug 24)